Archaeological Survey at Markazi and Mazayjan District in Bavanat County
Morteza
Khanipoor
Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
kamalodin
niknami
Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
Hosseinali
Kavosh
Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Zabol, Sistan and Baluchestan, Tehran, Iran.
author
Mohammad Amin
Mirghaderi
Ph.D. Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
Malihe
Tahmasebi
M.A. in Archaeology, Islamic Azad University, Marvdasht Branch, Marvdasht, Iran.
author
Hamid
Tabatabaei
M.A. in Archaeology, , Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Regarding the Bavanat region, lack of systematic archeological studies results in a lack of knowledge about the cultural evolution of this area during different cultural periods, from the prehistory up to the present time; it is therefore considered necessary to conduct archeological surveys in order to identify and introduce the sites from different cultural periods. Note that although certain visits have been made previously with the aim to register archaeological sites in the area, their results do not present any valuable information about their cultural situation. Therefore, the present survey managed to study and register all cultural sites in the area through field surveys. We hope that these results will pave the way for further complementary studies in order to gain more precise knowledge about the different cultural periods in Bavanat. The first season of the survey was conducted in April and May 2015. Archeological research was carried out in a survey and intensive way to identify all sites and relics that reflect the activities of past human societies in the region. During the conducted researches, 200 sites that dated from the Neolithic Period to the late Islamic era were registered. These sites include hills and ancient sites, historical castles, historical places of worship, mosque, bridge, cemetery, mill, petroglyph, ancient mines, and slag site. Keywords: Fars Cultural Sphere, Bavanat Region, Prehistory, Settlement Pattern. Introduction Fars Cultural sphere has different perspectives, including mountainous areas with cold weather, central part with a temperate climate while the southern part which is limited by the northern Persian Gulf coasts; experiences warmer conditions. The analysis of socio-economic structures has been done based on the surface finds from the Kur river basin, whereas the Fars cultural zone has many different environmental zones, all with distinctive influences on the formation of settlements in each period. The valleys and different regions should therefore be evaluated separately, in order to achieve a better understanding of the prehistory of Fars. According to the importance of the issue, The first season of the survey was conducted in April and May 2015. It is attempted to determine the studied region according to the natural geographical range without considering new political borders. To this end, the Bavanat River Basin which is located in two central and Mazayjan Districts s of this county was fully investigated. Archeological research was carried out in a survey and intensive way to identify all sites and relics that reflect the activities of past human societies in the region. In this research, in addition of using all the information of historical texts and environmental studies, it was tried to conduct a field study in the basin of Bavanat River and by analyzing movable and immovable surface findings, the relationship between cultural sites and settlement patterns are investigated and meanwhile by comparing with the adjacent regions, the relationship between these cultural sites in different periods with the environment and geography of the region is investigated. In general, the most important goals of this archaeological research in 2015 are as the following: identifying all cultural works of different periods of the region; preparing archaeological maps of the studied region in the alternation of different cultural periods, studying and investigating the process of settlement changes in different periods, presenting the sequence of the relative chronology of the region based on surface findings, measuring the effect of environment on the formation of settlements, explaining the cultural position of the studied region in cultural areas of the country, recognizing regional and trans-regional interactions based on surface findings. Identified Traces Bavanat county is located in the northeast of Fars province and consists of three District central, Mazayjan and Sarchahan. The highest altitude of the region is located in Khataban Mountain with a height of 3482 meters above sea level and the deepest region is located in Marvast Plain with a height of 1670 meters above sea level. This region has high altitudes and several water resources and drainage basins such as rivers, springs and streams flowing in the region. The most important water source in this region is Bavanat River, which has a main role in the formation of the settlements of the region. Following his studies in several regions around Iran, Stein conducted brief surveys and exploration in Bavanat as well (Stein, 1936). Furthermore, Helwing and Askari investigated a number of sites in Monj as part of ICAR’s survey in the Marvsat Dam basin (Helwing, 2007). During the conducted researches, 200 sites that dated from the Neolithic Period to the late Islamic era were registered. These sites include hills and ancient sites, historical castles, historical places of worship, mosque, bridge, cemetery, mill, petroglyph, ancient mines, and slag site. The oldest signs of settlement in this region were related to the Neolithic Period that this type of pottery was already identified in Marvast Plain, known as Mushki. From Achaemenid period onwards, an increase in the number of settlements in the region can be seen. Different sites and stone graves, known as Khereftkhane, were identified from the Parthian and Sassanid Periods. In Sassanid Period the settlements increased a lot so that they can be seen in the entire region, landscapes and works of the Sassanid era. Based on their use, these works can be divided as religious, ritual and burial works, settlement sites, castles, and fortresses. Sites with pottery dated back to the early Islamic and medieval Islamic centuries are seen. Moreover, during the Timurid Period, there had been a large increase in the population of this region and inscriptions of the central mosque of Bavanat City are proof of this claim. Since then, until the contemporary period, different settlements were identified in this county. Other important findings identified in this study were a large number of the petroglyph. Conclusion During the conducted researches, 200 sites that dated from the Neolithic Period to the late Islamic era were registered. No settlements were found from Jeri and ShamsAbad Periods. Buff pottery with a black figure, known as Bakun, was also identified in some sites. In the early 4th millennium BC, in Fars, the Lapui red pottery, replaced with the Buff pottery of Bakun identified on the surface of several sites. In addition to Lapui pottery, the use of some painted pottery became common in some parts of Fars regions which Sumner describes it as Aspas pottery, and considers it concurrent with the late Lapui period. After that, only from one of the sites pottery with coarse gravel temper was obtained which maybe of a kind of early Banesh pottery. Since then, no cultural works have been identified until the Achaemenid Period. From this period onwards, an increase in the number of settlements in the region can be seen. In Sassanid Period the settlements increased a lot so that they can be seen in the entire region, landscapes and works of the Sassanid era. Sites with pottery dated back to the early Islamic and medieval Islamic centuries are seen. Evidence for early and middle Islamic centuries just some potteries were found on the surface. There is an increase in settlements from the Teimuri period. Jame mosque belongs this period too, which its wooden pulpit with an inscription belongs to the Teimuri period now keep in Islamic hall in the National Museum of Iran. Also, many historical monuments and sites remain from the Safavieh periods such as the Emamzadeh Hamzeh Bazm monument, Bard Shiraz Karvansaray, Sourian bridge, and sites with blue on white painting potteries which are diagnostic potteries belong to this period. This evidence show the importance of this region in the Safavieh period. After this, and more especially in the Qajar period many castle-villages have seen here that in the Pahlavi period with land reforming and changing the lord and peasant society structures these castle-villages lost their usage and modern village forming till today.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
7
26
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3973_b5506fef5c7643f265d2fb60790310b1.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2019.17319.1812
Analysis of the Settlement Pattern of Historical Sites in Rumeshgan County, Lorestan Province
Rezagholi
Jahansouz
Ph.D. Department of Archeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mazandaran University, Iran.
author
Reza
Mehrafarin
Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Mazandaran University, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Romeshgan is a newly established city in the southwestern part of Lorestan province. In the author’s archeological study in 2016, 79 sites related to the historical period were identified in Romeshgan, a large number of which were introduced for the first time. The present study, which is based on field study, library studies and preparation and interpretation of GIS maps of the study area, examines the pattern of establishment of historical sites in the Romeshgan area based on characteristics such as height, slope, access to resources. Deals with water, soil type, topography, access roads, etc. The fundamental question of this study is how important and determining environmental factors have played a role in the formation and distribution of Romanesque historical sites and the main purpose of this study is to obtain an appropriate answer to this question through analysis and Summary of collected data. For this purpose, maps have been prepared based on the available information. The result of this study shows that the Romeshgan area is divided into three parts in terms of geographical features: northern plain, central heights and southern strip. Areas of the northern slope of Romeshgan plain are in the majority in terms of number and according to determining factors such as soil type, altitude, slope, land use and other influential factors, the areas of this section are most likely monogamous. There has been more emphasis on rainfed agriculture. In the central highlands, there are only a small number of sites or historical monuments with special uses such as defensive forts, which are fully compatible with the environmental and geographical features of this section. In the southern part, a number of historical sites have been identified, which due to the rangeland of the region and the lack of suitable soil for agriculture, it can be assumed that these areas were herding and livestock settlements. Keywords: Rumeshgan, Archeology, Historical Period, Settlement Pattern. Introduction The geography and type of landscape of each area is the most important factor in how the areas of that area are distributed. Iran is a land with diverse geography in each region. Few regions of Iran can be found that have exactly the same landscape. For this reason, the type of distribution of the works of each plain and valley is different from the valleys and adjacent plains. In recent years, the study and analysis of the pattern of settlement of archaeological sites has become one of the main topics in archaeological research and studies, Whereas before, archaeologists who studied and identified historical monuments in different parts of the country, only introduced the sites and their location on the maps of 1.25000. But in recent years, comprehensive GIS maps have been prepared from the distribution of antiquities, which by studying and analyzing them and the resulting statistical charts, extract comprehensive information that can never be found in their location on 1.25000 maps. is not. The present study is dedicated to the study of the pattern of settlement in the historical period of Romeshgan. We assume that some important geographical and environmental factors such as plain or mountainous region, soil type, access to water resources and distance or proximity to major roads, have played an important role in the pattern of distribution of historical sites in this region. Some of the main questions that this study seeks to answer are: 1. Which geographical and environmental factors play a key role in the formation and distribution of Romeshgan historical sites? 2. Considering the influential factors in question, what will be the pattern of distribution of Romeshgan historical sites? 3. What are the effects of environmental and geographical determinants on the sites of the historical period of the Romeshgan, in comparison with the prehistoric, Islamic and even contemporary sites? The purpose of this study is to obtain an appropriate answer to the above questions and finally to draw a good picture of the settlement pattern of the historical sites of Romeshgan. To achieve this goal, first all parts of the city were surveyed archaeologically for two months. In the next stage, by studying the pottery pieces collected from different areas of Romeshgan, it became possible to date them. Then, with the help of GIS maps, we studied the historical sites of Romeshgan and the factors influencing their distribution pattern. Identified Traces As a result of the author’s archeological study in Romeshgan city in 2016, 111 sites from prehistoric, historical and Islamic periods were identified. The number of areas related to each of the mentioned groups is as follows: 1. Group I (prehistoric): Out of 111 sites identified, 42 sites have prehistoric settlement layers (including periods of copper, stone and bronze and their various phases). 2. The second group (historical): A total of 79 sites related to the historical period were identified in Romeshgan area. This group was divided into four more detailed periods including 1. Iron Age-Achaemenid, 2. Parthian, 3. Sassanid and 4. Historical with an indefinite period. Due to their proximity in time and space to historical sites in the lands of Elam and Mesopotamia, the Roman Iron Age sites were included in this group. Historical sites with an indefinite period also mainly include some special sites and works such as castles and paved roads that belong to the historical period, for stylistic reasons, for the author, but due to lack of sufficient evidence of It was not possible to date the pottery sentence more accurately. The study of the pattern of settlement of the historical sites of Romeshgan in particular is the subject of this article. 3. Third group (Islamic): Out of 111 identified sites, 51 sites have settlement layers related to the Islamic period (mainly the first to middle centuries of the Islamic period). Most of the identified monuments of the city belong to the historical period (79 sites). Of these, according to the identification of surface pottery, 13 sites belong to the Iron Age and Achaemenid periods, 24 sites belong to the Parthian period and 58 sites belong to the Sassanid period, and in 2 areas no specific historical period can be suggested. Appearance. Conclusion Romeshgan is a small city in the southwest of Lorestan province, which is of great archeological importance due to its location in the middle of the ancient lands of Elam and Media on the one hand and Mesopotamia and the central plateau of Iran on the other. Is. In general, the scope of the author’s study in Romeshgan city has three completely different landscapes. These three different landscapes should be the basis of any issue related to the pattern of settlement of ancient sites (in this study, historical sites) in this area. The results of this study show that the distribution pattern of today’s villages is very similar to the settlements of the historical period. For example, there are only seven sites from the prehistoric period that have been considered again in the Islamic period, while 42 sites that have historical settlements have been re-introduced in the Islamic period. This remarkable statistic indicates that during the Sassanid-Islamic period, this region has grown significantly due to its proximity to important centers such as Seymareh and Sirvan, and there have been no significant changes in population movement during this period.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
27
51
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3974_e0004adb0a0f7859900bd0698f6dc2c0.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nb.2020.22272.2189
Analysis of Prehistoric Architecture in the Northeast of the Iranian Plateau: A Study of Architectural Developments in the Residential-ritual Sections of Damghan’s Tepe Hissar
Elham
ANDAROODI
Associate Professor, Department of Architectural Restoration and Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Campus of Fine Arts, Colledge of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
Mojgan
Aghaeimeybodi
M. A. Students of Iranian Architectural Studies, Faculty of Architecture, Campus of Fine Arts, Colledge of Fine Arts, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Tape Hissar in Damghan is an important site with architectural remains of residential-ritual parts belonging to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age (4500-1500 BC), which has been excavated with detailed maps by Schmidt (1937) and Dyson (1989) and others. The purpose of this study is to analyze the architecture of this site in different layers and the main questions are about identifying similar and distinctive features of architectural remains in relation to other findings affected by different cultural changes. The research method is monograph and begins with the analysis of texts and maps based on library studies and is completed by collecting and analyzing the artifacts left on the ground, especially layer IIIB. According to excavations, in the second half of the fourth millennium BC, Hissar was an important site for stone processing and production of copper. Hissar I pottery was also influenced from the west, and Hissar II from the northeast of Iran. The architecture of Hissar has changed along with cultural changes. Materials such as molded clay is used instead of Chine (periods II and III). Details such as the buttress is one of the most important structural features of the II period, which is changed into tower in Hissar III. During this period, decorative niches appeared for ritual or ceremonial buildings. The activity of each room, especially the burned building of IIIB, is separated. In the spatial organization of each house in Hissar II and III, there is a large room (about 4 by 5 meters) with a square heart in the middle, which has a right-angled geometry protected by buttress, and is linked with fire-related activities and perhaps metalworking. It is noteworthy that the general orientation of buildings in different layers remains constant in the form of northwest-southeast, which seems to correspond to the direction of the prevailing winds in the region. Keywords: Tepe Hissar, Residential-Ritual Part, Plan Analysis, Building Elements and Parts, Evolution of Geometry. Introduction A study of the architecture of prehistoric houses in Iran, the evidences of which can be traced back to the seventh millennium BC. Is the first step in recognizing the roots and the formation of the built space in our country. The aim of this study is to investigate the important features of the development of prehistoric architecture in the north-east of the Iranian Plateau in Tepe Hissar. The settlement here starts from the fifth millennium B.C. and continues until the end of the Hissar III, at the end of the Copper Age or Bronze Age, i.e. the first half of the second millennium B.C. According to excavations of Eric Schmidt published in 1937, Tepe Hissar has been influenced by its eastern and western cultures in different periods. As cited by Tosi ,1989, by the second half of the 4th millennium BCE, Hissar had become a major processing site for semi-precious stones and a production site for copper and other metals. The architectural remains of Tepe Hissar are also important and well documented because they are excavated in readable area, in the form of at least three to several neighboring houses, and in the archeological reports of Schmidt, 1937 and Dyson, 1989 they are well documented in different layers. From the third layer of Tepe Hissar (3000-2000 BC), there are remains on the ground, which Dyson considers it as Iran’s most important visible remains from the Bronze Age. The architectural features that were analyzed in this study are the evolution of materials, geometry change, separation of building parts, complexity of details and decorations, differences in spatial organization of each residential unit and changes in neighborhood texture. In order to find the answers to research’s questions, first-hand library sources, reports of archaeologists’ excavations of the site and scientific-research articles related to Hissar have been discussed. Every information from excavation reports has been distinguished with the help of pattern coding on re-drawn maps. The remains of Hissar II and III, especially the burnt building of layer IIIB have been surveyed on-site in detail in 1994 and 2018. Identified Traces 1. Materials: In Hissar I, oval mud bricks changes into rectangular ones, but Cheene (hand-formed clay) is one of the main masonries. The most common wall material is rectangular mud brick in Hissar III. The burned building is specifically made of molded clay with similar size. The buttress is the most important element to strengthen the walls, which is regulated in the Burned Building of Hissar III in comparison to the shapeless buttresses of Hissar I. The buttress has the form of a solid rectangular square tower at the end of the shorter walls, or perpendicular to longer walls. 2. Details and decorations: most of decoration can be seen in the Burned Building of Hissar IIIB in the form of recessed niches with female figure form. This building has the function of a temple or a house of an important family. One of the main rooms of the IIIB layer has also recessed arched shape niche. 3. Building sections: Large rooms of Hissar II and III have a specific function with central heart. The Burned Building of layer IIIB has sections such as entrance vestibule, store room (of wheat), kitchen, yard, main room with central heart, storage, toilet and tower. 4. Functional separation: Ritual or governmental zoning of burned building separated from residential fabric indicates a move from rural to urban areas. 5. Spatial organization and geometry: The presence of the heart and central fire has caused the importance and added value to the space, which has affected the geometry of the space in the form of the perpendicular walls which can be seen in a large room of layer II and especially layer III. 6. Adjacencies and orientation: The general orientation of all three layers of Tepe Hissar is northwest-southeast, which is derived from climate adaptation, which means the best use of sunlight and overcoming the prevailing winds in Damghan region with this direction northwest-south, south-east. In Hissar IB presence of alleys shows enhancement of adjacencies. Conclusion The architectural evolution of Tepe Hissar can be interpreted similar to the changes in objects or other archeological findings, which were influenced by external cultures from the east and west of Iran. The second layer of Hissar I, when the potter’s wheel and animal motifs of the potteries (especially goats), entered this area from western Iran, adjacent rooms around the open space of Hissar I has changed into three or more rooms adjacent to alleys and public access routes. The grey pottery entered from the east and northeast of Iran to Hissar II and the changes in the burial traditions occurred. Along with the flourishing of copper objects, every excavated house has a distinctive room with span on around 4 meters, supported with buttresses and perpendicular geometry. Hissar IIIB is a flourished period with manufacturing of copper and trade of objects, and the Burned Building shows advanced building divisions, structure, decorations and neighborhood. In the Hissar IIIC, some objects, such as stone vessels, indicate a connection with Mesopotamia, but the architectural remains show similar features as Hissar IIIB.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
53
71
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3975_2a50797cc652541a2b3270b815e2be61.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.21609.2138
A Study on Composition and Manufacturing Method of Bronze Pins from Dia Ardizi of Moorani Iron Age Site, Luristan
Samane
Palizvan
M.A. in Archeology, Department of Restoration of Cultural and Historical Objects, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Isfahan University of Arts, Isfahan, Iran.
author
Omid
Oudbashi
Associate Professor, Department of Restoration of Cultural and Historical Objects, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Isfahan University of Arts, Isfahan, Iran.
author
Mohammad
Mortazavy
Assistant Professor, Department of Restoration of Cultural and Historical Objects, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Isfahan University of Arts, Isfahan, Iran.
author
Ata
Hasanpour
Ph.D. in Archeology, Director of Cultural Affairs and Public Relations of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of the province, Khorramabad, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Luristan, located in the west of Iran, is an important region in the field of metallurgy of the Iron Age in Iran, but comparing to its huge bronze finds or attributed to it, there is little information about the metallurgical technology in this area. Dia ardizi Moorani is one of the prehistorical sites which is excavated recently in southern Luristan. According to the various finds, such as a number of architectural structures, debris of the six grave stone, a burial, pottery, stone, bone, metal etc., during one excavation season, a settlement from chalcolithic to Iron Age has been observed in this area. A significant number of bronze objects are among the findings of this site. Therefore, to recognize the ancient metallurgical technology in the site, seven bronze pins belong to Iron Age were studied using laboratory method including metallography and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) in order to identify chemical composition and manufacturing techniques. The results of SEM-EDS showed that except for one sample made of arsenic copper alloy, all of the pins were made of tin bronze with different amount of tin which indicates the method of producing bronze alloy without control on tin amount similar to other areas of Iron Age in Iran. SEM-EDS analyses also revealed elements such as nickel, silver, arsenic and iron as minor elements in all samples which could be attributed to the impurities of the ore used in the metal extraction process. In addition, microstructural investigation clearly showed various sulfide inclusions and lead globules. Moreover, elongated inclusions can be an indication of significant hot working or cold working and annealing to achieve the final shape. Also, the micro structures of the pins revealed re-crystallized twin grain structures that indicate the use of multiple procedures, including hot-working or cold-working and annealing to manufacture these pins. Keywords: Iron Age of Luristan, Dia Ardizi of Moorani, Bronze Alloy, Metallurgical, SEM-EDS. Introduction Study of metallic objects and archaeometallurgical materials discovered from archeological excavations is very important because of revealing the role and importance of metallurgy during the ancient time and understanding various aspects of this technology in different region and periods. Furthrmore, metals and metallurgical technology had very impressive influence on the human life in the ancient world. Therefore, archaeometallurgical investigations with the aim of providing information about mining, smelting, alloying and manufacturing technique were carried out on archaeological and historical metallic materials. Despite the importance of the Iranian Plateau as one of the origins of ancient metallurgy in Southwest Asia and Near East, it is noteworthy that a significant number of metallurgical evidences have not been studied so far in this region. Study on metal objects belong to different prehistoric sites in Iran have been applied to identify chemical composition and various metalworking processes in prehistoric period especially the Bronze Age and the Iron Age. Luristan is one of the important regions in the Iranian Plateau that is located in western Iran, and is very important in the field of metallurgy of copper alloys during the Iron Age (1500-550 BC), but it has not been studied widely in the field of archaeometallurgy in comparison to its significantly huge tin bronze objects that are find from the archaeological excavations in Luristan or are attributed to it. Therefore, there is little information about the metallurgical technology in the Luristan region. One of the recent archaeological activities in the Luristan region is the excavation of the prehistoric site of Dia Ardizi of Moorani that was identified during modern works by a mechanical excavator in order to widening road accidentally in 2014. According to the architectural remains and various artefacts and cultural materials discovered from the excavations, including various architectural structures, remains of the six stone graves, different potteries, stone and bone objects, metal artefacts, etc., the settlements has been dated from the Chalcolithic to the Iron Age periods (4th to 1st millennium BC). Among the archaeological finds, a significant number of bronze objects are discovered from this site that they are not studied previously. The aim of this study is to perform an analytical study to characterize the manufacturing process applied to produce some metallic pins dated to the Iron Age. Materials and Methods Therefore, regarding to the aim of the study, seven metallic pins dated back to the Iron Age (firstmillennium BC) from the site were selected. For analytical study, a small fragment from each object was cut by jeweler’s saw and was mounted in epoxy resin and then was ground and polished. The prepared cross sections then were studied by analytical methods including metallography (OM) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) in order to identify chemical composition of the metal/alloy and manufacturing technique used to shape the objects. Results and Discussion The results of SEM-EDS showed that except for one object made of arsenical copper alloy, all of the pins are made of tin bronze with variable amount of tin. This Sn-variable containing alloy indicates that the alloying process to obtain tin bronze alloy has been performed by ancient metalworkers without control on tin content by using some alloying processes such as smelting of copper and tin ores (co-smelting), smelting of metallic ores containing copper and tin compounds (complex Cu-Sn ores) or cementation as is observed in other tin bronze objects from the Iron Age in Iran. SEM-EDS analyses also revealed presence of other elements such as nickel, silver, arsenic and iron as minor elements in samples which could be attributed to the impurities from the metallic ores used in the metal smelting process. Presence of sulphide inclusions in the microstructure of samples also indicates the use of sulphidic copper ores (or mixture of sulphidic and oxidic copper ores) in the process of copper smelting to produce these objects. On the other hand, small lead globules are present in the SEM-BSE micrographs of the cross sections. Moreover, the elongated sulphidic inclusions can be an indication of undergoing heavy working (hammering) on the objects (pins) to achieve the final shape. Also, the etched microstructure of the pins indicated re-crystallized twin grains that proved the use of multiple thermos-mechanical procedures, including hot-working or cycles of cold-working and annealing to manufacture these pins. In addition, metallographic study showed some remnant coring superimposed on the re-crystallized grains in the microstructure of some pins. In this case, casting has been used to produce primary ingot or primary shape of the pins leading to coring that has not been removed completely by thermos-mechanical processes. In addition, slip lines were also observed in the microstructures of some samples which suggesting the use of cold-working as a final process. Conclusion An analytical study was undertaken on a series of pins excavated from Dia Ardizi of Moorani, a prehistoric site located in southern Luristan. The results showed application of Sn-variable tin bronze to produce these objects, a commonplace process observed during the Iron Age of Luristan. On the other hand, the objects are shaped by thermos-mechanical processes that has not been enough to remove all coring occurred during the casting of the tin bronze pieces, in some cases. Totally, the process of manufacturing the Iron Age pins from Dia Ardizi prehistoric site is similar with previous analytical works undertaken on the Iron Age copper-base objects from Iran, and in particular Luristan.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
73
92
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3976_b1a93cf3cba64a7ee23b553ce74749ff.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.15185.1698
Survey and Analysis of the Mir Abad-e Emam Qoli: Newly Discovered Fire Temple from Sassanid Era in Rigan-Kerman Province
Yaghoub
Mohammadifar
Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
author
Leila
Fazel
Ph.D. Student, Historical Orientation, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
author
Esmail
Hemati-Azandaryani
Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
The eastern civilization that incorporates the regions in the southeast of Iran, as well, is a domain with a lot of historical ambiguities. This shortage of information requires the achievement of more recognition about these regions through more field studies and introducing of the works belonging to these regions. Bam’s cultural landscape area is situated in the eastern end of Kerman land and it encompasses Bam, Narmashir, Fahraj and Rigan that are stretched along Kerman’s border with Sistan and Baluchestan and Southern Khorasan. In line with the archaeological studies of Bam’s cultural landscape in 2013, Mir Abad Emam Gholi Building was discovered for the first time. Keywords: Sassanid Architecture, Fire Temple, Fireplace, Bam Cultural Landscape, Kerman. Introduction This building is positioned within a 11-kilometer distance to the north of the city of Mohammad Abad (center of Rigan County) and in the adjacency of the northeast of Mir Abad Emam Gholi Village with its coordinates being 28° 45´ 034´´ of the northern latitude and 58° 59´ 422´´ of the eastern longitude and its elevation being 600 meters above the level of the open waters. The natural bedding is covered by a fire-temple, some sandy lands, vegetative cover in the precinct, shrubby lands and, within a small distance, a semi-dense forest full of tamarisk and algarroba trees. In the village of Mir Abad, there are vast areas covered with a lot of palm trees along with a larger number of citrus plants. The village’s water resource has been a rich aqueduct till no so long ago but it is now dry. Band-e-Nesa river from the southwest to the northeast of the region. A branch of this river passes from within a 1000-meter distance to the north and another branch thereof passes from within the same distance to the south of the fire temple’s precinct. Determination of the use case and chronology of Mir Abad Emam Gholi Building is the most important question of the present research and the authors try to find an answer thereto through a descriptive-analytical approach and by the use of the field studies and library research. Description The main part of the building is currently in a lower level in contrast to the peripheral lands and it is not visible from long distance. The building’s cover has completely fallen down. The main part of the building is rectangular with 17.40×13 dimensions. The map of this section includes a central square (cross-like) room comprised of four thick piers and four (arched) ports on four sides and peripheral corridors along the whole length. The central room is 4×4 and there is a fireplace in the middle of it. The depth of the ports (the cross’s arm) is 210 cm on three sides and 3.30 on the northern side. The width of the peripheral corridor is 130cm on three sides and 3.25cm on the northern side. This corridor opens to the external space and the places in the periphery of the building with ports on every edge. The building’s axis is angular towards the west. The building seems to have had attachments on every side. The remnants of a room with a dimension of 5.40×3.10 and another room with a dimension of 3×3.30 are visible respectively on the western and southern edges. The upper side of the fire temple is cubic with a dimension of 1.60×1.60 and it is consisted of at least four stratified step-like rows. The height of the first row is 30cm. The highest observable height of the building is in the eastern edge thereof and about 1.60m. In the remaining elevated part, the rise (the arch’s impost) of the eastern edge in the central room’s port is seen. This is expressive of the idea that a substantial part of the building to the rise of the ports’ arches is covered by debris and sand. The building’s constructional materials are generally adobes with a 40×40×10 dimension. The building’s internal wall has been coated by plaster of clay and straw with a thickness of 3cm. The visible part of the fire-temple has been made of adobes with large dimensions and/or stacks and partitions covered in their surfaces subsequently with a thick layer of gypsum coating. Mir Abad Emam Gholi Fire Temple is a part of a vast complex with the most prominent of these buildings being visible within a short distance to the southwestern side of the fire temple. The remnants of this building is presently seen on top of a hill within a five-meter elevation from the level of the peripheral grounds. The map of the building is rectangular and 41×31 in dimension. The map of the building’s interior is not well vivid but the existence of a central yard with its peripheral spaces can be barely reckoned. The foresaid building has probably been a castle or a caravansary and a place for rest. Mir Abad Emam Gholi Building, as well, can also join the collection of the religious buildings recognized from Sassanid Era and be investigated and discussed in the study of this period’s religious architecture. Discussion Due to the possession of a square central space (Adaryan), peripheral corridor and attachments, the map of this building is comparable with those of buildings like Takht-e-Solayman Fire Temple, Konar Siah Fire Temple in Firouz Abad and within some distance to the city of Ardashir Khorreh, Tal Jangi Fire Temple, Khorma Yek Fire Temple in Farashband and, then, Kerman’s Negar Fire Temple, Julian Fire Temple, Mil Mile Geh Fire Temple, Shian Fire Temple, Palang Gerd Fire Temple, Wigel Fire Temple, the four-arched building of Khaneh Div and Kelk Tomar Khou Fire Temple from Sassanid Era. This fire temple is not of the singular four-arched type and, as shown in the aerial images, this four-arch part is a section of a larger complex and possibly the core of its formation. Based on the preliminary evidence, the fire-temple does not enjoy a complicated structure and it appears that a fire lower in degree of importance from Bahram fire, i.e. Adaran fire, therein. The building’s not being located on the northern-southern axis can be possibly realized as stemming from the idea of Ahriman’s entry from the northern direction and this made the Zoroastrians’ religious buildings to always have a deviation in respect to the northern axis. Besides the map of the building, the existence of a fireplace in the central space confirms the building’s use case more than before. The stratified part of the building’s fireplace is similar to the fireplaces forged on Sassanids’ coins with specimens of it being visible on the backside of the first coins from the Sassanid Era, to wit from the era of Artaxerxes I. Adobes with similar dimensions are seen in some Sassanid buildings, including in the construction of Gorgan’s defensive wall as well as in the construction of the buildings on Khajeh Mountain in Sistan. In the construction of the other newly found Sassanid buildings in the recent studies in Bam’s cultural landscape region, including the adobe-made edifices in the precinct of Chah Reigan, Islam Abad Castles and Deh Shehik Castles, use has been made of adobes with similar dimensions. The clay utensils scattered in the precinct of Mir Abad Fire Temple are all without enamel and of simple and pottery wheel-made type. The segments are often thick and related to intermediate and large containers made of beige, orange, pale yellow, red and rarely gray clay pastes. These segments have been mixtures of predominantly minerals and occasionally organic materials that have granted an especially high weight to the clay works due to their largeness and coarse sizes and high densities; the decorations include carved wavy, nail-like and horizontal images as well as protruding shapes around the waist thereof. These segments generally possess the properties of Sassanid Era’s potteries works. Conclusion The studies performed on this building are reflective of the idea that Mir Abad Imam Gholi Building has had a central domed square space (Adaryan), a stratified fireplace in the middle of this space, four gates on the four sides as well as peripheral corridors and a fire-temple made during Sassanid Era in the eastern end of Kerman Land in the southeast of Iran.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
93
109
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3977_4978b7d3fafaa9e0088e116bd8e73692.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nb.2021.22952.2236
An Introduction to Archaeozoological Studies of Nishapur in the Islamic Period
Up to the 7th H. /13th CE. Century
Roya
Khazaeli
Graduated from the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
Marjan
Mashkour
Faculty member of the France National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), National Museum of Natural History in Paris (MNHN); Associate member of the faculty of the faculties of science and environment, University of Tehran.
author
Haeedeh
Laleh
Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Iran.
author
Azadeh
Mohaseb
Researcher at the France National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS), National Museum of Natural History in Paris (MNHN), Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Nishapur as one of the main Urban centers of Khorasan played an important role in the history of Iran and the Islamic world. Agriculture, horticulture and animal husbandry have been continually the foundation of Nishapur subsistence economy. The Citadel (Kohandež) of Nishapur constitutes the oldest parts of the city. The first faunal collection of Kohandež was discovered during excavations of joint Iranian-French expedition in 2004 and 2005. Nearly 2470 pieces of animal bones were found in these excavations. This paper presents the results of archaeozoological studies on the collection. The main volume of the remains could be dated to the early Islamic period up to the 7th H./13th CE, and a small portion, based on the results of absolute dating, belongs to the Sassanid as well as the late Parthian period. This paper aims to identify the exploited animals Nishapūr by re-identifying the animal based human diet and the role of livestock and stockbreeding in various aspects of the local society such as diet, farming, trade, and transportation. The results indicate that sheep and goat were in the most exploited animals for both meat and secondary products such as milk and in particular wool for the textile industry. Keywords: Nishapūr, Kohandež, Subsistence Economy, Archaeozoology, Animal Husbandry. Introduction Khorasan and in particular Nishapur enjoyed social, political, and economic eminence in the early Islamic period. The political position, the obvious location of the city on the major trade routes and extensive transportation network, climatic and agricultural features, and thriving livestock all add to the importance of this city. The economic life of rural and urban entities was based on agriculture, horticulture, and animal husbandry. The abundance of water sources promoted farming and gardening at these rural settlements and at the same time affected the growth of the essential pastures around them, all of which supplied the city with protein and dairy (Lambton, 1392:125). We find in written sources, recurrent mentions of the importance of stockbreeding in Khorasan, especially concerning food provision and transport of the raw material needs of the local industry (Al-Balādhurī, 1364: 42). Nishapūr had also an important role in the production of silk, wool, and cotton and their further transformation into precious textiles and their export throughout the Islamic and even Occidental world, which contributed to the empowerment of this urban center (Maḳdisī, 1361: 323; Lorzadeh and Laleh 2018). The formation of the city and its citadel during the Sassanian period (Al-Hakim Neyshabūri, 1375: 195) and its peak in the Islamic period until the 13th A.D century, attracted the attention of many researchers (Fraser, 1821; Sykes, 1911; d’Allemagne 1911, William Jackson 1911). Archaeological studies in Nishapur has begun by excavations of the Metropolitan Museum from 1934 (Hauser, 1937; Hauser and Wilkinson, 1937). Excavations conducted by the joint Iranian-French team resulted in the discovery of a significant amount of animal remains in the citadel (Labbaf and Kervran, 2005 and 2006). This paper presents the results of the archeozoological studies on this animal remains and offers a small window onto the diet of the inhabitants of Nishapūr. Faunal Collection The collection of animal bones was recovered from 13 trenches in the citadel and consists of 2470 pieces (approximately 33 kg), collecting from two seasons of excavations and studied in Bioarchaeology Laboratory, Central Laboratory of the University of Tehran in 2012 and 2013. The assemblage was analyzed at both quantitative and qualitative levels. Caprinae, including sheep and goats, show the highest frequency in the assemblage (e.g. Barone, 1986; Pales and Garcia 1981; Schmidt, 1972; Hilson, 1986; Walker, 1985; Boessneck, 1969; Helmer, 2000; Payne, 1985; Clutton-Brock et al., 1990). Other considerable species are cattle (Bos taurus), gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa), camels (Camelus sp.), pig (Sus scrofa domesticus), horse (Equus caballus), and donkey (Equus asinus). Carnivores were mainly represented by dog (Canis familiaris) remains. Also, an interesting find is a complete right mandible from a brown bear (Ursus arctos), which is rarely attested in medieval sites. We compared the size of sheep and goats populations using LSI normalization method (Meadow 1999) and compared our data from Nishapur Citadel with other contemporaneous and modern collections from Iran. Results of the comparative analysis suggest that the domestic goat and sheep from the Citadel of Nishapūr belonged to very large animals comparable to modern traditional breeds found in the Bakhtiari region. Conclusion Textual evidence indicates that the geographical and environmental setting of the Nishapūr Plain were determinant in the development of regional agriculture. The plain offered a sustainable habitat thanks to its climatic and ecological conditions, and these same promising factors laid the foundations for farming and raising livestock to be exploited for different purposes, including consumption, trade. Results of the archaeozoological studies showed that the faunal collection from Nishapūr citadel consisted of domestic species, in particular sheep, that were vital for city food supply but also essential for the manufacture and export of textiles. We examined the lower teeth wear of goats and sheep to determine the kill off patterns to gain a better insight into the strategies of stockbreeding in old Nishapūr. The results suggested that they were invariably killed at the age of two years or more for getting the highest protein yield and also fiber. Bovines were also used for nutritional purposes. It also may be possible that equids and camels were consumed. In the meanwhile, these three species have played an important role in transport and agricultural activities. In order to increase the chronological precision of the recovered archaeozoological remains, some animal bones were C14 dated. These analyses were supported by the UMR 7209, archaeozoology, archaeobotany research team from the CNRS, and the National Museum of Natural History of Paris. Radiocarbon results dates were highly informative and surprising, revealing the existence of pre-Islamic deposits dated to the Sassanian and Parthian periods that had not been explicitly described in the archaeological reports of the site. This study relies on a small assemblage yet extremely important because it belongs to one of the major medieval cities of the North East Iran. The results have highlighted the role of sheep in the economy of the site and possibly wider on a more regional scale where trade and exchange were having a place. This archaeozoological study has alluded the complexity of both the subsistence economy of Nishapur and its chronology.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
111
133
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3984_2e32f83ad0b0e580b50029de4faf2583.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2019.17355.1818
Study of Chemical Compounds of Sgraffito Ware: A Case Study of Shahkuh Site at Alamut
Parastoo
Masjedi khak
Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Humanities, Neishabour University, Iran.
author
Saeed
Modirrousta
Graduated from the Faculty of Humanities, Neishabour University, Iran.
author
Hasan
Nami
Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Humanities, Neishabour University, Iran.
author
kambiz
kabiri
Master of Archeology and Manager of Alamot Alamut, Iran.
author
Mostafa
Khazaie
Ph.D. in Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
During archaeological excavations on Shahkuh site, large number of Sgraffito ware recovered. In Alamut, this type of Sgraffito ware has been obtained from Hassan-e Sabbāh Fortress, Shahkuh, and Lambesar Castle. Sgraffitos of Shahkuh are similar to other synchronous sites of Alamut region in paste, shape, thickness and inclusion. Because of similarity between potsherds of sites, probably a single source was considered the reason for this similarity. In this study, a total of 26 pieces of Sgrafito and plain pottery were selected from 2 known sites Alamut region. first aim of the research is to identify the chemical composition of the pottery of each site; The second is to understand the differences or similarities of the compositions of each site and then try to assess the possibility of producing Sgrafiato pottery of Alamut region in Shahkuh’s Kiln. After this stage it will be possible to gain an answer to these questions: The chemical compositions of the pottery of these sites are similar or different? and how many distinct groups can be identified based on the chemical composition? How many of the sgrafiato specimens will be grouped with the unglazed specimens, and how can the relationship between the groups be explained on the basis of the archaeological-historical context? The samples of this research were analyzed by PIXE. The results were studied with SPSS and Dplot software. Three different groups recognized. First group consist of kiln sample (unglazed), second group consisted of Sgrafito samples of Shahkuh. Third group consisted of Lambsar Sgrafitos. samples of O38 was common between 1 & 2 groups. Based on these results, it was determined that the soil source of unglazed pottery inside Shahkooh kiln is different from Sgrafito potsherds. The second point is the difference between the second and third groups due to changes in the source and pottery workshop over time. Keywords: Sgraffito Ware, Shahkouh, Lambesar, PIXE. Introduction Shahkuh site is situated at 6 km east of Rajaei Dasht. One of the important finds of Shahkuh site was the identification of a kiln where unglazed pottery was found inside the kiln. In addition, Sgraffito pottery was identified around the kiln. Due to the importance of discovery of the kiln in Shahkuh site, suitable conditions were provided for the study of the chemical composition of ware in the region and its comparison with the chemical composition of other types of ware obtained simultaneously sites in the region. a total of 26 pieces of pottery, including 21 sample of Sgraffito wares, which were obtained from Shahkuh and Lambesar and five unglazed, which were obtained from inside the kiln of Shahkuh analyzed. These samples were divided into four classes. The first class includes Sgraffito samples of Lambesar and the second one is related to the Sgraffito ware of the surface of Shahkuh site. The third class is composed of the glazed samples obtained from inside the kiln. The fourth one is a collection of the samples from O38 borehole, which continued more than four meters from the surface to the depth and includes two periods. The aim of this study is to determine the elemental composition of the ware inside the kiln and the glazed ware of Shahkuh and Lambesar areas. The aim of the study are to identify the chemical composition of pottery in each site; the second goal is to understand the differences or similarities in the composition of each site and try to assess the possibility of producing Sgraffito pottery in the Alamut region in Shahkooh. The questions in this study are: How similar or distinct are the chemical compounds of potsherds in these sites, and how many distinct groups can be identified based on chemical composition? How many samples of sgraffitos will be with the non-glazed samples in common group and how can the relation between the groups be explained based on the archeological-historical context? Archaeometry has been employed to respond to these questions. In this study, particle-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy has been to identify the elemental composition of the obtained glazed (Sgraffito ware) and unglazed glazed ware. In addition, SPSS and Dplot software were used to compare the ratio of the compositions in the samples and to assess the probabilities with regard to the soil resources used for ware. Identified Traces The number of 20 compounds was identified in the samples tested by PIXE method. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was run in SPSS to examine the assumption of normal distribution of the research variables. Ten compounds, including Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO, TI2O3, MnO, Fe2O3, Cu2O, PbO, and ZnO were revealed to be at the significant level. Dplot software was also used to better compare and understand the experiment results. To analyze the results, the purpose of the study should be to understand the differences between the samples, or even to identify the source; in this regard, two methods can be used as criteria. The first method is based on giving credit to the common compounds between the samples, which included seven compounds of Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO, TI2O3, Fe2O3, and ZnO in this study. The other method is based on the lack of common compounds in one class and its absence in other classes. In this regard, one can refer to MgO, So3, and Cl compounds in the ware samples of the kiln that do not exist in other samples while they are present only in the two samples of Lambesar and one sample of the site. However, the abundance of measurements in these three samples differs significantly from the samples in the kiln. Moreover, Cu2O and PbO compounds are present in all samples of Lambesar, the site, and O38, but not in any of the kiln samples. Considering other factors, this can contribute to drawing conclusions and conducting analyses. In addition, 5 compounds of Al2O3, SiO2, K2O, CaO, and TI2O3 were presented in the form of graphs by means of DPlot software so that the differences among the results of each class can be understood and analyzed correctly. Conclusion Three groups were identified. Group 1 was all from unglazed samples of the kiln. The second group included samples of the Shahkuh site, which was different from the samples of other classes. The third group included samples from the Lambesar. Samples of O38 were common between 2& 3 groups. According to the excavations of Lambesar Castle, the establishment of the site dates back to the first period of Esmailid era/ Seljuq dynasty while Shahkuh site has two periods. The initial establishment of the site dates back to the first Esmailid era, and the second period goes back to the period of Esmailid new government. According to archaeological data, the oldest layer in Shahkuh dates back to Esmailid era/ Seljuq dynasty. Excavation in O38 continued from the surface (the Esmailid new government) to a depth of more than four meters. Therefore, the tested samples from this borehole included both group 1 and group 2. In addition, it was determined that no Sgraffito ware production workshop has existed in Shahkuh site. In Alamut region, Sgraffito ware production source changed with the transition from the first Esmailid period to the second Esmailid period.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
135
151
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3978_fb78007d70ef0d0fbd5946f454a3fd52.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.18105.1876
The Petrographic Analysis of Thin Sections on the Non-Glazed Painted Pottery Ceramics of Islamic Era in Qeshm Island
Zahra
Bakhtavar
Graduated from the Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
author
Mitra
Shateri
Associate Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
author
Alireza
Khosrowzade
Associate Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Qeshm Island is located in the northern coast of the Persian Gulf in the estuary of it in the span of Hormouz channel and its location on the communication routes have long affluence extensive commercial communications with other areas. During Archeological surveys were carried during two seasons in 2007 and 2012 by Ali Reza Khosrowzadeh were identified 161sites and a considerable number of marked potteries too which they are important. This type has a wide distribution in the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf and appears to have spread throughout the northern and southern coasts of the Persian Gulf during Islamic times. But most of archaeological researches have been concentrated on the south of the Persian Gulf and archaeological information from the northern area is scattered and inadequate. Therefore, in order to identify and introduce this lesser known type of Pottery in Iran and for its mineralogical purpose14 sampled unglazed painted potteries were selected for microscopic examination and the samples were analyzed by thin section petrographic analysis using polarizing light microscope. The microscopic studies were an attempt to answer the questions: What are the mineralogical characteristics of Qeshm Island potteries? What are the similarities and differences in minerals among the tested samples? how is the quality and amount of making potteries? Considering Qeshm is located in the Zagros structural zone due to its geological location that saws the carbonate sedimentary and sandstone. These characteristics correspond with the findings of the potteries from Qeshm. The most common mineral in the sample structure is quartz and all samples have but one sample of grog, but some different minerals and rocks are remarkable in the samples. Furthermore, all the pottery samples have the same structure and porphyry texture. Iron oxide was used in the color of all samples. The most potteries are baked at a temperature of about 8000C. So most of them have enough baking. Keywords: Non-Glazed Painted Pottery, Islamic Era, Petrography, Persian Gulf, Qeshm Island.. Introduction Archaeologists have focused on Islamic archaeological sites in southern coast of Persian Golf more than other sites. However, despite the importance of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf during the Islamic era, no Islamic sites have been explored on the Iranian coasts of the Persian Gulf. For this reason, the knowledge and awareness of researchers about the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of painted pottery on the northern coast is very little and insignificant and there is no information about the mineralogy of pottery on the site for researchers. Therefore, it is necessary to study the petrography of unglazed pottery of the Islamic era as a common and important type of pottery from the collection of pottery obtained from two chapters of Alireza Khosrowzadeh’s study in Qeshm. About 3500 potteries of different types have been found through these two studies. 14 samples of them are unglazed earthenwares found through first chapter, belong to Middle Islamic era until the end of the late Islamic era and were selected for petrographic studies. Petrographic studies of the mentioned samples is done with the aim of providing accurate information about the characteristics and amount of minerals in the selected earthenware pieces, as well as the method and amount of fired painted earthenware’s of the Islamic era of the northern coasts of the Persian Gulf to benefit researchers and facilitate subsequent comparative studies and comparison of the results of the present petrographic experiments by findings of the southern Persian Gulf areas (especially Oman and UAE) with a focus on unglazed earthenware’s of Qeshm Island in order to understand the cultural relationship between them, and to respond to questions like this: What are the characteristics of Qeshm Island in terms of mineralogy? What are the similarities and differences among the samples in terms of minerals? And what is the quality and level of firing of these earthenware’s? Identified Traces For petrography of potteries, 14 samples of unglazed pottery related to Qeshm Island, which belonged to the Timurid period to the Qajar period, were presented to the Petrography Laboratory of the Faculty of Natural Resources and Earth Sciences in Shahrekord University of Iran. Based on the results obtained from the study of the samples, it was observed that the filling components are divided into the following two groups based on the source: 1) Of igneous or metamorphic origin, including quartz, feldspar, Plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and small amount of mica 2) Of sedimentary origin including parts of dolomite, microcrystalline lime, siltstone, fossilized lime and small amount of sandstone The studied samples are classified into six subgroups based on the similarities and differences of mineralogy Interestingly, the texture of all samples is porphyry. The most common mineral is quartz. All specimens except the sample number 6 have grog; the lime and calcite in the specimens have been destroyed. This condition is due to the heating at temperatures above 800 C and the use of organic fuel. This mineral is destroyed at a temperature of about 800 degrees (Emami, 2010: 275; Rothossi, 2010: 856). The surface of most specimens contains iron oxide. In group one, sample 1 has a small amount of feldspar, and in sample 3 of the same group, a small amount of sandstone was observed. Group 2 also differs from other groups by having some feldspar, mica, and pyroxene. Group 3 has some plagioclase and plagioclase feldspar. Group 4 contains small amounts of plagioclase, feldspar and mica particles. Group 5 samples have a small amount of pyroxene and lime, and group 6 contains some Plagioclase feldspar and calcined dolomite particles. Conclusion Based on the results of petrographic experiments on 14 specimens of unglazed pottery from the Islamic era in Qeshm Island, it was observed that these potteries have elements of igneous origin such as quartz, feldspar, Plagioclase feldspar, collagen, pyroxene and a small amount of mica. All potteries has a porphyry texture, so the surface of the pottery is rough. In all cases, quartz is monocrystalline. Examples of Borka Khalaf 1, Samar 2 and Talagour 1 have angled to semicircular quartz. The geometric shapes of the angled margins to semicircular quartz indicate the change of all the constituent components relative to the original source or the addition of these materials as auxiliary materials. Iron oxide has also been used in the painting of potteries. All specimens except sample 6 have grog. Comparing the minerals of the samples, the differences are interesting. In group one, a small amount of feldspar is seen and in sample three of the same group, a small amount of sandstone is seen. Group 2 also differs from other samples by having some feldspar, mica and pyroxene. Group 3 has some plagioclase and Plagioclase feldspar. Group 4 contains small amounts of plagioclase, feldspar, and mica particles. Samples of group 5 have a small amount of pyroxene and lime, and in group 6, some Plagioclase feldspar and calcined dolomite particles have been observed. In answer to the third question, petrographic studies show that there is not much control over the heating and baking of such potteries. The main mineral in limestone is calcite, and if it is not present in limestone, it means that the baking temperature of the pottery was more than 800 degrees. In samples 1 and 2 of the Borka Khalaf, Muzan, samples 2 and 3 of Talagour, Ramkan, Ziranak and Nakhlgol, the evidence indicates insufficient baking temperature.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
153
172
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3979_f20df43509452fadf3c13bb2e8f9936d.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.20703.2061
Typology and Chronology of Celadons Obtained During Archeological Survey in Sirjan Plain
Zeinab
Afzali
Ph.D. in Archaeology, , Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
Mozhgan
Khanmoradi
Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
Hassan
Karimian
Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
Celadon is a valuable type of pottery from the Islamic period that was imported from China to Iran in the 3-11 century AH, and due to its popularity, it was produced in centers such as Kerman since the 8th century AH. Celadon has been found during archaeological excavations and survey in the Persian Gulf coasts and even inland regions in Iran. Sirjan Plain in southeastern Iran is one of the areas from which a variety of celadon was obtained during surface survey in 2018. In response to questions about technical specifications, temporal distribution, and imported or locally made nature of celadon obtained from Sirjan Plain, the authors have examined samples from Shahre Qhadem e Sirjan, Qaleh Sang, and Bagh Bamid sites. The study objective was typology, chronology, and determination of the form, type, and techniques used in making and decorating these wares. The study method included fieldwork and secondary research with a descriptive–analytical approach. The comparative results of the study showed that the celadon under study can be classified into six types including Yue, Longquan, Dusun, Martaban, Jingdezhen and Guangdong. According to research findings, these objects were imported from China, most likely via southern coasts of the Persian Gulf, from the third century AH until the Safavid period. Only two percent of the celadons, i.e. those from to the Safavid period excavated in Bagh Bamid site, were locally produced, most likely in Kerman. These samples are comparable to celadons obtained from sites such as Mahroban, Harireh in Kish, Old Hormuz region, Shahr e Kohan in Jiroft, Yazd, Bataneh Port, Askar Mukram, Williamson pottery collection, Julfar and Ras al-Khaimah. Keywords: Celadon, Typology, Sirjan, China, Islamic Period. Introduction Celadon is a type of stone-paste Chinese ceramics with a special green glaze. Not only were these greenware popular in China, but since the ninth century they were exported through southern China regions, such as Ningbo, and via sea to the Middle East and East Africa. The Yue type, which is one of the earliest exported types of celadon, has been discovered extensively in Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, etc. This type of pottery was imported to areas such as Siraf in Iran in the third century AH through sea trade in large quantities, and were used until the sixth century AH in coastal areas and inland parts of Iran. After the sixth century AH, Yue celadon disappeared from the coastal and inland areas of Iran and was replaced by the, Longquan type. The trade of this type also ended in late ninth century CE. Longquan’s celadon played an important role in the history of Chinese pottery from the beginning of the Northern Song period to the Ming period and the international trade of this pottery. In fact, over the course of eight centuries, several types of celadon have been imported to Iran, each of which became popular in certain periods and was later replaced by another type. This can help identify and reconstruct aspects of industrial and cultural continuity in Iran–China relations. Sirjan Plain is located in the southeast of Iran and in Kerman Province. It was precisely because of this importance that, with the permission of Iran’s Cultural Heritage Organization, systematic, surface survey of the city was prioritized, and as a result, a large volume of culturally movable findings was collected. The multiplicity of celadons obtained from across this ancient city prompted the authors to categorize and typologize them in an independent study and to compare and chronologize the results in the present article. The present study sought to answer the question of to which period the celadons obtained from Sirjan Plain belong? What are the technical specifications of these celadons? Are all celadons imported from China, or are there signs of local pottery production (in the excavation site itself or the Kerman pottery center)? Which celadon types can be identified in the studied sample? Text of the Article Celadon is a glazed pottery type from Sirjan Plain, obtained from the Shahre Qhademe Sirjan, Qaleh Sang and Bagh Bamid sites. Archaeological survey in Sirjan Plain yielded 108 pieces of Celadon pottery, of which 10 pieces were found in the Shahre Qhademe Sirjan, 81 in Qaleh Sang, and 17 in Bagh Bamid. These ware celadon examined in terms of technical specifications, decorative features, and form, and then compared with samples discovered in different sites for typological and chronological purposes. These can be categorized into six types including Yue, Dusun, Longquan, Guangdong, Jingdezhen and Martaban. The Longquan samples obtained from Sirjan Plain include the largest number celadon types. Considering the typology and decorative features of Williamson collection and Sirjan plain celadons, the Longquan type from Bagh Bamid and Qaleh Sang were identified as the 1-4 Longquan Priestman Group (Williamson Collection) from the 7th-9th centuries AH. Two Dusun type celadons were identified in the Shahre Qhadem e Sirjan site. These had a gray stone paste with olive glaze covering the inner and outer surfaces. Among the celadons from Sirjan Plain, one sample was identified as the Martaban type in Bagh Bamid, which belongs to the Martaban II Group and the eighth century AH considering its dense paste and glossy black glaze. Three pieces of Guangdong type celadons were found in Qaleh Sang and Bagh Bamid, with a type of dense, delicate, and yellow stone paste that is covered with a uniform olive glaze inside and out. These celadons dated back to the 8th and 9th centuries AH. Moreover, three pieces of Jingdezhen pottery from Bagh Bamid and Qaleh Sang, correspond to the characteristics of the above type in terms of paste material and color, glaze thinness, and the glaze color of internal and external surfaces. Conclusion Pottery is a valuable type of data in archeology that plays a key role in the understanding of economic exchanges and regional and trans-regional trade relations. One of the most important types of pottery that was imported from China to other countries, including Iran, for centuries, was called celadon. A number of celadon artifacts have been found during archaeological survey in Sirjan Plain, namely the Shahre Qhademe Sirjan, Qaleh Sang and Bagh Bamid sites. Studies have shown that these samples belong to Yue, Longquan, Guangdong, Martaban, Dusun, and Jingdezhen celadon types. Each of these types has been produced and exported to Iran in a specific period. Considering the presence of Dusun and Yue types in Iran during the third to fifth centuries AH, and the correspondence of the two types in the Sirjan plain to known samples from other sites in Iran, it seems that the history of the presence of celadons in this area dates back to the same time as important sites such as Siraf. Furthermore, Longquan, Martaban, and Guangdong types are imported to this region from China in the seventh to ninth centuries BC via the southern coats of the Persian Gulf. Meanwhile, the presence of Jingdezhen celadon indicates the continuation of the import of this type of luxury pottery from the ninth century BC to the Safavid period in the Sirjan plain. In terms of form, decorations, and technical specifications, the studied celadons are comparable with samples obtained from Siraf, Mahroban, Harireh in Kish, Old Hormuz region, Shahre Kohan in Jiroft, Yazd, Ardashir-Khwarrah, Bataneh Port, Askar Mokram, and Williamson collection in Iran and sites such as Julfar, Sharma, and Ras al-Khaimah outside of Iran.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
173
196
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3980_033f3c5e23cd6701fe436b5349886d22.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.21820.2152
Building Pairing Features on Herat Street Axis (Comparative Study of Pairing Samples on Herat Street and Transoxiana Architecture Collections in Timurid Era)
Shahin
Garakani Dashteh
Ph.D. Student of Archaeology, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
mohammad
mortezayi
Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology Islamic Period, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (RICHT), Tehran, Iran.
author
mohammad esmail
esmaeli jelodar
Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
The paired form of the two buildings against each other and the importance of decorating the entrances was a prominent feature of Timurid architecture. This importance to decorated entrances and pairing them in the architectural complexes of the Transoxiana area has been repeated over and over, especially in two cities of “Samarkand” and “Sabz”. By contrast, in the city of Herat, the third capital of the Timurids, due to numerous demolitions, there is little physical documents of architectural works. Although historical documents cited examples of construction on paired form on this axis, it is difficult to draw a clear outline of its features on the Khyaban-e Herat axis. In this paper, while examining the pairing characteristics in important examples of Timurid architecture in the Transoxiana region, and then, by analyzing historical sources and documents, the pairing characteristics of the Khyaban-e Herat buildings are identified and compared with similar ones in Transoxiana. The information of this article has been collected by library methods, visual observation and comparison of the findings and the research have been done by the comparative-analytical method. The results of this study show that Khyaban-e Herat falls into the category of burial axis in the Timurid architecture collection, but in compared with the features of the pre-existing burial axial set in this period, it has unique characteristics. The results of this study show that Khyaban-e Herat falls into the category of burial axis in the Timurid architecture collection, but in compared with the features of the pre-existing burial axial set in this period, it has unique characteristics. Except for the tomb, there was various other function in Khyaban-Herat, besides, several city complexes had been operating along the Khyaban axis. Pairing buildings along this axis was mainly done on both sides of the road, not around an enclosure. That is these cases that make Khyaban-e Herat an urban community plan that was gradually being formed. Keywords: Pairing Form, Timurid, Transoxiana, Herat, Herat Street. Introduction Construction of entrances porches is a feature of Timurid architecture. Paying attention to the porch and its ornamentation stems from Timurids’ overwhelming interest in facade decorations. Concurrent with the construction of the entrances to the buildings, the pairing of two buildings facing each other along one axis or in the middle of a field is another feature of this era’s architecture. This pairing, which consisted of two tall porch of buildings facing each other, in Timurid Architecture was called the “Cosh”. Timurid architectural works in metropolitan cities in Transoxiana such as Samarkand, Shahr-e-Sabz and Bukhara can fully be showing the different modes of building pairing implemented in different complex and important urban axes. But compared to these examples, in Herat city, their important and prominent capital in the Khorasan region, there are very few documents of this manner. This research seeks to investigate the pairing of two buildings facing each other in the Transoxiana region to determine its features. It also relies on the analysis of historical documents, seeks to find how the buildings were built, and the pairings along the Khyaban-e Herat axis, and after that, with their analysis, matched these features with the characteristics of the Transoxiana building. The data of this study were collected through documentary methods, visual observation and comparison of the findings And then, with the use of adaptive study, comparing the similarities and differences of the building pairing in the two regions of Transoxiana and Herat Street, can categorize and compare them. The questions raised in this study are as follows: How is the feature of buildings facing each other in the Timurid architectural complexes in Transoxiana and how can they be categorized? Moreover, what are the features of the building’s Establishment system and the pairing patterns along the Herat Street axis during the Timurid era? Furthermore, what aspects of buildings facing each other in the Herat Street axis have in common with the buildings facing each other in the Transoxiana architectural complexes? Identified Traces Firstly, the architectural complexes and burial axes of the Timurid era in Transoxiana should be examined and categorized in terms of construction paired form. Which include: Foulad Gate Complex: Inside the city of Samarkand is being built in a confined space, and the most prominent pairing in it is between a mosque and a school. Gur-e Mir: In this complex, the school building and the Khaneghah are located on two opposite sides of the courtyard. Putting up the school and Khaneghah facing one another is one of the most used in Timurid times. Rigestan Complex: in this complex is also the main focus of the project between the school building and the Khaneghah. Shah-e Zende Complex: In this complex, only the four tombs were constructed with the pair form during the Timurid period. Ruh Abad: Near Gur-e Mir, two old tombs are on either side of a path. Dar al-Siade and Dar al-Talave: this complex consists of a pre-designed burial Street, on either side of which the Timurids tombs were located. Paxt Abad Cemetery: Located in Farqaneh, the cemetery is similar to the Dar al-Siade and Shah-e Zende complexes. Secondly, the survey of Pairing features in Khyaban-e Herat complexes. In this axis, based on historical documents, can imagine the pairing of five series of Timurid-era buildings. The pairing construction were done in these buildings, respectively: Firuzshah School and khaneghah. Guharshad School and porch of sa’d Hazireh. Hosseyn Mirza School and khaneghah. Hazireh Bibi Moheb and Hazireh Ahmad Choganchi. Tomb of Seyed Ashraf and school of Abu Saeed. These pairing buildings, like other Timurid-era burial axes, have not been built up with specific planning along the way and the sponsors have used this method wherever they have the space to build two buildings opposite each other. Conclusion Pairing the facade of the building in front of each other in Timurid architecture was seen as an aesthetic principle in urban body design and collection that the architects of this era called the cosh. The pairing form in Timurid architecture was constructed in two distinct categories of architectural complexes. The first category was the religious service complexes located in the heart of the cities, the second category is the burial axes or cemeteries which the tombs situated on both sides of the route, mostly outside the city. The Khyaban-e Herat axis is a different complex than the others, compared to the urban complexes and burial axes. Although the Khyaban-e Herat axis, like other axes along with a historic cemetery, has been progressively constructed without prior design, at the heart of the site are several urban complexes where we can see the design and layout of a plan site. Urban complexes along Khyaban-e Herat, unlike urban complexes in Transoxiana, are not located around a quadrilateral area, they are designed on both sides of the street. These buildings usually have School and Khaneghah on either side of the street, opposite each other, and other buildings are located around these two buildings. In conclusion, these things that make Herat Street as the largest city complex of the Timurid era.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
197
217
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3981_79c4d95442679eac7fc7a9d1cdd56182.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2019.20124.2014
Influence of The Spatial Pattern of Historical Houses on the Physical Formation of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed at the Qajar Era of Ardabil
Azita
Belali Oskoyi
Associate Professor, Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
author
Mahdi
Paydar
M.A. Student of Islamic Architecture Engineering, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
The Qajar Era is one of the most important periods of Ta’ziyah flourishing and attention has been paid to the construction of religious buildings such as Hoseiniyeh and Takaya in Iran. Ardabil has long been regarded as the origin of Shia and was considered as one of the major centers of ritual and religious activity in Iran. This study aims to identify and study the architecture of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed, which is one of the most important Hoseiniyehs in Iran in terms of architecture, antiquity and extent of construction and is the oldest north-west Hoseiniyeh of the country as well as the first and most designed Hoseiniyeh in Ardabil city. Along with the role of the Hoseiniyehs in the Ta’ziyah, the houses have also been influenced by religion and rituals from the beginning. In addition to Hoseiniyeh, this study examines the spatial patterns of a number of historical Qajar houses in Ardabil that have been influential in the physical formation of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed. The purpose of physical comparative study of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and historical houses of Ardabil is to answer the following questions: “How has the spatial and architectural pattern of houses affected the Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed model during Qajar era in Ardabil?” And “What are the similarities between the architectural aspect of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and the historic houses of Ardabil?” This research is a qualitative and analytical-descriptive one. After field studies and reviewing the documents and gathering information from Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and historical houses, the role of influential factors on the physical formation of Hoseiniyeh and houses was determined by introducing and examining the characteristics of each building and comparing a number of important indicators. And it was determined that the architectural style of Hosseiniyeh Mojtahed is influenced by the spatial pattern of historical houses in Ardabil and it was built based on the common architecture and architectural frameworks of the Qajar period. Keywords: Spatial Patterns, Physical Structure, Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed of Ardabil, Historic Houses, Qajar Era. Introduction In the Qajar period, the most important event held in urban spaces, or the most important social event of that era, was the mourning rituals of the Muharram (Schoberl, 1828: 154; Porter, 1821). Ardabil has long been a oeigin of Shi’ism, and with the appellation of ‘Daral-ershad, Daral-aman, Dar al-erafan’, has attracted attention (Safari, 1991: 68), Therefore, it was considered as one of the most important centers of Iranian religion and ritual. Following these rituals, religious centers (mosques) and ritual centers (Hoseiniyehs) are closely linked to the urban context. So that the ritual pattern of the city is formed and intertwined with the mosques and six religious neighborhoods of the city. The religious ceremonies and mournings of Muharram and Safar are held in specific hierarchies in the mosques and throughout Ardabil city. In accordance with this pattern and the position of the mosques, the Hoseiniyehs of the city play a ritual and social role in the bystreets following this order and hierarchy, and in a very intense relationship with the context of the neighborhood, various ceremonies such as ta’ziyeh and oblation and vow are held. (Karamzadeh Shirazi & Motadayen, 2012: 2). In addition to the role of the Hoseiniyehs, houses have also been influenced by religion and rituals from the beginning. The construction of the house and its shape and spatial structure are strongly influenced by the culture it belongs to (Qasemi Sichani & Memarian, 2010: 90). In this study, among the religious buildings of Ardabil, Hosseinieh Mojtahed, which is one of the most important Hoseiniyehs in Iran in terms of architecture, antiquity and extent of construction (Karamzadeh Shirazi and Motadayen, 2016: 71) and is the first and most coherent designed Hoseiniyehs of Ardabil city, also a number of historical houses of Ardebil city that belonged to the period before or at the same time Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed, selected in terms of spatial and architectural pattern with Descriptive-analytical studies to compare the impact of spatial patterns of historical houses on the physical formation of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed in Ardabil. The purpose of this study is to answer the question “What effect did the spatial and architectural pattern of historical houses have on the physical pattern of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed during the Qajar era in Ardabil?” and “What are the similarities between the architectural aspect of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and the historic houses of Ardabil?” Identified Traces Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed with its adjacent buildings is built on a land of 2660 square meters. The land has been a north-south rectangle. The Hoseiniyeh building has been built in two floors and includes different spaces (Karamzadeh Shirani and Motadayen, 2016: 75). Outdoors include the northern courtyard, the main courtyard of the mourning gathering, and a place for performing ta’ziyeh and Shabihkhani rituals. The enclosed space consisted of the main building of Hoseiniyeh and included various spaces such as a mirrored hall, living rooms, kitchens, a pantry, a tea house, a toilet. Semi-open spaces include porches around the central courtyard, a place for watching ta’ziyeh and Shabihkhani (Tehrani et al., 2013: 92). The culmination of Qajar architecture that shows its features is reflected in the architecture of the houses (Sichani and Memarian, 2010: 91). Based on the dominant religion in Ardabil, Islam and Shia, the culture and architecture of the houses in this city have been greatly influenced by this issue. historic houses of Ardabil during the Qajar era were filled with mourning and charity. Most of these houses were sponsored by clerics and scholars or by merchants and marketers in the city, who dedicated their homes to holding mourning ceremonies and Imam Hussein’s oblations. There are spaces such as the King’s Hall and living rooms, kitchens, porches around the courtyard, signifying the performance of the Ta’ziyeh, giving Hoseiniyeh’s use to the exterior of some homes which can induce spiritual aspects in Inside, they point out that the houses of Ardabil at Qajar era were the site of the mourning ceremonies. Identifying the architectural pattern of historic homes is based on a combination of three open, closed and semi-open patterns. Analyzes focus on those physical features of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and historical houses which mainly reflect the full impact of Qajar Ardabil historical houses’ spatial pattern on the Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed. In this regard, the general spatial physical features, such as the overall orientation of the building, introvert and extrovert architecture, plan pattern (outdoor and indoor), geometry and plan proportions, facade proportions, spatial communications, access hierarchy and external landscape in the body The architecture of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed and the houses of Mirftahi, Sadeghi and Khalilzadeh were compared and analyzed. Conclusion The initial premise of the research was that the architectural pattern of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed Ardabil was derived from historical houses in the Qajar era. The architectural pattern of ritual buildings such as Hoseiniyeh is an Iranian pattern that is influenced by its native architectural structure in each region. According to the analysis and studies, Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed is founded on the common architecture of the Qajar era, which is the framework of Qajar era architecture. Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed had a introvert architecture and its physical pattern were similar to the historical houses of Ardabil in the Qajar period. The presence of spaces such as the hall, the king and the living rooms, the kitchen, the porches around the courtyard indicate that the Qajar period houses of Ardabil were the site of mourning ceremonies. Subsequently, due to the expansion of these ceremonies and celebrations, homes have gradually expanded and individuals’ homes have become Hoseiniyeh, or a number of Hoseiniyehs have been independently influenced by the architecture of the houses from the beginning, Designed for mourning ceremonies. This can also be seen in the architectural spaces shared between the Hoseiniyehs and the historical houses of the Qajar period in Ardabil. Therefore, in this study the architectural pattern of Hoseiniyeh Mojtahed is in the traditional style of Qajar era and is influenced by the spatial pattern of historical houses in Ardabil.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
219
242
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3982_e4cdbec4056208c2d02f5473562e5898.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.21228.2102
Reflections on the Structures and Developments of the Architecture of the Monastery and the Tomb of Sheikh Shahab Al-Din Ahri in the Sixth to Eleventh Centuries A. H.
Mohammadreza
Ebrahimi
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran.
author
Mohammadreza
Ebrahimi
Instructor of Architectural Engineering Department, Tabriz Technical and Vocational College, East Azerbaijan Technical and Vocational University, Tabriz, Iran.
author
text
article
2021
per
In various periods after the Islamic Revolution of Iran, a special group of tomb buildings was formed in the field of territorial architecture, which is of special importance in the history of architecture. Sheikh Shahab-ud-Din Mahmoud Ahari’s collection is one of these religious buildings with a religious background, which is one of the valuable works of Iranian Islamic architecture, a remarkable example in the region of Azerbaijan and the city of Ahar. Sheikh Shahab’s building in his body includes spaces such as a monastery, a congregation, a mosque, a cemetery, a school, etc., which have been created over time and in different periods. However, due to the lack of sufficient studies in the field of architecture and construction courses, it has remained unknown. Based on this, the forthcoming research has been formed with a consolidated and descriptive-historical approach in order to know the different aspects of architecture and the course of additions and construction periods of this complex. In this regard, in order to gain knowledge in the field of architectural quality of the building, first with a careful look at the constituent elements, a field study was conducted throughout the work and then with the approach of recognizing written documents, time belonging to the body and construction periods. Took. As a result of the research, it was found that the quality of architecture and its related arrays in the complex corresponds to the views of Iranian-Islamic Iranian architecture in the Azerbaijan region. Together with the dependent and attached cells, it was created in the surrounding area at the end of the sixth century to the first half of the 11th century AH, and finally became a two-porch and extroverted building. On this basis, the collection of Sheikh Shahab al-Din Ahri is a multi-purpose foundation whose organizational cohesion and physical integrity is an image of the high architectural thought of the mentioned eras. Keywords: Sheikh Shahab-Al-Din Ahri, Tomb Collection, Architectural Developments, Physical Cognition, Construction Courses. Introduction In the course of the development of Iranian Islamic architecture and formed among urban and public complexes, the category of buildings was also artificial, the basis of their development was based on the existence of a significant person’s burial ground from religious currents. That is to say, the foundation of their formation was a tomb, to which other side buildings were added at the same time or in later periods. However, the formation process of these collections has not been uniform and has had many ups and downs during different periods. However, from the late Seljuk period and later, especially during the patriarchal period, due to the change in the religion of the Mongol sultans in direct contact with Sufi currents as well as the Timurid period, extensive developments in the field of burial tradition occurred in scientific-religious collections (Hosseini, 2009: 17). Sheikh Shahab Complex, with the function of a teacher and monastery; This work is an interesting example due to the inclusion of the structures of different periods of Iranian architecture and the special historical features and unique archetypes in architectural decorations. However, the lack of sufficient knowledge in the field of architectural structure, as well as the time ambiguities of the formation of its constituent parts, do not allow the correct understanding of the building. Based on this, the present article intends to present a scientific discourse in the field of recognizing architectural qualities and explaining the evolution of construction periods of Sheikh Shahab complex in the period from the end of the sixth century AH to the first half of the 11th century AH. Because the development of the collection has been done after the initial foundations, without a pre-planned plan, but it has happened in such a way that for the course of structural development in its various parts, a physical or mental barrier indicates the formal dependence of the collection on an experience. Special architectural; not found. The questions in this article are as follows: 1). Based on the architectural structure, Sheikh Shahab al-Din’s collection is among the works of which period? 2). What is the architectural quality of the complex, how it is built and its technical values? The method used in this paper is qualitative, which is based on a consolidated and specifically descriptive-historical approach based on library studies and field surveys. For this purpose, the field study of the building and the study of written sources related to the subject of research and analysis of architectural spaces and the physical form of the constructed sections, in order to identify the architectural features and developmental periods of the building was something that should have been done first. In the meantime, during the speculations and repairs of recent years, as well as the review of the most recent visual documents of the complex and its surroundings, new structure and angles of the building and its additional appendices were revealed, which were hidden from view as a result of previous interventions. . In this way, he was able to shed light on parts of the architectural structure and its timeliness in the collection. In the present study, an attempt has been made to investigate the approach of recognizing written documents, objective observations and combining new archaeological data, architectural qualities of spatial elements and physical timeliness of the work and more comprehensive analysis than the only research conducted so far this year. 2013 to be presented in the field of physical changes. Therefore, based on what was mentioned, in the first stage of the present study, after examining the background, the history of Ahar city and the location of Sheikh Shahab complex in it have been read. In the second stage, recognizing the architectural qualities of various parts of the work as crystallization of the effects of the needs of society on its physical events was considered. In the last stage, by summarizing the new information obtained from excavations and follow-ups and adapting it to written historical documents and existing signs, the evolution of construction courses along the Azeri to Isfahani style was analyzed and examined. Article text Sheikh Shahab-Al-Din Ahari Complex, located in the southeast-northwestern direction, is surrounded by a brick fence measuring approximately 310 meters (north-south) * 280 meters (east-west). The building has two porches and is extroverted, and in the exterior, in addition to creating applications in the north porch and the north, south and west entrances of the courtyard, most of the building is decorated with depressions and protrusions. At present, from a construction point of view, it has a domed space with a single-domed dome in the octagonal area, which is remarkable in terms of architectural proportions. Residential buildings in the southern part and Sheikh Shahab’s tomb are in the courtyard of the complex and inside the stone stone fence. Its main entrance is on the north porch (east side) and the other on the east side (east porch) and the south side (south entrance). Among the irreplaceable decorations of the complex, you can also see a stone mosque with a row lined around the tomb, the bedding related to the altar of the mosque, the uses around the courtyard and the north porch, the tiles in the door. The turquoise background on the north side, most of which is now extinct, is the knot in the body of the Khaneghah Mosque and the manuscripts of various eras in the mosque and the Khaneghah. Although most scholars have considered this work to belong to the early Safavid era, there are serious differences of opinion regarding the exact date of construction of some parts of the building. The French architect and researcher Andre Godard considered the construction of the complex to be early Safavid, and later confirmed the late Dibaj, Carnegie, and Torabi Tabatabai. Analysis of the collection’s restoration reports from 1345 to 1390, archaeological findings, research on the references of credible historical and contemporary sources, indicating the gradual construction of the complex in the late sixth to mid-eleventh century AH in Atkhar Ilkhani It has Safavids. Conclusion In this research, from the perspective of recognizing different aspects of architecture and the course of additions and construction periods in the process of physical development of Sheikh Shahab al-Din Ahari collection, it was discussed and determined. Examining the content of historical texts, inferring from the methods of space formation in the architecture of the Islamic period of Iran and public benefit collections and analyzing the spatial architecture of the works left in the building, indicating the creation of collections influenced by rituals and values. It was the profession of Sufism that emerged in the form of a monastery and after the death of the sheikh, for reasons such as honoring his mystical status, caused the formation of a tomb space. In reviewing the developments of the complex, two different areas have been used: collecting historical information and studying the physical structure of the complex and the surrounding area. During the studies, it was determined that the building was not designed in advance and most of the changes were due to the continuous operation of various buildings. Based on the findings and contrary to the beliefs of some sources, who have attributed the history of the construction of this complex to the Safavid era, with the analyzes performed on the body, the Azeri architectural style and in the transition from it, the Isfahani method was updated.
pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran
Bu Ali Sina University
2345-5225
11
v.
28
no.
2021
243
261
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3983_dafb76755ed23bcdd253ae927620ea4c.pdf
dx.doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2020.21496.2126