@article { author = {heidarian, mahmood}, title = {The Archeological Evidence of the Ahmad Baiglo Dam, Meshkinshahr}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {7-24}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.8501.1379}, abstract = {The Ahmad Baiglo dam will built on the Meshkin Čai River located in Ahmad Baiglo sector of Meshkinshahr country, Ardabil province, northwestern Iran. With the support of the Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR), archaeological survey of this area conducted in summer 2009. The investigation was concentrated along the both banks of Meshkin Čai River near the village, over a stretch of 800×200 m. The studying area and Meshkinshahr, prior to the threat posed by the construction of the dam, had been much studied and was one of the most known reaches of the North of Iran from archaeological perspective. Previous archaeological works in this region consisted of an archaeological reconnaissance in 1889-1890 by De. Morgan, J. then C. A. Burney in 1977 Mashkinshahr survey, W. Kleiss and S. Kroll’s investigations in 1979, excavations at Shahr Yeri by A. R. Hozabri Nobari since 2005, excavation at 1st and 2nd millennium B.C. cemetery of Khoramabad in 2011 and 2012 and finally K. Hajizadeh excavation at 1st and 2nd millennium B.C. cemetery of Ghezel Ghaieh in 2014. In this zone, the human settlements at most periods have been focused on the rivers and water resources and hence the construction of the Ahmad Baiglo dam and the resulting 16000 square meters’ reservoir will cause immense damage to the archaeological heritage of the region. The project set out to recover as much information on ancient settlement in the region as time allowed through the study of all remains up to the present-day inhabitants. Rescue activities, multiplicity, extent, spatial distribution of the sites and introduce different cultural periods of the region and their continuity and discontinuance was the other aims of this project. Intensive walking survey of the region has revealed twelve new sites, which encompass a temporal range from Paleolithic through Islamic periods. There Twelve archaeological sites have been recorded, resulting, in a total rewriting of the history of occupation of this hitherto little known region over immediately pre-modern period as well as documenting some aspects of the life of the the last middle Paleolithic. Dating for these sites were performed according to typology and comparative studies based on collected superficial materials. Archaeological materials have been classified in three general groups; Prehistoric, Historic, and Islamic. Among the most significant results is the recognition of the entrance of this region by the middle Paleolithic population (sites number 3 and 5). None of the sites produced any pre-or non-ceramic evidence but two of them (5 and 8) show the Chalcolithic assemblage with the common pottery tradition in the northwest of Iran such as Dalma. Iron Age trace is recognidzed in four sites (sites number 3, 5, 7 and 8) and historic and Islamic periods have the most number of sites.    Among the material recovered is a large collection of human burial allowing a detailed study of the people who lived in the region in the past as well as the study of their settlements and artefacts? The discovery of two Kurgans (sites number 4 and 10), highlights the importance of the area in a focal point for megalithic and Kurgan culture and tradition in northwest Asia.  The distribution of the sites and their positions compare to the Meshkin Čai River indicate that this river has played an important role for the populations who used to live in this geographical region during the prehistoric and historic times. The investigation is now complete but the considerable amount of material and data and excavation of the major sites is currently being studied leading to full publication of the results.}, keywords = {Archaeological survey,Archaeological Sites,Meshkinshahr,Ahmad Baiglo Dam}, title_fa = {شواهد باستان شناختی حوزه آب گیر سد احمدبیگ لو، مشکین شهر}, abstract_fa = {سد احمدبیگلو در دامنه‌ی شمالی ارتفاعات سبلان در استان اردبیل و در شمال‌غربی ایران واقع شده است. این سد از نظر تقسیمات داخلی، جزو شهرستان مشکین‌شهر است و از مشکین‌چای مشروب می‌شود. بررسی باستان‌شناختی حوزه‌ی این سد، در تابستان 1387 با هدف شناسایی و ثبت هرچه سریع‌تر محوطه‌های حوزه‌ی آب‌گیری آن و سپس انجام مطالعات و کاوش‌های نجات‌بخشی این محوطه‌ها انجام شد. تعداد، نوع و وسعت محوطه‌های باستانی، ارتباط مکانی و زمانی و چگونگی توالی استقراری محوطه‌ها، از جمله پرسش‌های اساسی این طرح مطالعاتی بودند. در اجرای این پژوهش، مراحل انجام کار در دو مرحله‌ی کتابخانه‌ای و میدانی صورت گرفت. بررسی مزبور به‌صورت پیمایشی فشرده در محدوده‌ی حوزه‌ی آبگیر سد انجام گرفت و حاصل آن شناسایی 12 محوطه‌ی باستانی از دوران پارینه‌سنگی تا دوره‌های متأخر اسلامی بود. تاریخ‌گذاری محوطه‌ها براساس گونه‌شناسی و مطالعات مقایسه‌ای مجموعه‌های سطحی گردآوری شده انجام شد. مقاله‌ی مذکور بعد از ارائه‌ی نتایج بررسی، با توجه به آثار سفالی به‌دست آمده، فرهنگ‌ها و تداوم سنت‌های سفالی حوزه‌ی سد را مورد مطالعه قرار خواهد داد. با توجه به مطالعه‌ی محوطه‌های شناسایی شده، قدیمی‌ترین ادوار فرهنگی و استقرارهای اولیه‌ی این حوزه، دو محوطه‌ی باز (محوطه‌های شماره 3 و 5) دوره‌ی پارینه‌سنگی‌اند که نشانگر وجود شرایط زیست‌محیطی مناسب محل برای سکونت جوامع پارینه‌سنگی است. از جمله دیگر آثار شاخص، آثار دوره‌ی مس‌سنگ‌اند که در دو محوطه‌ی (محوطه‌های شماره 5 و 8)  به‌دست آمده‌اند. در دوره‌ی مفرغ و آغاز تاریخی (عصر آهن) 4 محوطه (محوطه‌های 3، 5، 7 و 8)، در دوره‌ی تاریخی، 11 محوطه (محوطه‌های شماره‌های 1، 3، 4، 5، 6، 7، 8، 9، 10، 11 و 12) و در دوره‌ی اسلامی نیز، 6 محوطه (1، 2، 3، 4، 9 و 12) دارای شواهد استقراری بوده‌اند. در محوطه‌های شماره 4 و 10، نمونه‌هایی از قبور کلان‌سنگی که در حوزه‌ی فرهنگی ‌شمال‌غرب ایران تعدادی از آن‌ها شناسایی و مطالعه شده‌اند، به‌دست آمد.}, keywords_fa = {بررسی باستان شناختی,محوطه های باستانی,مشکین شهر,سد احمدبیگلو}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2012.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2012_0e2242bf958c8e0e0847a62cf222802d.pdf} } @article { author = {velayati, Rahim and mirzaee, saeed and khanali, Hamid}, title = {Explaining the Middle and Late Bronze Age Cultures of North-Western Iran, Case Study: Urmia Ware and Khabur Pottery}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {25-44}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.8876.1392}, abstract = {The 2nd and 1st millennium B.C., have a special attraction for archaeologists due to the advent of widespread commercial relations and urbanization parameters, establishing an initial city-state and then the governments and creation of the empires. The 2nd millennium B.C. is known as the Bronze Age in Iranian archaeological literature. The Bronze Age is beginning from 3000 BC to 1500 B.C., divided into three shorter periods of Early, Middle and Late Bronze Ages. Early Bronze Age is known as Kura Araxes in the northwest of Iran. In the 3rd millennium BC, Kura-Araxes culture included vast part of the Caucasus, North-West, Zagros and Northern Plateau of Iran, the east and south of Anatolia, north of Mesopotamia, and Levant’s areas in the east of Mediterranean which suddenly collapsed due to several factors. Following the collapse of these areas in the late 3rd millennium B.C., the Culture of the painted pottery flourished in the 2nd millennium B.C. After destruction of this culture during later phases (Middle and Late Bronze Age, 2nd millennium B.C.), nomadism expanded comprehensively in northwestern Iran, Transcaucasia and Eastern Anatolia. According to chronology of Middle Bronze Age, there are two distinct types of pottery in this area; Urmia and Khabur styles. The first one found in the Haftvan Tepe VI B. Edwards invented for first time Terminology of “Urmia style” after excavation of Haftvan Tepe VI B, however, he said it was Stronach’s suggestion. According to the archaeological findings, the tradition began at ca. 2200 B.C. and ended at northwestern Iran, eastern Anatolia ca. 1300 B.C.; however, some researchers believed it expanded from the Qazvin plain (Sagzabad Tepe) to the southern Caucasia and near Erzurum in Turkey. Characteristically, Urmia pottery is a painted monochrome or polychrome ware on red or dark orange background. The motifs of this culture are generally geometric subdivided into Van-Urmia, Tazehkand (Karmirbird), Sevan-Uzerlik Tepe, Tray mountain and Sagezabad cultures. The latter form, Khabur, first time suggested by Melvin fowler to introduce the pithos with geometric and striped motif and Opaque colored found from Khabur Plain. It is characteristically buff ware with black or dark brown geometric or animal motifs. The Khabur wares expanded in vast area, from West and Northwest of Iran, Northern Mesopotamia, Syria and south of Anatolia, whereas Mardin region is known as the entrance gate of Khabur wares into Anatolia. This type of pottery has been dated between 1900 and 1600 B.C. in northern Mesopotamia and also between 2106 ± 68 and 1684 ± 58 B.C. by Thermoluminescent method in Dinkhah Tepe (Northwest of Iran). Khabur style was discarded and replaced by Nuzi pottery at the beginning of Early Bronze Age, but the Urmia style continued in the northwest of Iran, the Caucasia and East of Anatolia until the beginning of Iron Age. There is not much difference between Middle and Late Bronze Ages especially in subsistence strategies and the nature of settlements. The only significant difference is the advent and expansion of polychrome technique and new realistic naturalistic animal and human motifs. Some new forms of pottery appeared in Late Bronze Age including thin bowls with vertical bodies, double-angled wares and boot-shaped rhytons. In this article, there is an attempt to study the expansion of Urmia and Khabur Styles, Intra-regional features, and mutual and inter-regional relations during 2nd millennium BC.Conclusions indicate that the Bronze Age cultures, especially Khabur Style is very important due to the expansion of trade during the period, therefore, the cultures of Urmia and Khabur expanded in Caucasia, East of Turkey, North of Iraq, west and northwest of Iran during this period.}, keywords = {Iran,Anatolia,Cultural Relations,2nd Millennium B.C,Urmia Pottery,Khabor Pottery}, title_fa = {تبیین جایگاه فرهنگ های دوره مفرغ میانی و جدید در شمال غرب ایران "مطالعه موردی سفال های سبک ارومیه و سفال خابور"}, abstract_fa = {پس از فروپاشی فرهنگ کورا-ارس در دوره‌ی مفرغ قدیم، در دوره‌های پسین (دوران مفرغ میانی و جدید، هزاره‌ی دوم ق.م.) فرهنگ کوچ‌نشینی مشترک و فراگیری در مناطق شمال‌غرب ایران، ماورای قفقاز و شرق آناتولی رایج می‌گردد. در شمال‌غرب ایران با توجه به گاهنگاری ارائه شده در دوره‌ی مفرغ میانی، دو نوع سنت سفالگری مشخص وجود دارد؛ یکی از آن‌ها به نام «ظروف سبک ارومیه»، که از هفتوان‌تپه لایه‌ی VIB به‌دست آمده است. براساس یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی، آغاز این سنت از حدود 2200 ق.م. و خاتمه‌ی آن  در شمال‌غرب ایران و شرق آناتولی حدود 1300 ق.م. بوده و دامنه‌ی انتشار آن از شمال‌غرب ایران و به اعتقاد برخی پژوهشگران از دشت قزوین (تپه‌ی سگزآباد) تا ماورای قفقاز جنوبی و حوالی ارضروم در ترکیه می‌باشد. نوع دیگر سفال این دوره، شامل «ظروف خابور» می‌باشد. ظروف خابور در گستره‌ی بسیار وسیعی از غرب و شمال‌غرب ایران، شمال بین‌النهرین، سوریه تا جنوب آناتولی منتشر شده و منطقه‌ی ماردین به‌عنوان درواز‌ه‌ی ورود سفال خابور به آناتولی مطرح می‌باشد. این نوع سفال در شمال بین‌النهرین در میان سال‌های (1900 تا 1600ق.م.) و در شمال-غرب ایران در دینخواه‌تپه با روش ترمولومنیسانس مابین 68 ± 2106 تا 58 ± 1684 ق.م. تاریخ‌گذاری شده است. سنت سفالگری نوع خابور با شروع عصر مفرغ جدید از میان رفته و «سنت سفال نوزی» جایگزین آن گشته، اما سنت سفالی ارومیه در نواحی شمال‌غرب ایران، قفقاز و شرق آناتولی تا شروع عصر آهن ادامه می‌یابد. مقاله‌ی حاضر در نظر دارد حوزه‌ی انتشار سنت‌های سفالی ارومیه و خابور، ویژگی‌های درون‌منطقه‌ای، اشتراکات و روابط بین منطقه‌ای در هزاره‌ی دوم ق.م. را مورد مطالعه قرار دهد. نتایج پژوهش حاضر نشان می‌دهد فرهنگ-های دوره‌ی مفرغ، به‌ویژه سنت سفال خابور به‌واسطه‌ی گسترش تجارت در این دوره حایز کمال اهمیت است. از همین‌رو شاهد گسترش فرهنگ‌های سفالی ارومیه و خابور در گستره‌ای از قفقاز، شرق ترکیه، شمال عراق، غرب و شمال‌غرب ایران در این دوره هستیم.}, keywords_fa = {ایران,آناتولی,روابط فرهنگی,هزاره ی دوم ق.م,سفال ارومیه,سفال خابور}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2013.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2013_c32883fc5aed5df83d471a2f65c1579c.pdf} } @article { author = {rezaloo, reza and ayramloo, yahya}, title = {Scythian Presence in Northwestern Iran Case study of Khoram Abad Cemetery in Meshgin Shahr}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {45-64}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.4758.1178}, abstract = {The Scythian exploits in Western Asia, as described in ancient written sources, have been referred to by many authors, who dealt with them mainly in the margin of their larger works. It should be emphasized that the Scythians did not form a single people. Under this name a variety of nomad tribes of the Eurasiatic steppes are included who were linked by a similar way of life, a more or less common culture and sometimes also a common origin. Invention of the Scythian nomad tribes altered many political statements of Mesopotamia, east Anadolu and northwestern of Iran in one millennium BC. As long as the Hrodotus reports appeared as to the Scythian invention and domination on western Asia, the studies regarding Scythians gained a new form in all parts at the western Asia. Despite, Herodotus has closely explained all features of this invation and even he has delineated their accession ways from the south Sebria to the north Caucasia and western Asia, nevertheless always due to abcense of Archaeological data have been seen to these reports with incertitude regard. According to Herodotus, Scythian domination ended with their defeat by the Medes, who thrust them out of Asia back into Europe; this struggle may have taken place shortly before the war of the Medes against the Lydians [IV.78] which began cir. 590 B.C and ended at the solar eclipse of 585 B. C. If we trust Herodotus, (and new discoveries and investigations have always confirmed his reliability, as pointed out by several scholars), by the middle of the VIIth c. B. C. the Scythians had become a great power in Western Asia and ruled it for 28 years. Northwestern of Iran had a special role in this conflicts and must be remained data for these tribes in the zone, but Archaeological studies has not showed such presence in this area. A great hoard of gold and silver objects was found there in 1946. This treasure included purely "Scythian" art, purely Assyrian jewelry, objects like the pectoral combining Assyrian and "Scythian" elements, and objects of local style. Besides the golden pectoral, it embraced covering plaques with a decoration in the form of ibexes and galloping stags, golden fibulae, a silver dish, etc. A few two and three-edged bronze arrow-heads and tonged bone arrow-points also formed part of this hoard. Archaeological remains usually looked upon as connected with the Scythian exploits have been found in several parts of Western Asia. First of all are the small, socketed, bronze (seldom iron) arrow-heads of two varieties: the three-edged and the solid pyramidal, triangular in cross-section; many of these two varieties are provided with a barb. Arrow-heads of these types have been found in thousands within the limits of ancient Scythia in Europe and in Asia, and also in Central Europe. They were also found within the ancient Mediterranean Greek world where they are frequently called the "Graeco - Scythian" type. There is discussion as to Ziwiye treasure As yet and its problems have not solved and it seems that it be indissoluble with the inoperative data as to its objects. Recently, an excavatin was done in the Khoram Abad cemetery in Meshgin Shahr and for first time were found interesting and convincer objects for Scythians that they demonstrate theire presence in the northwestern of Iran. In this paper it mentioned to the excavation and its main data and with regard to other objects from western Asia, northwestern of Iran and Caucasia area as to the Scythians, we assembled study outlines of these objects. The study is marker irrefragable semblance between the objects of this site with the data of other Scythian sites over world specialy in the north of Caucasia.}, keywords = {Scythian Tribes,Northwestern Iran,Khoram Abad Cemetery,Scythian Interment}, title_fa = {حضور سکاها در شمال غرب ایران مطالعه موردی گورستان خرم آباد مشگین شهر، اردبیل}, abstract_fa = {ورود اقوام کوچ‌روی سکایی به کشمکش‌های سیاسی و نظامی غرب آسیا در هزاره‌ی اول ق.م. تأثیرات عمیقی بر روابط فرهنگی، سیاسی و نظامی اقوام مختلف حاضر در این حوزه‌ی جغرافیایی گذاشت. چنین ورود و هجومی با گزارشات تاریخی و همچنین مدارک باستان‌شناختی قابل بررسی است. در پژوهش حاضر با استفاده از نتایج کاوش باستان‌شناختی گورستان خرم‌آباد مشگین‌شهر (استان اردبیل)، حضور اقوام سکایی در شمال‌غرب ایران مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفته و به تبیین آن پرداخته شده است. با وجود این‌که سابقاً بحث‌هایی در مورد محوطه‌ی زیویه و انتساب آن به این اقوام شده، ولی هم‌چنان یکی از مهم‌ترین مشکلات و ضروریات مطالعات سکاشناسی، فقدان اطلاعات باستان‌شناختی از این اقوام در شمال‌غرب ایران است. مقاله‌ی حاضر با درک چنین ضروریتی، به‌صورت توصیفی-تحلیلی، با استناد به داده‌های میدانی باستان‌شناختی و با رویکردی مقایسه‌ای انجام پذیرفته است. هدف از چنین پژوهشی، تببین حضور این اقوام و همچنین رسیدن به‌درکی روشن از داده‌های مختص به آن‌ها در حوزه‌ی شرقی شمال‌غرب ایران است. برای مطالعه در باب چنین موضوعی آن‌چه که مهم به‌نظر می‌رسد، شناخت ویژگی‌های مختص اقوام سکایی در شمال‌غرب ایران است. مهم‌ترین شاخصه‌های باستان‌شناختی این اقوام در شمال‌غرب ایران چیست؟ با کدام داده‌ها می‌توان حضور ایشان را تبیین نمود؟ داده‌های محوطه‌ی مورد بحث، با یافته‌های باستان‌شناختی کدام حوزه‌ها قابل‌مقایسه است؟ این پرسش‌ها و مجهولات این چنینی و پاسخ به آن‌ها می‌تواند درک روشنی از حضور اقوام سکایی در شمال‌غرب ایران را فراهم سازد و مهم‌تر از همه، می‌تواند پیش‌زمینه‌ی مناسبی را برای مطالعات سکاشناسی فراهم سازد. پژوهش حاضر، نشانگر وجود یک ارتباط فرهنگی نزدیکی بین داده‌های سکایی شمال‌غرب ایران و یافته‌های مربوط به این اقوام در مناطق همجوار است. بسیاری از یافته‌های سکایی نواحی قفقاز و هم‌چنین نواحی مختلف آسیای میانه و مرکزی را می‌توان در مقام مقایسه با یافته‌های سکایی گورستان خرم‌آباد مشگین‌شهر بدان‌ها اشاره نمود.}, keywords_fa = {اقوام سکایی,شمال غرب ایران,گورستان خرم آباد,تدفین سکایی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2014.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2014_9d82aa7dfd77da3b636470e12ce9f7f3.pdf} } @article { author = {jahani, vali}, title = {Newly Discovered Iron Age Architecture on South-West Caspian Sea Beaches on the Basis of the Excavation at Kafarestan, Dailaman, Gilan, Iran}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {65-82}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.12370.1536}, abstract = {A major outstanding question for the archaeology of the southwest Caspian Sea Basin concerns to the nature of settlements in prehistoric times in particular in the Iron Age, while large parts of the archaeological work on this period in Gilan have concentrated, since 1901, on the Iron Age (15th-8th centuries B.C.) burial sites. Due to the lack of basic research questions and systematic surveys, the nature of settlements and the type of architecture used by the regional population still continue to elude us. Thus, many unanswered questions remain: How were the distribution of settlements and settlement patterns? What factors have been responsible for the paucity of recorded evidence on contemporary settlements? What types of plans and architectural spaces were used in these settlements, if there were any such? Many scholars believed that the regional population lacked any sturdy residential structures, and that there no traces of sedentary settlements existed there. The present work attempts to furnish an outline of the architectural characteristics of the region. The study uses a combination of documentary and field research methods, building on both library research and results from excavations at such sites as Kafarestan, Motlakuh laid within the Southwest Caspian Basin. The objectives and insights of the present work may be summarized as follows: Reconstructing the Iron Age cultures drawing on the contemporaneous architectural evidence excavated in the plain, mountain base and mountainous landscapes and exploring the idiosyncrasies of Iron Age settlements in Gilan in light of excavations and surveys. Glancing through the evolution of architecture in Gilan from prehistoric through early Islamic centuries suggests that we may safely argue that the inhabitants of different parts of the region were aware of the peculiar climate dominated their surrounding environment. The literature on the archaeology of Gilan rarely includes vertical stratigraphic sequence which shed light on a series of stratified settlement deposits; rather it is generally predominated by horizontal stratigraphy, which consist only of one or two phases of use in cemeteries. The reasons for the lack of identified contemporary houses in most of excavations across the region may be outlined as below: 1. A life-style depending on animal husbandry and pastoralism, and seasonal migrations obviated the need for more complete, durable structures; 2. The ancient regional population probably did not felt the need to use stone, because simple and lighter construction materials such as wood were abundantly available. Insurability and short life of wood has deprived us of the wooden house of these people; 3. The majority of excavations in Gilan have focused on cemeteries, so we must look for sites which contains occupational deposits; 4. Detachment of the region from the universal developmental trends which was under way in other parts of Iran and, consequently, its backwardness in architecture and adoption of new techniques in architecture and building decorations. 5. The regional architecture at the time tended to be plain and void of geometrical properties.On the other hand, the residential structures lacked footings, with the main building actually sitting on a sort of wooden platform to prevent moisture ingress. Therefore, the superstructure vanished overtime, leaving no traces of the building, because, as noted, there were no footing to its trace. Establishing an absolute date and the chronological attribution of the finds from Iron Age settlement sites in Gilan and Mazandaran may require large-scale and more extensive excavations. A shift to targeted research projects in the province is then vital. Thus, instead of excavating burial sites, which are already well-known as a result of the long history archaeological work, we ought to focus on settlements and mounds with deep sequences in our research policies. Excavation of various exposures of architecture from different periods and drawing their clear-cut plans will enable us to identify variant forms of the regional architecture, which will then provide answer to one of the most essential questions on the regional culture.}, keywords = {Gilan,Southwest Caspian Sea Basin,Iron Age,Architecture}, title_fa = {شواهدی نویافته از معماری عصر آهن در کرانه‌های جنوب غرب دریای کاسپی(گیلان) بر اساس کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی محوطه کافرستان دیلمان}, abstract_fa = {از مهم‌ترین سؤالاتی که در باستان‌شناسی سواحل جنوب‌غرب دریای کاسپی مطرح است، چگونگی استقرارها در دوران پیش‌از‌تاریخ، به‌ویژه در عصر آهن می‌باشد؛ این درحالی است که بخش عمده‌ای از پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی مربوط به این دوره که از سال 1901 م. در گیلان انجام شده برروی گورستان‌های عصر آهن (سده‌های 8-15 ق.م.) متمرکز بوده است. نبود پرسش‌های بنیادی و بررسی‌های روشمند در باستان‌شناسی گیلان باعث شده تاکنون چگونگی استقرار و نوع معماری مورد استفاده‌ی مردمان این منطقه بر ما پوشیده باشد و بدین‌ترتیب این پرسش‌ها مطرح است که پراکندگی استقرارها و نحوه‌ی الگوهای استقراری به چه صورت بوده است؟ چه عاملی موجب شده که آثار و شواهد اندکی از استقرارهای مربوط به این دوره مورد شناسایی قرار گیرد؟ در صورت وجود استقرار و سکونتگاه‌ها، نوع نقشه و فضاهای معماری به چه صورت بوده است؟ بسیاری از صاحب‌نظران و باستان‌شناسان معتقدند که اقوام مزبور دارای مسکنی که از سازه‌ی مستحکمی برخوردار باشد، نبودند؛ بلکه به‌صورت چادرنشینی روزگار می‌گذراندند. در این مقاله تلاش شده تا با روشی اسنادی و میدانی، مبتنی‌بر مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و نتایج حاصل از کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی در محوطه‌های کافرستان، مطلاکوه، لیارسنگ‌بن، کلورز و... در محدوده‌ی جغرافیای جنوب‌غرب دریای کاسپی طرح ابتدایی ارائه شود. با توجه به منابع و مدارک موجود برخی شواهد از معماری دائمی مربوط به زندگی یکجانشینی در حوزه‌ی فرهنگی جنوب‌غرب دریای کاسپی شناسایی شده که مشتمل بر ایجاد کف‌سازی در محوطه‌ی مسکونی و احداث بناها با فضاهای چهارگوش به‌وسیله‌ی سنگ و چوب یا بدون ایجاد پی بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {جنوب غرب دریای کاسپی,عصر آهن,معماری}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2015.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2015_8cc5812777f84e5978865652f67580fb.pdf} } @article { author = {Malekzadeh, Mehrdad and Ahmadzadeh Khosroshahi, Solmaz}, title = {Royal or Not? Assyrian Memorials in the Eastern Areas of the Empire}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {83-102}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.10276.1447}, abstract = {One way immortalizing the works and deeds of the king in the ancient world, especially in Western Asia, was to erect memorial stones or rock and stone inscriptions in visible and notable places. The erection of stone steles and the carving of rock reliefs at strategic locations to commemorate military conquests and to assert claims of political and/or economic control over on area is a tradition well attested in the ancient Near East. The Neo-Assyrian kings (605-934 B.C.) frequently led military campaigns into Western Iran and at times into the places located in central and eastern parts; creating numerous memorial stones to depict their conquests in the process. Currently, there are five Neo-Assyrian Steles and rock reliefs are known from Iran. Two memorials in the Museums of Iran and Jerusalem and three reliefs in the mountains. The first memorial, attributed to Luristan, is from Tiglath-Pileser III (744-727 B.C.) and its origin is unknown, and currently lies in the Museum of Jerusalem. The second, from Sargon II (721-705 B.C.), called Najafehabad memorial, was discovered in Najafehabad village, Hamedan province and is kept in the National Museum of Iran. The third, the relief of Sargon II, was first discovered in 1347 in the Tang-i Var pass near the village of Tang-i Var in the district of Sanandaj. The fourth, called the relief of Shikaft-i Gulgul, was first discovered in Pusht-i Kuh and the last, the newly found Mishkhas relief, was discovered by Sadjad Alibaigi in 1387 in Southeast of Ilam Province. In the two mentioned stone memorials, from Tiglath-Pileser III and Sargon depict a royal and qualified artistic style. In the three mentioned reliefs, one from Sargon II and the two others from later Assyrian kings-possibly Esarhaddon (680-669 B.C.) or Ashurbanipal (668-627 B.C.), we see mountain-carved reliefs with a local style with differences regarding their execution. These five memorials are not at all equal to one another in their artistic level. Tiglath-Pileser’s memorial has the royal artistic level of that era with very fine details. Based on the fact that Tiglath-Pileser had two major military campaigns to the East, the fine detail of this stone memorial reflects the importance of the conquest of this area through the king’s eyes. Sargon’s Najafehabad memorial has a high level of artistic execution as well, reflecting the political and administrative importance of its place of erection, the conquered region. But in the reliefs of Tang-i Var we encounter a coarse and rudimentary style, showing us that this cannot be a royal and standard work of art.The low quality of Tang-i Var reliefs reflects their secondary importance. This relief, regarding artistic aspects like details and execution, in not comparable at all to any other Assyrian works of art in Iran or any other region. It can be theorized that this work has been executed by local artists without any superb artistic ability. The Tang-i Var relief, with its low artistic quality, narrates an unimportant event- the conquest of the small kingdom of Karalla. The two other works are not artistically important- they are not as magnificent as Tiglath-Pileser’s Luristan and Sargon’s Najafehabad memorials, and not as low quality as Tang-i Var relief; they are something in between, a sign of the artistic fall of Neo-Assyrian Empire. Shikaft-i Gulgul is a royal declaration, but no effort has been carried out to make it magnificent; and Mishkhas has no text at all and seems to be no more than a visual coding attempt. They clearly demonstrate the fading of the military and artistic resources of Assyria for holding these territories. In this study, the artistic quality of these five works has been assessed to reconstruct the concerns and motivations of Assyrians for their conquests, as they have been reflected in their stone memorials and reliefs.}, keywords = {Stele,Reliefs,Neo-Assyrian,Najafehabad,Tang-i Var,Shikaft-i Gulgul,Mishkhas}, title_fa = {شاهانه یا نه؟ یادبودنامه‌های آشوری در نواحی شرقی امپراتوری}, abstract_fa = {یکی از راه‌های جاودان ساختن اعمال و کردارهای پادشاهان در روزگار باستان، خصوصاً در آسیای غربی، برپا ساختن سنگ‌یادمان‌ها و برنوشتن کتیبه‌های سنگی و نقوش‌برجسته در مکان‌های خاص و نمایان بوده است. برپایی این یادمان‌ها در مناطق مهم برای بزرگداشت پیروزی‌های نظامی و یا ادعای تسلطِ سیاسی و اقتصادی در مناطق مختلف، یک سنت رایج در شرق نزدیکِ باستان بوده است. پاشاهان امپراتوری آشور (934 تا 605 ق‌.م.) که بارهای‌بار به لبه‌ی غربی فلات ایران لشکر کشیدند و گه‌گاه به مناطق درون ایران و سرزمین‌های شرقی‌تر راه یافتند از خویش یادمان‌ها و یادگارهای سنگی متعددی برجای گذاردند و خاطره‌ی کشورگشایی‌های خود را جاودان ساختند. امروزه در ایران 5 سنگ‌یادمان و نقش‌برجسته‌ی آشوری بازشناخته شده است؛ به‌گونه‌ای دقیق‌تر دو سنگ‌یادمان و سه نقش‌برجسته. سطح هنری و میزان دقت و ظرافت مصروف در تولید چنین آثار هنری یادمانی، نشان‌دهنده‌ی میزان اهمیت این نواحی در نگاه کشورگشایانه پادشاهانِ آشور نو است. در پژوهش حاضر، سعی گردیده با سنجش میان سبک هنری این 5 اثر، به بازسازی انگیزه‌های کشورگشایی آشوریان پرداخته شود و به این پرسش که آیا از طریق تحلیل هنری این آثار می‌توان به میزان اهمیت مناطق پیرامونی در نگاه راهبردی امپراتوری آشور پی‌برد، پاسخ داده شود. این پژوهش از نوع تحقیقات بنیادی و از منظر روش تحقیق به‌صورت تاریخی و توصیفی-تحلیلی است. نتایج حاصل از این پژوهش بیانگر این نکته است که این 5 اثر از نگاه سطح هنری ابداً با یکدیگر برابر نیستند؛ در دو سنگ‌یادمانِ تیگلَت‌پیلِسر سوم (744 تا 727 ق.‌م.) و سارگُن دوم (721 تا 705 ق.‌م.)، با سبکی برتر، رسمی و شاهانه و در سه نقش‌برجسته‌ی تنگ‌ور، میشخاص و اشکفت گُل‌گُل با نقوشی کنده شده در دل کوه و لاجرم سبک هنری آفریده شده در محل، مواجه‌ایم که شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌هایی در اجرا با هم دارند. این پژوهش از این منظر می‌تواند مورد اهمیت باشد که یادمان‌های آشوری یافت شده در ایران را باهم و با نمونه‌های مشابه در مناطقِ همجوار مورد ارزیابی سبک هنری قرار داده است.}, keywords_fa = {سنگ یادمان,نقوش برجسته,آشور نو,نجف آباد,تنگور,اشکفت گُلگُل,میشخاص}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2025.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2025_4a9dc0e23d441a73c62b33df32c77e16.pdf} } @article { author = {beikmohammady, khalilollah and nazari arshad, reza}, title = {Analyzing the Landscape Effect on the Formation, Distribution and Collapse of the Parthian Settlements of Touyserkan Region}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {103-122}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.11550.1496}, abstract = {Analyzing Settlement patterns of Archaeological sites is one the most important methods recognizing the cultural changes and environment over times. Examining and identifying plains, valleys and different areas by such an approach have certainly result that can introduce comprehensive and detailed information which how to presence and distribution of different societies settlement. Plains of different pediments of Alvand Mountain is high plain between mountains of Touyserkan, including cultural areas of east central Zagros which always been considered by human communities and have high potential for locating habitats and different community settlement. In winter 2012 a research project of examining, identifying, supplementary documentary and recording antiquities of Touyserkan was conducted as survey by gathering cultural material from the areas level randomly aiming to identify and recording the ancient sites and monuments of Touyserkan. The review process included 44 sites from Chalcolithic to the Late Islamic periods and given identified surface works, 25 sites have historical works indicating meaning full setting and settlements expansion in western range of Alvand in Parthian period. Parthian period work is studied by Clinky Ware and mudbrick architecture specific to the period. this research is trying to recognize the effective factors on forming and interacting areas and settlement of Parthian period. Also, present research answers to the question which what effect has landscape on forming Parthian settlements of western piedmonts of Alvand Mountain? Answering given question, hypothesis such as existence of rich pastures and suitable agriculture land and water sources in Touyserkan plain were important cross including ancient road of Hegmataneh / Ecbatana to Susa and southern regions of Iran known as kinds road through Ganjnameh valley and Touyserkan and control and supervision on it in reasons of forming Parthian settlements in Touyserkan plain have found ability to the region.Also, with the aim of examining and analyzing landscape effect in dispersion and distribution of settlement patterns, estimating the hierarchy of the central in cores and spatial relation of areas in western foot of Alvand Mountain in Parthian period has beneficial from spatial analysis method in GIS environment. The rise and fall of Parthian settlements of Touyserkan plain is discussed from two perspectives: first, soil is suitable for agriculture that is only favorable in parts of central north of the plain and parts of south of the plain which is effective on the growth and expansion of settlements, so that, we have faced with highest growth rate of settlements expansion in west, center and south west of the plain, which has been most suitable plain in terms of environmental factors. Second, it was roads including supervision, security supply and accessibility case and habitats relations with each other and has signification effect forming and expansion of sites, so that, more settlements are formed along communicating roads Line. This reads of Touyserkan plain is one of the main roads to Ecbatana city by GIS statistical analysis, most density of areas is seen in roads leading to Hamadan (Ecbatana), Nahavand (Laodicea) and Malayer (Nooshijan) which often. Have extent under half a hectare. This type of settlement distribution can be related to supervising the roads, wariness and prevention from possible movement of armed attacks, need to important in restructures such as: military bases along the way, suitable access roads and importantly. The Security of the region, therefore, presence of Environmental site (site with under half a hectare in size foots depending on roads) has been considered important and serious in supplying survival of the governance and important cities (Ecbatana and Laodicea) which location of habitats and settlements of Parthian period of Touyserkan plain has fallowed from such factors and environmental behaviors.}, keywords = {Landscape,Archaeological survey,Touyserkan,Settlement Pattern,Parthian Period}, title_fa = {تحلیل تأثیر زمین‌سیما در شکل‌‌گیری، پراکنش و افول استقرارهای دوره‌ی اشکانی شهرستان تویسرکان مبتنی‌بر بررسی‌ باستان‌شناختی}, abstract_fa = {تحلیل‌ الگوهای استقراری باستان‌شناختی، از مهم‌ترین روش‌های مرسوم برای شناخت تغییرات فرهنگی و زیست‌محیط فرهنگی در ادوار مختلف است. بررسی و شناسایی دشت‌ها، دره‌ها و مناطق مختلف با چنین رویکردی، قطعاً نتایجی را دربردارند که در کنار یکدیگر، می‌تواند اطلاعات جامعی از چگونگی حضور و پراکنش استقرارهای جوامع مختلف ارائه دهند. دشت‌های دامنه‌‌های رشته کوه الوند، به‌طور اخص دشت مرتفع میان‌کوهی تویسرکان، از جمله مناطقی است که همواره مورد توجه جوامع انسانی بوده و از پتانسیل بالایی جهت مکان‌گزینی استقرارگاه‌های ادوار مختلف برخوردار بوده است. در زمستان 1391، طرح پژوهشی «بررسی، شناسایی، مستندنگاری تکمیلی و ثبت آثار باستانی شهرستان تویسرکان»، با هدف شناسایی و ثبت محوطه‌های باستانی و آثار تاریخی شهرستان تویسرکان انجام پذیرفت. برآیند بررسی، دربردارنده‌ی 44 محوطه از دوره‌ی مس‌وسنگ تا ادوار متأخر اسلامی است؛ از این میان، 25 محوطه دارای آثار دوره‌ی اشکانی هستند که نشان از گیرش معنادار و گسترش استقرارها در دامنه‌ی غربی الوند در این دوره بوده است. آثار دوره‌ی اشکانی دشت تویسرکان با سفال‌های نوع کلینکی و معماری خشتی خاصه‌ی این دوره، مورد مطالعه قرار می‌گیرند. هدف پژوهش پیش‌ِرو، شناخت عوامل مؤثر در شکل‌یابی، گیرش و برهمکنش استقرارهای دوره‌ی اشکانی است؛ همچنین نوشته‌ی حاضر، در پی پاسخ به این سؤال است: زمین‌سیما، چه تأثیری در شکل‌گیری استقرارهای اشکانی دامنه‌ی‌ غربی رشته کوه الوند داشته است؟ که با طرح فرضیه‌هایی همچون: وجود مراتع غنی و زمین‌ها‌ی مستعد کشاورزی، منابع آبی سرشار در دشت تویسرکان، عبور راه‌های ارتباطی مهم، از جمله جاده‌ی باستانی هگمتانه/ اکباتان به شوش و مناطق جنوبی کشور، موسوم به راه‌شاهی از طریق دره‌ی گنجنامه-تویسرکان و کنترل و نظارت بر آن، در علل شکل‌گیری و گیرش استقرارهای اشکانی در شهرستان تویسرکان قابلیت طرح می‌یابد. در تحلیل الگوهای مکانی و نقش زمین‌سیما، از ‌روش تحلیل‌های فضایی در محیط GIS استفاده شده است.}, keywords_fa = {زمین سیما,بررسی باستان شناختی,تویسرکان,الگوی استقرار,دوره ی اشکانی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2016.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2016_e791c77698b735aea010a7de2e73c0da.pdf} } @article { author = {Nami, Hasan and Firoozmandi, Bahman and Esmaeili Jelodar, MohammadEsmaeil}, title = {Analyzing and Dating in North-East Iran: Proposed Parthian City Shahr-Tappeh, Chapeshlou Township Dargaz}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {123-142}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.12735.1554}, abstract = {Shahr Tappeh is one of the Parthian sites in the district of Darreh Gaz, near the Iran-Turkmenistan border. Data from archaeological surveys shows that the site is one of the largest Parthian sites in the northeast region of the Iranian Plateau. In addition, archaeological excavations indicate that Shahr Tappeh was one of the most important Parthian sites in the region. The site is limited on two sides by riverbeds, while on the south and north was protected by massive ramparts, probably made of sun-dried bricks and chineh. There are also traces of a moat behind the fortifications. In somewhere near the center of the site, there is a 7m high mound, evidently remains of a monument of some sort. It is possible that this mound represents the acropolis of the site, seat of the high rank chief or governor of the city. Our investigation at the site including a surface systematic sampling. The most frequent finds were ceramic fragments, in addition to some kiln wasters, gypsum plaster and impressed designs bricks. The designs are heavily weathered so the original motifs could not be identified. Similar bricks with impressed designs have been discovered at the type site of Nisa in Turkmenistan. The high frequency of kiln wasters in a quadrant indicated that this point of the site would be industrial quarter of the ancient town. Testing this hypothesis, we opened three small trenches. Although we could not reach the lower strata, due to have efficiency of time and the budget, we could recover numerous kiln wasters and deformed pieces of glass, evidently related to glass workshop, which strongly indicate that our hypothesis on the industrial character of the quadrant could be right. The recovered finds through excavations show close resemblance to those from Nisa, the initial capital and homeland of the Arsacids, which is 80 km to the northeast. The size of Shahr Tappeh and the materials from excavations well represent the importance of the site in early Parthian time in the northeastern Iranian Plateau. Because of such important features, some scholars suggest that the site could be the ancient Dara of the early Arsacid era. In this article we analyzed and discuss the materials and data from Shahr Tappeh excavations, trying to throw light on the importance of the city during the early Arsacid period, and evaluate its position among the contemporary sites in the northeastern Iranian Plateau. We also trying to the answer whether the site could be the same ancient Dara we know from the early Arsacid period; or, otherwise, could the important city of Dara be sought in the modern area of Darreh Gaz in northeast Iran? }, keywords = {Parthain,Darreh Gaz,Dara,Shahr-Tappeh}, title_fa = {تحلیل و گاهنگاری پیشنهادی شهر اشکانی «شهرتپه» چاپشلو در شهرستان درگز، شمال شرق ایران}, abstract_fa = {«شهرتپه» یکی از محوطه‌های اشکانی شمال‌شرق ایران در شهرستان درگز است. با استناد به بررسی‌های باستان‌شناسی، این محوطه، یکی از وسیع‌ترین محوطه‌های اشکانی این حوزه‌ی جغرافیایی است؛ به‌علاوه، با استناد به کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی، این محوطه، یکی از محوطه‌های مهم اوایل دوره‌ی اشکانیان در شمال‌شرقی ایران است. شباهت یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی شهرتپه با محوطه‌ی نسا، به‌همراه وسعت محوطه (حدود 70 هکتار) و یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی آن، نشان می‌دهد شهرتپه از محوطه‌های مهم دوره‌ی اشکانیان در شمال‌شرق ایران است. به‌دلیل همین اهمیت است که بعضاً از این محوطه، به‌عنوان یکی از محوطه‌های احتمالی معرف «دارا» در اوایل دوره‌ی اشکانیان یاد می‌شود؛ لذا در پژوهش پیشِ‌رو تلاش می‌گردد، ضمن بررسی و ارزیابی داده‌های باستان‌شناسی شهرتپه، و جایگاه آن در تاریخ اوایل دوره‌ی اشکانی، اهمیت این محوطه در مطالعات باستان‌شناسی اشکانیان در شمال‌شرق ایران مورد بحث و ارزیابی قرار گیرد. به‌علاوه، تلاش شده بدین پرسش پاسخ داده شود که آیا شهرتپه می‌تواند یکی از محوطه‌های احتمالی معرف شهر دارا اشکانی باشد؟ و یا به‌عبارت کلی‌تر، آیا می‌توان این شهر مهم اوایل دوره‌ی اشکانی را در حوزه‌ی جغرافیای سیاسی امروزی درگز جستجو نمود؟ پاسخ به موارد فوق از این منظر حائز اهمیت است که از اشکانیان در شمال‌شرقی ایران، اطلاعات معدود و پراکنده‌ای در دست است؛ لذا مطالعات باستان‌شناسی شهرتپه می‌تواند تاحدودی در پاسخ به پرسش‌های تاریخی و باستان‌شناسی اشکانیان در شمال‌شرقی ایران راهگشا باشد. رویکرد پژوهش حاضر در پاسخ به پرسش‌های فوق، داده‌های باستان‌شناسی مرتبط با اشکانیان در شهرستان درگز و محوطه‌ی شهرتپه است. به‌علاوه، در کنار داده‌های باستان‌شناسی، از متون کلاسیک در پاسخ به مکان‌یابی احتمالی شهر دارا در منطقه‌ی درگز استفاده گردیده است. براساس موارد یاد شده در بالا، شهرتپه به‌واسطه‌ی وسعت و داده‌های فرهنگی از جمله ظروف و قطعات سفالی مطالعه شده، تزیینات معماری شامل آجرهای منقوش و وجود یک منطقه‌ی صنعتی شناسایی شده در آن، احتمالاً یکی از مهم‌ترین محوطه‌های اوایل دوره‌ی اشکانی در شمال‌شرق ایران است.}, keywords_fa = {باستان شناسی,اشکانی,درگز,چاپشلو,دارا,شهرتپه}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2017.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2017_7e1d3a675056f2ff15779c98529c6df5.pdf} } @article { author = {Khanmoradi, Mozhgan and niknami, kamaloddin}, title = {Painted Parthian Stuccoes from Qal‘eh-i Yazdigird}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {143-156}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.8591.1382}, abstract = {The use of stucco decoration on buildings has become popular in Iran from the Parthian period but from the second century onwards stucco decorations were painted in bright colors. An im-portant group of the Parthians Painted Stuccoes excavated in the 1965-79 and 2008 in Qal ‘eh-i Yazdigird. Qal’eh-i Yazdigird is a Parthian Palace Stronghold in the Zagros range of mountains in western Iran. During the excavations carried out in Gach Gumbad and Hushtareh areas a total of 389 stucco pieces were found and have been repaired. In comparison to the simultaneous Parthian areas such as Uruk, Seleucia, Kuh-i Khwaje and Assure, the motifs of the stuccoes of Qal’eh-I Yazdigird witnessed the greater diversity and amount of the motifs leading to the fact that the stuccoes here have being used to decorate a larger sections of the buildings in these complex. The stuccoes are used to decorate walls, part of columns, capitals, niches and cornices of the buildings. The stuccoes of the Qal’eh-I Yazdigird can be divided into 6 major groups ac-cording to the type of decoration, including human, animal, floral, geometric, architectural and compound elements and motifs. Much of the stucco decorations were vividly painted. Some of the fragments are Polychrome. In Qal’eh-I Yazdigird, painted stuccoes in comparison with the other simultaneous areas were widely used so that out of 163 pieces of stuccoes from there, 69 pieces (42.3 percent) were painted. In fact, painting has been the latest stage in the creation of stucco decoration process. In Qal’eh-I Yazdigird site, to the best representation of the motifs, the surface of stuccoes was firstly painted by a bright color while the motifs themselves were generally painted by the paints darker than the background one. These colors consist of green, deep blues, pink, deep reds, orange, brown, purple and yellow. In some cases, motifs were deco-rated by a particular paint (e.g. blue, red, green) which have mainly been used to portrait hunt-ing scenes, a woman capital with two dolphins in hand and griffins. Some parts were also fre-quently painted by two or three paints such as pink and green crenellations as well as making more contrast between paints and the background plasters which would enhance the magnifi-cence and beauty of the stucco decorations.  For the stuccoes of Qal’eh-I Yazdigird, it cannot be said that the coloring is confined to a particular motif or scene, since the study of Qal’eh-i Yazdigird stuccos is still incomplete and the impact of environmental factors in the modifica-tion of the stucco colors have not yet been properly identified. In this research because of the importance of stuccoes of Qal’eh-I Yazdigird we tried to sample the stuccoes available in the National Museum of Iran to identify the kinds of pigments used as well as to understand the technology by which the colorful stuccoes of the Parthians were appeared. These were analyzed for the first time within in 2013 in Iran by the authors present. The pigments red ochre and yel-low ochre (identified by the presence of the main chromophores hematite and goethite), Egyp-tian blue and green earth (terre-verte glauconite) were found on decorated surfaces. FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Petrography methods have been used to study the characterize pig-ments used in the stucco decoration. In fact, only inorganic pigments are used for painting stuc-coes and botanic pigments have not been identified. The existence of the Egyptian blue pigment which is a handmade material proved to have been used for the first time during the Parthian period but still we do not know whether it was imported or has been made locally. It is a chal-lenge should be clarified by the further researches.}, keywords = {Qal ‘eh-i Yazdigird,Painted Parthian Stuccoes,Egyptian Blue,Stucco}, title_fa = {بررسی ساختار رنگدانه های به کار رفته در گچبری‌های به دست آمده از محوطه قلعه یزدگرد}, abstract_fa = {دوره‌ی اشکانی سرآغاز استفاده از گچبری در تزیینات معماری ایران بود و از قرن دوم م. به‌بعد شاهد به‌کارگیری رنگ‌های متنوعی برروی زمینه‌ی سفید گچبری‌ها هستیم که به آن‌ها جلوه‌ی زیبایی بخشیده‌اند. به‌نظر می‌رسد که هدف از رنگ‌آمیزی این آثار که زینت‌بخش بناهای مهم دوره‌ی اشکانی بوده‌اند، علاوه‌بر جنبه‌ی بصری، تأکید بر انتقال پیام سازندگان و بانیان آثار نیز باشد. یکی از مهم‌ترین محوطه‌هایی که گچبری‌های ارزشمندی از آن به‌دست آمده، محوطه‌ی تاریخی قلعه‌یزدگرد است. این گچبری‌ها شامل نقوش: انسانی، حیوانی، هندسی، گیاهی، ترکیبی و عناصر معمارانه است. قطعات بسیاری از گچبری‌های فوق، رنگ‌آمیزی شده‌اند. این قطعات، دارای یک یا چندرنگ هستند، اما تاکنون برروی رنگ‌های به‌کار رفته در آن‌ها پژوهشی صورت نگرفته است؛ این درحالی است که گچبری‌های قلعه‌یزدگرد از مهم‌ترین محوطه‌های مهم دوره‌ی اشکانی است که قطعات قابل‌توجهی گچبری رنگین از آن کشف شده است. هدف از این تحقیق، پاسخ‌گویی به این سوالات بوده است: 1. رنگ‌های به‌کار رفته در گچبری‌های قلعه‌یزدگرد کدامند و آیا رنگ در صحنه و نقش خاصی به‌کار رفته است؟ 2. برای رنگ‌آمیزی گچبری‌های این محوطه از چه رنگ‌دانه‌هایی استفاده شده است؟ این تحقیق با استفاده از مطالعات موزه‌ای و کتابخانه‌ای انجام شده است؛ هم‌چنین گچبری‌های رنگین این محوطه، برای نخستین‌بار مورد آزمایش قرار گرفتند. برای بررسی و آنالیز رنگ‌دانه‌ها از روش‌های پراش پرتو ایکس (XRD)، آزمایش پتروگرافی و طیف‌سنجی زیر قرمز تبدیل فوریه (FTIR) استفاده گردید. طبق نتایج به‌دست آمده، در گچبری‌های قلعه‌یزدگرد از رنگ‌دانه‌ی آبی مصری برای رنگ آبی، از رنگ‌دانه‌ی سبز خاکی (سبز سیلو) برای رنگ سبز و برای رنگ‌های قرمز، صورتی و زرد از رنگ‌دانه‌ی اُخرا استفاده شده است. به‌نظر می‌رسد که در قلعه‌یزدگرد برای رنگ‌آمیزی نقوش از رنگ‌دانه‌‌های کانی استفاده شده و از رنگ‌دانه‌های آلی برای تولید رنگ در این مجموعه استفاده نشده است.  }, keywords_fa = {قلعه یزدگرد,اشکانی,رنگدانه,آبی مصری,گچبری}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2018.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2018_4ccc0b2884f495bff12c811400079c2c.pdf} } @article { author = {khodadoost, javad and mousavi haji, seyyed rassol and taghavi, abed and pooraliyari, shahin}, title = {An Analytical Study of the Pottery at the Malin Site (Bakharz)}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {157-172}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.6934.1289}, abstract = {Malin historical site at the South Eastern part of Khorasan Razavi province was traditionally at the center of the current city of Bakharz, which is Near the Afghanistan border and is located on a transit road between Nishapur and Herat. This site is geographically located at “48’ 19° 60 ‘north latitude and” 32’ 58° 34’ east longitude and the Rees river flows on the west side of the site. This site is of particularly importance in Archaeological studies and history of Khorasan, due to the existence of sheer volume of cultural artifacts, especially pottery samples and the continuity of human settlements; and accordingly has been subject to systematic archeological surveys. With a systematic archaeological surveys in the Malin site, about five hundred pieces of pottery samples were collected, which necessitated organization and analysis of all aspects of the cultural artifacts. Accordingly, the mentioned samples were classified into four groups: simple unglazed pottery, painted without glaze, simple glazed and painted glazed pottery, and then they were divided into diverse kinds. For this matter, both documents and field data were used. Consequently, by comparing and matching pottery strands found in Malin, it was deter-mined that settlement in this region gradually began in Parthian and Sassanid era. This process was destroyed by armies of Islam invasion and has continued until the third century A.H. The settlement in the Malin area was established with discoveries of numerous examples of non-glazed pottery and “Nishapur style” glazed potteries from the third century A.H., which in the Islamic middle ages, reached its peak. During this period, numerous examples of dish and pot-tery fragments were collected and typologically examined, which the result of this activity was the identification of more than 20 major strands, with each consisting of a subset of multiple, diverse and high-quality sub-sections like molded types, additionally inscripted, Luster Paint-ed, Turquoise- and- Black, blue and white ware and also Silhouette pottery (shade projected) and Celadon. These types, which were produced in the period from 5 to 10 centuries A.H., shows the association and consistency of Malin site pottery with other neighboring and distant regions and shows a major development during that time. In other words, the region-specific characteristics of pottery technology with mass production and outstanding types, was the most important regional feature in the Islamic Middle Ages, which shows strong links and close sim-ilarities to other nearby centers of contemporary civilizations in Iran and other Islamic coun-tries and some remote areas in China (in some blue-white specimens). This reveals the exist-ence of an extensive and integrated network of cultural relations throughout the Muslim world, and was associated with ritual and ideological integration of Islamic lands, which is rooted in the monotheistic worldview of Islam. Unfortunately, after this date, the settlement in Malin was not durable and gradually declined. In this regard, the dramatic reduction of the number of pottery types is the most important reason to support this theory. Blue and white porcelain and pottery are among the types in this period, which shows significant differences in the kind of inscriptions and design between the samples from Ilkhanid and Timurid eras.Finally, according to statistics, found according to the typology and identification of pottery in the area Malin, it should be noted that in this area the dominant pottery is without any glaze and are simple tan coloured, which has been widely produced in both historical and Islamic periods and were observed in various forms and shapes. Also among the potteries that are without glaze and decora-tion, potteries with carvings were found with a considerable frequency. In addition, in the group of glazed and simple pottery, the simple glazed pottery decorated with turquoise color, and also in the group of glazed pottery with paintings, the black pen type had considerable frequency. These samples, many of which are produced in the Islamic Middle Ages, were the main reason for development and prosperity in this region at that time.}, keywords = {Malin,Bakharz,Khorasan,Islamic Period Pottery,Archeological Systematic Survey}, title_fa = {بررسی و مطالعه تحلیلی سفالینه‌های محوطه مالین؛ شهرستان باخَرز (خراسان رضوی)}, abstract_fa = {محوطه‌ی تاریخی مالین، هسته‌ی قدیمی شهر کنونی باخرز می‌باشد که در جنوب‌شرق استان خراسان رضوی، در نزدیکی مرز افغانستان و در مسیر ارتباطی نیشابور به هرات واقع شده است. این محوطه به‌دلیل برخورداری از حجم انبوه مواد فرهنگی، به‌خصوص نمونه‌های سفالین و نیز تداوم استقرارهای انسانی، در مطالعات باستان‌شناسی و تاریخ خراسان، از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار بوده و بر همین اساس نیز مورد مطالعه و بررسی روشمند باستان‌شناختی قرار گرفته است. با انجام بررسی روشمند باستان‌شناختی در محوطه‌ی مالین، حدود پانصد قطعه از نمونه‌های سفالین جمع‌آوری گردید که ضرورت سازماندهی و تحلیل همه‌جانبه‌ی این مواد فرهنگی را به‌وجود آورد. نمونه‌های مذکور در چهار گروه: سفالینه‌های بدون‌لعاب ساده، بدون‌لعاب منقوش، لعاب‌دار ساده و لعاب‌دار منقوش، طبقه‌بندی شده و درنهایت مورد گونه‌شناسی و مقایسه قرار گرفتند. این مقایسات نشان می‌دهد که شکل‌گیری محوطه مربوط به دوره‌ی اشکانی بوده و اوج شکوفایی مالین به سده‌های میانه‌ی اسلامی بازمی‌گردد. همچنین باید خاطرنشان نمود که ویژگی فن‌آوری سفالگری در این محوطه با تولیدات انبوه و گونه‌های شاخص، مشخصه‌ی این منطقه در دوران اسلامی، به‌ویژه سده‌های میانی اسلامی است که پیوندها و همسانی‌های نزدیکی را با دیگر مراکز تمدنی همزمان خود در ایران و دیگر بلاد اسلامی نشان می‌دهد؛ که این موضوع، مؤید وجود شبکه‌ی ارتباطی و فرهنگی گسترده و یکپارچه در سراسر جهان اسلام می‌باشد و بیش از همه با یکپارچگی آیینی و ایدئولوژیک سرزمین‌های اسلامی در ارتباط بوده و ریشه در جهان‌بینی توحیدی اسلام دارد. درنهایت نیز با توجه به آمارهایی که در نتیجه‌ی گونه‌شناسی و شناخت سفالینه‌های موجود در محوطه‌ی مالین به‌دست آمد، می‌توان استنباط نمود که سفال غالب در این محوطه، سفالینه‌های بدون‌لعاب و ساده‌ی نخودی بوده است که با فراوانی گسترده‌ای در هر دو دوران تاریخی و اسلامی مورد تولید انبوه قرار گرفته و به اشکال و فرم‌های شاخصی و گوناگونی مشاهده می‌شوند.}, keywords_fa = {مالین,باخرز,خراسان,گونه شناسی,سفال دوره ی اسلامی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2019.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2019_b4f8d4c4ad9c9abdd7551208907ca6f9.pdf} } @article { author = {chehri, mohammad eghbal and chehri, ramin}, title = {Sarmaj Stone Building, a Fortress from the Hasnavian Period on the Structure of Sasanian}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {173-188}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.4529.1171}, abstract = {Based on the archaeological studies conducted in the Harsin County, there are large number of stone reliefs, grottoes and rock structures such as palaces, bridges and stone carvings. There-fore, the region and especially Mount Bisotun in terms of the stone carvings and stone work on different historical periods of utmost importance and index among is the archaeological regions of Iran. Easy access to limestone mountains of the area in places like Bisotun Mount., during the Parthian and specially Sasanian periods has caused to be created the stone carvings produc-tion mines. Abundance of cut carvings stones on buildings and bridges and even gravestone some graveyards can be seen. There are stone reliefs and carvings stones with mason’s mark in some of buildings, which its study, promote regional archeology and could be specify some ar-chaeological problems on the masonry and stone reliefs resolved. In the 4th century A.D., coin-ciding with strong government Ale-Buyeh in Iran, western Iran region was controlled by Hasnavian kingdom. Of the most important monuments remaining from the Hasnavian is locat-ed in the village of Sarmaj. The castle at 7 km southeast of Bisotun is located mountainous re-gion, overlooking of Chamchamal plain. Very favorable geographical conditions of the region, including large and small intermountain valleys with suitable height of the sea level, and final-ly, vegetation and pastures rich and abundant water resources such as rivers, streams, and springs mirage so much that these factors is make the area suitable for the formation of differ-ent settlements and structures such as the castle Sarmaj. Probably around the year 348 AH Sarmaj castle. By the Hasnavieh founder of the dynasty, has been constructed on a large stone building from the Sassanid era that It can be seen wall remains, including large and small stones. Sarmaj castle was built by Hasnavian that has been square shape similar to the Sassanid architecture monuments and all the important features of this fort such as material, form and plan, gate way, tower and buttress was built in the same style and structure of the Sassanid pe-riod. Similar Sassanid monuments in the region can be named of Sassanian unfinished palace of Bisotun and the building known as the Anahita temple of Kangavar. Other architectural as-pects of the Sassanid buildings of the area such as Anahita temple, Bisotun and even the Harsin park with the castle of Sarmaj, are rock blocks, which is one of the main elements of the Sassa-nid era architecture. In all of these sites, cut of block stones have the same style of construc-tion. Today’s cut of block Stones, it can be seen inside some residential houses of village or in the walls of these houses and also in the cemetery inside the village.he most important archi-tectural spaces remaining Sarmaj castle, large and small stone walls, which it is the largest re-maining stronghold of the southern wall. Moreover, ornamental stones with floral Kufic in-scriptions were obtained from the castle of Sarmaj which influenced by the Abbasid art clearly were belongs to the Hasnavian period. However, this hypothesis needs further research, espe-cially it carrying out for scientific excavation.   }, keywords = {Sassanid Era,Hasnavieh,Sarmaj Castle,Architecture}, title_fa = {بنای سنگی سرماج، قلعه ای از دوره ی حسنویه برروی سازه ای ساسانی}, abstract_fa = {در سده‌ی 4 هـ.ق. منطقه‌ی غرب ایران در کنترل حکام حسنویان قرار داشت؛ طبق متون تاریخی، قلعه‌ی سرماج در حدود سال 348 هـ.ق. توسط حسنویه بنیان‌گذار سلسله، برروی یک بنای سنگی قدیمی‌تر بازسازی شده است. احتمالاً حسنویه پایتخت اداری-شهری خود را در دینور و پایتخت نظامی-سیاسی را در قلعه‌ی بزرگ سرماج بنا نهادند. ضرورت انجام این پژوهش به‌دلیل شواهد معماری بنا از دوره‌های ساسانی-اسلامی و فعالیت‌های اندک انجام گرفته پیرامون آن است. این مقاله برمبنای سؤالات و فرضیات پیشِ‌رو استوار است: 1. براساس شواهد موجود، قلعه‌ی سرماج مربوط به چه دوره‌ای می باشد؟ 2. با توجه به شواهد موجود و یافته‌های باستان‌شناختی، قلعه‌ی سرماج چه ارتباطی با دوره‌ی ساسانی دارد؟ 1. براساس شواهد موجود، به‌نظر می‌رسد قلعه‌ی سرماج بنایی مربوط به دوره‌ی حسنویه است. 2. باتوجه به بررسی و مطالعات نگارندگان، به‌نظر می‌رسد قلعه‌ی سرماج برروی بنای مشابهی از دوره‌ی ساسانی احداث و بازسازی گردیده است. این بنا یکی از دژهای بزرگ ساسانی اسلامی با مساحت حدود 1600 متر مربع بوده که دارای شکل هندسی مربع‌مانند است. بیشتر مشخصات آن مانند: پلان، فرم، مصالح، دیوارها، حصار و خندق، سبک و سیاق بناهای مشابه دوره‌ی ساسانی از جمله کاخ ناتمام بیستون و معبد آناهیتای کنگاور را داشته است. دیوارهای سنگی بزرگ و کوچک حصار قلعه از مهم‌ترین عناصر معماری برجای‌مانده از قلعه هستند که بزرگ‌ترین و سالم‌ترین آن‌ها، دیواره‌ی جنوبی قلعه است. همچنین چندین قطعه از سنگ‌های کتیبه‌دار مزین به خط کوفی مزهّر از قلعه به‌دست آمد که متأثر از هنر عباسی بوده و صحت انتساب بنا را به دوره‌ی حسنویه می‌رساند. درنهایت متون تاریخی و یافته‌های میدانی میزان انتساب بنا را به دو دوره‌ی ساسانی و اوایل اسلامی (حسنویه) تأیید می‌نمایند؛ اما برای تثبیت قطعی این فرضیات نیاز به پژوهش‌های بیشتر، خصوصاً انجام کاوش‌های هدفمند و علمی ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسد.}, keywords_fa = {دوره ی ساسانی,حسنویان,قلعه ی سرماج,بنای سنگی,معماری}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2020.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2020_48d0be100a7fcdeff96bf7d336884265.pdf} } @article { author = {hemati azandaryani, esmail and khaksar, ali and shabani, mohammad}, title = {Studying and Analyzing the Islamic Potteries from Underground Troglodytic Architecture Complex at Samen, Malayer}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {189-206}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.6622.1275}, abstract = {Troglodytic complex of Samen is located under the same city’s urban area, southeast of Hamadan, 15 Km to southwest of Malayer, 34° 12’ 34.62’’ longitude and 48° 42’ 12.96’’ latitude and at 1869 m altitude above sea. Being of Malayer suburbs, Samen is located at route among Malayer, Brujerd, and Nahavand where is counted climatically mountainous. Water sources of the region are seasonal rivers, springs, and several Qantas. Local people knew of such under-ground structure; however, for developments and urbanization there was no possibility for lo-cals to access to these spaces until recent earthen works, which accidentally uncovered parts of the structure in 2004. Four seasons of investigation including recognition, clearance, documen-tation, and excavation conducted during 2007, 2008, 2011, and 2012 under Ali Khaksari super-vision. The complex is consisted of underground architectural spaces where is structured Trog-lodytic ally under urban areas at granite rocks. Considering the complex structure that is differ-ent from the other archaeological site, resulted in distinct excavating method. Through excavat-ing, recovered data must be documented carefully; excavators should not dig for architecture or feature just the same as historical mounds. Topography was highly considered through con-struction activities, where vaulted ceilings were raised and storied. There have been 50 recov-ered architectural spaces at eight underground workshops within four archaeological excavation seasons. At 2m-8m depth, the spaces were made troglodytic ally that consisted of chambers and halls interconnected by openings, thresholds, and corridors. Dimensionally varied, they have various features including artificial floors, carved floors in rocks, thresholds, platforms, niches, and holes that were used for oil lamps. Regarding Samen structure and its differences with the other historic and ancient sites, excavating method should be different from the other sites ex-cavating methods. However, excavators do not follow structural remains or special architectur-al features in historic strata and regard significantly thorough documentation of findings from excavation. After recognizing underground workshops and spaces, every chamber was cleared and findings were recorded. At the same time, it was completely documented and planned con-sidering spatial features. Archaeological excavations started after identification, clearance, and documentation of underground spaces. One of the most valuable archaeological data, pottery is regarded culturally significant; because of numerous amounts of manufacturing and durability susceptible to various innovations and transformations through times. Underground troglodytic architecture complex at Samen, Malayer, regarding cultural data especially recovered potteries, is of the characteristic and unique sites with varieties of Islamic potteries (in present paper the authors only discussed to the Islamic pottery of Samen complex).The authors involve in inves-tigating various types of recovered potsherds through four seasons of archaeological research-es, then analyzing them for technics, forms, and decorations. Methodologically, the research is based on data from archaeological excavations and bibliographical investigations. Main goal of this research are introduction, survey and analysis pottery of this complex include technic, type and decorated. In this paper, authors try to identify import or local pottery making, survey con-nection with other produce center and chronology of potteries. Based on result, the potteries of this site are two group glaze and without glazes. The without glaze are eight and glaze pottery include a glaze pottery, glaze pottery whit add motif; inlaid potteries; Sgraffito ceramics; painting on glaze (Minai); painting under glaze (Ghalam Meshki); anthropomorphic and zoo-morphic Stylistic designs; blue and white; and lusterware which can be dated to middle and late Islamic centuries and imported potteries. The pottery of this site compare with pottery of other Islamic site while this issue probably results of vast connection other Islamic land in medieval Islamic period.}, keywords = {Malayer,Samen,Troglodytic Architecture,Islamic Pottery,Ghalam Meshki,Blue and White}, title_fa = {بررسی و تحلیل سفال‌های دوره اسلامی مجموعه معماری دست‌کند زیرزمینی سامن ملایر}, abstract_fa = {سفال به‌عنوان یکی از ارزشمندترین داده‌های باستان‌شناسی است که به دلیل تولید فراوان و همچنین دوام آن به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین مواد فرهنگی است که همیشه دگرگونی‌ها و نوآوری‌های مختلفی را در شکل و نقش بر خود پذیرفته که بخشی از آن بر اثر تطور و رشد درونی فرهنگ‌ها در گذر زمان به‌وجود آمده ‌است. مجموعه‌ی معماری دست‌کند زیرزمینی سامن ملایر، یکی از محوطه‌های شاخص و منحصر به‌فرد از نظر داده‌های فرهنگی، به‌ویژه یافته‌های سفالی است که از آن، گونه‌های مختلف سفال‌های دوران اسلامی یافت شده است. سؤالات اصلی مطرح در این پژوهش عبارتند از: تکنیک‌های‌ رایج سفالینه‌های مجموعه‌ی معماری دست‌کند زیرزمینی سامن ملایر کدامند؟ یافته‌های سفالی این مجموعه مربوط به کدام دوره‌ی زمانی است؟ براساس شواهد، یافته‌ های سفالی این مجموعه وارداتی هستند؟ نگارندگان در این نوشتار به بررسی و مطالعه‌ی گونه‌های مختلف سفالی به‌دست آمده از 4 فصل پژوهش‌ باستان‌شناسی در این مجموعه می‌پردازند و تجزیه و تحلیل گونه‌های مختلف سفالی از لحاظ تکنیک، فرم، تزیینات بپردازند. روش تحقیق در این مقاله براساس نتایج حاصل از فعالیت میدانی (کاوش‌های باستان‌شناختی) و مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای به‌صورت استفاده از گزارش‌های باستان‌شناسی و منابع کتابخانه‌ای مرتبط با این موضوع است. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد گونه‌های شاخص سفالی این محوطه عبارتند از: سفالینه با تکنیک قالب‌زده کتیبه‌دار، سفال با تزیین ترصیع، سفال با تزیین لعاب پاشیده (اسگرافیاتو)، نقاشی روی‌لعاب (مینایی)، نقاشی زیرلعاب (قلم‌مشکی) با نقوش مسبک انسانی و حیوانی، آبی و سفید و نمونه‌های سفال زرین‌فام است که از لحاظ زمانی این یافته‌ها مربوط به قرون میانی و متأخر اسلامی است.}, keywords_fa = {محوطه ی سامن ملایر,معماری دست کند,سفال,دوره ی اسلامی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2021.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2021_c7a319f737800729006179702f28bf61.pdf} } @article { author = {kianmehr, ghobad and salmani, ali and nasehi, aboozar and pourvaghar, bashir}, title = {Analytical Investigation of Lion’s Motif on the Potteries of 5- 8th A.H. Centuries}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {207-224}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.12181.1528}, abstract = {The lion in the Iran’s plateau have used sometime as the symbol of bravery, majesty, power, light and fire. It has used sometime as symbol of evil force that should be hunted by king. The motif of lion in the ancient sometime have used as the raptor of other animal sprit and have used sometime as destruction agent of demonic powers. The companion of lion along with the sun in the ancient imply to the settlement of the power of sun in this beast. Sometime the lion is the symbol of sun in the earth and eagle is the symbol of the sun in the sky. The combination of lion with the eagle, cow, scorpion and etc. imply to mythic meanings. In the Islamic period artist sometime used lion’s motif in their works. This motif in the early periods refers to inter-est of Iranian – Islamic artists in the Iranian ancient legacy. But in the last periods, Safavid on-ward, artist have used lion’s motif as the symbol of Imam Ali and sometimes as the symbol of disobedient self. The pottery as first human artifact has played important role in his life. The creation of image on pottery has been symbol of lasting art of mankind in various periods and implied on religious conceptions, desires and wishes of any ages. Images present itself by com-pany of pottery in historical periods. Lion is one of the common images in 5-8th A.H. centuries. These centuries always were known as excellent periods in art. This writing attempt by the in-vestigation of lion’s image in theses ages, reply to these questions: what are the aesthetic char-acteristics of lion motif in the 5-8th A.H. centuries? Can we speak of equal characteristics in all centuries? What is direction of designing procedure in mentioned centuries? Progressive or re-gressive? replying these questions, we attempt by analytic method, which is the best known method in critic of artworks, investigate potteries in the 5-8th A.H. centuries and their compari-son. Structural analytic implies on the relationship of main image and other image, the rela-tionship of overall form of barrel and image, and harmony of main image. It seems that the works belonging to 5th and 6th A.H. centuries have best structure and more delicacy in compari-son with potteries of belonging to 7th and 8th A.H. centuries. Often all lion’s motifs in the pot-teries of 5 – 8th A.H. imply to abstract and nonrealistic lion.Abstract decorations on the lions in the potteries of 5-8th A.H. centuries prove this claim. In the 5th and 6th A.H. centuries the lion’s motif has allocated main part of potteries and have main role, but in the potteries of 7th and 8th. A.H. centuries the lion motives have appeared as decorative, spare and applied factor. It is ap-peared that in the works belonging to 6th and 7th A.H. centuries drawing has a strong style and is delicate. The type of intelligent drawing with accuracy in the drawing of head, hand, foot and claw prove this result. Almost all designs of 7th and 8th A.H. centuries in itself have mark of hurry scurry and superficial rendition, often these are vulgar. The relation of form and size with lion’s motif in the 5th and 6th A.H. centuries proportionate and accurate, but artists of 7th and 8th A.H. have applied the cursory and disharmonic horizontal form on the circle shape of potteries. In spite of our expectation, the subsistence of time and other factors such as awareness of for-eign artistic tradition, have not any influence in strong outlining, And its richness. The works belonging to 5th and 6th A.H. century in comparison with late works, have strong linear outlin-ing, emphasizing in organic relation of context and main subject, harmony in image.}, keywords = {Lion,Pottery,Motive,5 -8th Centuries}, title_fa = {بررسی تحلیلی نقش مایه‌ی شیر در آثار سفالی سده های پنجم تا هشتم هـ.ق}, abstract_fa = {دست‌یابی به صنعت سفال به‌عنوان اولین دست‌ساخته‌های کاربردی بشر، نقش بسزایی در زندگی او ایفاد کرد و ایجاد نقوش برروی سفال‌ها به‌عنوان نمادی از هنر ماندگار انسان در دوره‌های مختلف مطرح بوده است. نقوش روی سفال‌ها که ریشه در مفاهیم اعتقادی، باورها، تمایلات و آرزوهای هر عصری دارد، در تمام ادوار تاریخی دوشادوش صنعت سفال خودنمایی نموده است. شیر از جمله نقوش رایج و مورد توجه اعصار مختلف بوده است. سده‌های پنجم تا هشتم هـ.ق. به‌لحاظ تحولات بدیعِ هنری همواره مورد توجه هنرپژوهان بوده است. این نوشتار بر آن است تا با بررسی نقش‌مایه‌ی شیر در سده‌های مذکور، به این سؤالات پاسخ دهد که در یک رویکرد مقایسه‌ای و تطبیقی نقش‌مایه‌ی شیر در فاصله‌ی سده‌های پنجم تا هشتم هـ.ق. از منظر معیارهای زیباشناختی (با تأکید بر فرم و ساختار) از چه ارزش‌های زیباشناختی حکایت می‌کند؟ و در صورت مشاهده‌ی تغییرات چشمگیر در فرم و ساختار این نقش‌مایه‌، این تغییرات چه دلیلی می‌تواند داشته باشد؟ برای پاسخ‌گویی به سؤالات مذکور، تلاش شده است تا با تکیه بر روش تحلیلی که یکی از معروف‌ترین روش‌های تجزیه و تحلیل آثار هنری است به بررسی آثار سفالی سده‌های پنجم تا هشتم هـ.ق. و مقایسه‌ی آن‌ها با یکدیگر بپردازیم. مراد از تحلیل ساختاری، بررسی رابطه‌ی نقش‌مایه‌ی اصلی با سایر نقش‌مایه‌های مجاور، بررسی رابطه‌ی فرم و شکل کلی ظرف با نقش‌مایه‌ی اصلی و سایر نقش‌مایه‌ها و  بررسی مستقل خود نقش‌مایه‌ی اصلی (شیر) است. به‌نظر می‌رسد که باوجود انتظار معمول، گذشت زمان و عوامل دیگری چون آشنایی بیشتر هنرمندان با سنت‌های هنری دیگر، تأثیر چندانی در قوت طراحی و پختگی آن نداشته است. نقش‌مایه‌ی شیر آثار سفالی متعلق به سده‌های پنجم و ششم هـ.ق. در مقایسه با آثار متأخر، از طراحی خطی قوی، تأکید بر رابطه‌ی اندام‌وار زمینه و موضوع اصلی، تناسب خود نقش‌مایه و ارتباط ظریف آن با کالبد ظرف برخوردار است.  }, keywords_fa = {شیر,سفال,نقش مایه,سده های پنجم تا هشتم}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2022.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2022_e2d7173800962da02df435c57256fc57.pdf} } @article { author = {zarei, hani and razani, mahdi and ghezelbash, ebrahim}, title = {Reconstructing the Designs Pattern of Shiraz Historical Houses Approaching Climate in the Qajar Period}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {225-242}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.8534.1380}, abstract = {Qajar era houses of Shiraz in plan, spatial layout and architectural features are common with the principles and numerical proportions which some of the principles have associated relation with climatic conditions of the region. The present study sought to know the Compatible Archi-tectural characteristics with Climate in Qajar era houses of Shiraz/Iran, to achieve this purpose the structural patterns, Proportions and the manner of spatial relationships with each other and how their relation to the climate issues of paid. So, with the fieldwork and document review we analyzed Houses plans and architectural components such as: rooms, courtyards, pool and gar-den in particular from 13 houses of the Shiraz historical context and 30 houses samples from the historic Sar-bagh district. The results of this study show that:  1) Qajar era houses of Shiraz have different spatial proportions with the past era, we also face in conversion of cruciform hall to rectangular form and placement of hypostyle Ivan in front of hall rather than sash window.2) The proportions of length to width of the yard and halls around 1.4-1.2 which Iranian golden ratio is 1.73 that is why the account of the functional role of climate versus geometric design plans, the skylight of the length of the room.3) select location of the main areas according to the visual and motion axes were on the central part of the houses.4) The effect of climate on location, functional spaces than it has been in the priority.5) Coordination spaces and architec-tural elements such as: courtyards, halls, rooms, trees and materials with climatic conditions of the region conducive to suitable building orientation, mass planting of trees, the pond in the yard, large windows and layout of spaces is Tabeshband (vertical and horizontal curtains be-tween the door). The Halls has a breadth of vision first, and then right-most exposure, which shows the importance of visual and motor axis is not perpendicular to the longitudinal axis de-sign that houses the hall in the summer on the homestead, despite Share in cities with climates similar such as Yazd, Kashan, Isfahan and Dezful and gets, the story of this principle.The course was created to form introverted architecture and most of the houses in the central court-yard on three sides, and sometimes to the southwest - northeast to have been enjoying the fa-vorable winds of. There are multiple large windows adjacent to Tabeshband to accelerate the air conditioning, the placement of the main areas to the north and south, compact texture for shading, use of adobe and brick in walls hay thick thatch, wood and straw in the guise of two hollow shell beds, planting broadleaf trees ghosting, fruit and orange pile in the yard and a pond in front of the main hall, one of the most important factors in harmony with the principles of the climatic conditions of the region in the design of residential architecture of this period. Making porch columns with a ratio of 10% of the house with a yard in front of the Hall strain in the body instead of the sash, which generally have a communicative function and natural venti-lation, designers and residents shows more interest in space closed with 56% to 36% of total space allocated along the corridors and courtyard house with aspect ratio of nearly 1.2 square form, showing the importance of climate and its functional role in the home. Width ratio of 1.4 are in average in the halls, the importance of arithmetic to geometric proportions to retain heat in the winter and provide shade more settled and Tabstan Neshyn and exposure of the room, fit 2-2.2 in the East Chand dary Another noteworthy West. Undoubtedly, access to all aspects and details of architecture, construction and decoration of the houses require additional studies and research, by the same token, it is recommended that future research on this topic on issues such as the application of natural light house, concepts and reasons for ordering the colors associated with human issues, aesthetic, health and decorating the space in the shade and coolness, close examination rooms and the proportions of length and width of the yard and compared it with Iranian golden ratio is considered a master Pirnia focus.}, keywords = {Shiraz’s Houses,Qajar Architectural,Design Pattern,Spatial Proportions,The Visual and Mo-tion Axes}, title_fa = {بازشناسی الگوی طراحی خانه‌های تاریخی شیراز در دوره قاجاریه با رویکرد اقلیمی}, abstract_fa = {خانه‌های مسکونی دوره‌ی قاجاریه‌ی شیراز، در پلان، چیدمان فضایی و ویژگی‌های معماری، دارای اصول و تناسبات عددی مشترکی هستند که برخی از این اصول در کنار نقش عملکردی، ارتباط تنگاتنگی با شرایط اقلیمی منطقه دارد. پژوهش حاضر درپی‌ شناخت میزان نقش اقلیم در الگوی طراحی خانه‌های شیراز در عصر قاجار است؛ که به‌منظور دستیابی به این هدف، به بررسی الگوهای ساختاری، تناسبات و نحوه‌ی ارتباطات فضایی آن‌ها با یکدیگر و چگونگی ارتباط آن‌ها با مسایل اقلیمی می‌پردازد. لذا با بررسی میدانی و کتابخانه‌ای به تجزیه و تحلیل پلان‌های معماری و اجزاء سازنده از قبیل: اتاق‌ها، حیاط‌ها، حوض و باغچه‌ی 13 خانه، به‌طور خاص از کل محلات بافت تاریخی شیراز و 30 نمونه از محله‌ی تاریخی سرباغ از لحاظ ارتباطات فضایی، عددی و اقلیمی پرداخته شده است. نتایج حاصل از این تحقیق نشان می‌دهند: 1) در خانه‌های دوره‌ی قاجار شیراز با تناسبات فضایی تا حدی متفاوت با قبل، همانند تبدیل فرم چلیپایی تالار به مستطیل و قرارگیری ایوان ستون‌دار (فضاهای نیمه‌باز) با کشیدگی در جهت بدنه‌ی حیاط در جلو تالار به‌جای اُرسی به‌منظور ایجاد فضای دسترسی به تالار و تأمین تهویه طبیعی مواجه هستیم؛ 2) تناسبات طول به عرض حیاط و تالارها در حدود 4/1-2/1 است که نشان از اهمیت اصول حسابی در مقابل هندسی به‌دلیل نقش عملکردی و اقلیمی در طراحی پلان دارد، نیز نورگیری از طول اتاق انجام می‌شود؛ 3) مکان‌گزینی فضاهای اصلی براساس محورهای حرکتی و بصری استوار بوده و نقش دید نسبت به نور در اولویت بوده‌ است؛ 4) نقش عملکردی فضاها نسبت به تأثیر اقلیم در مکان‌گزینی آن‌ها در اولویت بوده است؛ 5) هماهنگی فضاها و عناصر معماری نظیر: حیاط، تالارها، اتاق‌ها، درختان و مصالح با شرایط اقلیمی منطقه منجر به جهت‌گیری مناسب جنوب‌غربی ساختمان، کاشت درختان توده‌ای نارنج، استقرار شرقی-غربی حوض در حیاط، پنجره‌های عمودی بزرگ با تابشبند و چیدمان مرکزی فضاها شده است.}, keywords_fa = {شیراز,خانه های قاجاری,الگوی طراحی,فضاهای نیمه باز,ویژگی های اقلیمی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2023.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2023_de9ee4eb7bdc30f2643328839c5560e3.pdf} } @article { author = {sheikh shoaee, fahime and Mousavi kohpar, Seyed mehdi}, title = {Fresh Water Fish, Food Resource Used by the Inhabitants of the Gowhar Tepe Site, Mazandaran}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {7}, number = {13}, pages = {243-257}, year = {2017}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2017.7027.1304}, abstract = {The analysis of stable isotopes concentrated on carbon and nitrogen in skeletal elements (such as bone and teeth), to reconstruct and interpret of past diets and provides accurate predictions too excellent results of this important issue, because these ratios are normally different be-tween certain categories of food. Freshwater fish have played an important role in human diet over time. Evidence of fish consumption is inferred mainly from the study of food remains, and weapons and tools, and indirectly from the pattern of wear on tools, iconography, artifacts, and fish vertebrae used for necklaces and also isotopic analysis is one of these. Carbon isotopic var-iation is widespread and different in freshwater environments. This diversity is dominant on the Organisms that live in these ecosystems, even if these ecosystems are geographically close to each other and not far together. Nevertheless, δ15N variation in the whole world, for freshwater fish is identical and similar. The stable nitrogen isotopes in terrestrial plants and animals are depleted relative to fish from fresh or marine water habitats. But, this variation in δ13C is widespread and different. It is noteworthy that there is an overlap of the isotopic 13C levels be-tween freshwater fish and Terrestrial resources. Stable isotopic analysis of carbon and nitrogen in bone and tooth collagen is now a well-established technique and a reliable method for the reconstruction of ancient human diet, because isotopic composition of carbon and nitrogen in the human body tissues reflects the consumed food. Also this analysis has become a valuable tool in studies of ecosystem function and animal ecology. In terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems they have been used successfully in a variety of studies such as to describe major flow pathways of organic matter in food webs, reveal food web structure, determine vegetation selectivity of herbivores, track animal movements and migrations or elucidate feeding strate-gies and relationships among individual animals. Stable isotopes have also been used to moni-tor watershed level processes such as inputs of terrestrial organic material to aquatic ecosys-tems presented an overview of studies which examined carbon isotope signatures in freshwater and marine sediments to indicate carbon flow and to track terrestrial inputs.The basic principle of using carbon and nitrogen isotopes in paleo-diet determination is based on the observation that the isotope ratios of these elements (δ13C, δ15N), mainly in collagen, will reflect the cor-responding isotopic ratios in the protein of the diet, with adjustment for fractionation through the system. The analysis of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen is used in the reconstruction of Diets, because the isotopic differences found in foods, transferred to the bones of individuals who consume these foods and evaluation of isotopic ratio of these elements in bones, can de-termine the kind of food that people consumed. In this Paper, we investigate the possibility of existence freshwater fish in diet of inhabitants of Gowhar Tepe by using of the Carbon and ni-trogen stable isotope analysis of tooth collagen of 12 human skeletons of the Iron Age Gowhar Tepe cemetery. This cemetery is located on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, the East Ma-zandaran province. The geographical location of the site on the shore of Caspian Sea, and near the Neka-’ River would have provided abundant and reliable food sources. Because of the ex-tensive isotopic variation in fresh water ecosystems, studying the fresh water fish should be done in order to reconstruct the diet better, accordingly by studying samples tested Can be part-ly Approved the hypothesis of consumption of freshwater fish in the diet of inhabitants of Gowhar Tepe. Although, more reasoned proved of this issue is depends on Analysis of the re-gion’s freshwater organism’s environment.}, keywords = {Fresh water fish,Gohar Tepe,Diet,15N,13C}, title_fa = {ماهی آب شیرین، منبع غذایی مورد استفاده توسط ساکنان محوطه ی عصر آهن گوهرتپه مازندران}, abstract_fa = {آنالیز ایزوتوپ‌های پایدار جهت بازسازی و تفسیر رژیم‌های غذایی گذشتگان، رویِ کربن و نیتروژنِ موجود در عناصر اسکلتی (اعم از استخوان و دندان) تمرکز یافته و پیش‌بینی‌های صحیحی را از این موضوع مهم (دیرینه‌ تغذیه‌شناسی) به‌دست می‌دهد؛ زیرا ‌به‌طور طبیعی این نسبت‌ها بین طبقات معینِ انواع مواد غذایی فرق می‌کند. ماهی آب شیرین، نقش مهمی در رژیم غذایی گذشتگان داشته و مدارک مربوط به‌مصرف آن با شیوه‌های گوناگونی قابل بازیافت است. یکی از این موارد، آنالیز ایزوتوپی است. تنوع ایزوتوپی کربن در محیط‌های آب شیرین بسیار گسترده است. این تنوع بر موجوداتِ زنده‌ی چنین اکوسیستم‌هایی حکم‌فرما است، حتی اگر این اکوسیستم‌ها از نظر جغرافیایی به‌هم نزدیک باشد. اما گوناگونی سطوح ایزوتوپ نیتروژن 15 در تمام جهان، برای ماهی آب شیرین تقریباً یکسان است. شایان ذکر است که هم‌پوشانی در سطوح ایزوتوپی کربن 13 بین ماهی آب شیرین و منابع خشکی (زمینی) وجود دارد. آنالیز ایزوتوپ‌های پایدار کربن و نیتروژن در تفسیر رژیم‌های غذایی کاربرد دارد؛ چراکه تفاوت‌های ایزوتوپی موجود در مواد غذایی به استخوان‌های افرادی که این غذاها را مصرف می‌کنند، منتقل شده و بررسی نسبت ایزوتوپ‌های این عناصر در استخوان‌ها، می‌تواند نوع غذایی را که افراد مصرف می‌کردند، مشخص نماید. این مقاله با استفاده از آنالیز ایزوتوپ‌های پایدار کربن و نیتروژنِ کلاژن دندانی 12 اسکلت انسانی، مربوط به قبرستان عصر آهنِ محوطه‌ی باستانی گوهرتپه در شرق استان مازندران، واقع در ساحل جنوبی دریای خزر، فرض وجود ماهی آب شیرین را در رژیم غذایی ساکنان محوطه‌ی گوهرتپه بررسی کرده و تا حدودی فرضیه‌ی مصرف ماهی آب شیرین در رژیم غذایی ساکنین گوهرتپه را تأیید کرد؛ هرچند اثبات بهتر این موضوع، به آنالیز ایزوتوپی موجودات زنده در محیط‌های آب شیرین آن منطقه، وابسته است.}, keywords_fa = {ماهی آب شیرین,محوطه ی باستانی گوهرتپه,رژیم غذایی,نیتروژن 15,کربن 13}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2024.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2024_14e4d95faf236c7d3a10e9a4cea80e27.pdf} }