@article { author = {chehri, mohammad eghbal and Vahdati Nasab, , Hamen}, title = {Darvi Tepe Chehr, A Workshop Open Site from the Middle Palaeolithic Period in Harsin Region, Kermanshah Province}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {7-28}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.17083.1795}, abstract = {The valleys and margins of the intermountain plains between Harsin and Bisetun are among the key geographical areas in the Zagros Palaeolithic studies. Recent archaeological research has shown that some of the Zagros Paleolithic sites are adjacent to radiolarian rocks of chert. Darvi Tepe as one of these important sites with a considerable number of stone artifacts is located on the near of Chehr village and 10 km south of Bisetoon mountain. The geographical position of the Darvi Tepe is such that it lies between the Middle Paleolithic sites in the Harsin Mountains and the Paleolithic sites of the Bistoon Mountains. In this article, research questions were included what kind of usage does the site have on a rocky bed of natural radiolarian outcrops? By studing and typology of surface findings, what is the time period of Darvi Tepe? The study of the technology making and typology of the pieces collected from the Darvi Tepe shows that the site was used as an open workshop for the production of stone artifacts. The Surface findings from the site indicate that the  Darvi Tepe is belong to the Middle Paleolithic period. The research on the findinds is based on library- field survey method. Also the relatively high presence of the LevaLeva technique and retouch on the debitage of the site are noteworthy. The presence of a large number of retouch pieces in a workshop site on the high quality raw materials was indicated that the low availability of raw material resources does not lead to retouch and it is the main reason for the retouch creating efficient edges. While the relative abundance of the Levaleva technique in the Darvi Tepe is confirming studies based on the presence of Levaleva in high Zagros, and this is another site that further substantiates the claim of Levalova in the High Zagros. Keywords: Middle Palaeolithic, Levaleva Technique, Darvi Tepe, Workshop Site, Central Zagros.   Introduction The valleys and margins of the Highland Plains between Hersin to the Bistoon Mountains are one of the most important zones in the Central Zagros Basin, where numerous sites from various pre-historic periods have been obtained. Archaeological evidence from various parts of the region indicates that scattered human groups were present in the foothills and intermountain ranges of the area during the late Paleocene. Its environmental status seems to have provided the necessary conditions for the survival of these groups. Despite the importance of this area in Palaeolithic studies, it has not received much attention from archaeologists, and most of the Paleolithic studies in recent decades have focused on caves on the slope of Bistoon Mountains (Coon, 1951.Young&Smith,1966. Jaubert et al, 2006. Biglari, 2001). In this article, research questions were included what kind of usage does the site have on a rocky bed of natural radiolarian outcrops? By studing and typology of surface findings, what is the time period of Darvi Tepe? The study of the technology making and typology of the pieces collected from the Darvi Tepe shows that the site was used as an open workshop for the production of stone artifacts. The Surface findings from the site indicate that the  Darvi Tepe is belong to the Middle Paleolithic period. The research on the findinds is based on library- field survey method. Despite the high importance of open sites in the area that are based on chert rock resources, there is little research to date on open sites and how to access raw material resources such as chert outcrops. Therefore, recognition of these open sites, which may have been workshops for the production of stone tools or animal slaughter sites, can solve some of the problems encountered in the Palaeolithic of the region and In terms of how much of the raw material is supplied in the sites further more to our knowledge of the Paleolithic area. One of these open sites is the Darvi Tepe which is located a naturally promontory on the eastern margin of the intermountain valley of Bisetun south, 3 km southwest of Gamasiyab river and 2.5 km north east of Chehr village.   Reaserch findings Darvi Tepe is an approximate area of 1.3 hectares with a length and width 130× 100m and its highest elevation is 4.5 m above the surface of adjacent southern plains. The geological texture of the area is a combination of radiolate with limestone. The result of the systematic survey of the site was to collect a total of 194 stone finds from the open Darvi Tepe, which were divided into three workshops A, B, and C for greater accuracy in recording. This open site seems to be a place for the production of stone artifacts in the Middle Paleolithic period. Evidence this claim includes the high volume of raw material on the surface of the site, the cortex cores with one or more cropping effects, the high frequency of initial cotex removals of debitages, and even the retouching tools without the use of side edges that they also have a cortex. Frequency and percentage of debitages were 26.28% (51), tools 63.40% (123) and cores 20 (10.30%). The presence of retouched pieces (123) is relatively high in comparison to non-retouched stone tools, suggesting that retouching tools are the most used in the site stone findings. The presence of the Levalva technique is also another feature of the tools of Darvi Tepe site, which accounts for about 47.93% (93) of the total stone findings. The morphology of a total of 123 stone tools showed that the frequency of its different species were: points (32), scrapers (29), notchs (24), denticulates (18), The blades are levalva (12), drill (4), naturally backed knife (3) and burins (1). The presence of cortex was present in 132 (68.04%) of the tools, indicating that the process of flake-making and tool-making was carried out in sites.   Conclusion The Natural Darvi Tepe, such as Harsin No.16 one of the open-air sites for the manufacture of stone artifacts in the Middle Paleolithic period, was formed on a radiolarian bed of mostly homogeneous and partially veined reddish-brown chert rocks. Considering the large volume of rock artifacts at this site, it can be said that one of the important sources of raw material in the region, for the production of stone artifacts in the Middle Paleolithic period, was supplied from the open-air site of Darvi. On the site, the abundance of raw material with effect of flake removal, cores and cortex debitages with retouched tools without the effect of use can be seen on the side edges. The presence of cortex in 132 pieces (68.04%) of the whole set of hand tools has been collected. Also, at least some of the Levallois artifacts used in the caves and rock shelters in the slopes of Mount Bisetun, such as Martarik cave, were supplied from the open-air site of Darvi. This is associated with the high production of Levallois artifacts at this site. This view is justified by the ten-kilometer distance of Darvi from Mount Bisetun.}, keywords = {middle palaeolithic,Levaleva Technique,Darvi Tepe,Workshop Site,Central Zagros}, title_fa = {تپه دارویِ چهر، یک محوطه‌ی کارگاهی از دوره‌ی پارینه‌سنگی میانی در منطقه‌ی هرسین، استان کرمانشاه}, abstract_fa = {دره‌ها و حاشیه‌ی دشت‌های میان‌کوهی بین هرسین و بیستون در زمره‌ی مناطق جغرافیایی کلیدی در پژوهش‌های پارینه‌سنگی زاگرس هستند. پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی اخیر نشان‌داده که برخی محوطه‌های پارینه‌سنگی زاگرس در مجاورت برون‌زدهای رادیولاریتی از سنگ چخماق واقع‌شده‌اند. تپه داروی در حاشیه‌ی روستای چهر واقع در جنوب کوه بیستون، با تعداد قابل‌ملاحظه‌ای دست‌افزار سنگی از زمره این محوطه‌ها است. موقعیت جغرافیایی تپه داروی به‌گونه‌ای است که در حدفاصل بین محوطه‌های پارینه‌سنگی میانه در دره‌های میان‌کوهی هرسین و محوطه‌های پارینه‌سنگی دامنه‌ی کوه بیستون قرار دارد. در این مقاله پرسش‌های پژوهش شامل آن بود که قرار داشتن محوطه‌ی باز داوری برروی بستری صخره‌ای از برون‌زدهای طبیعی رادیولاریتی، بیانگر چه نوع کاربری می‌باشد؟ با بررسی و گونه‌شناسی یافته‌های سطحی، محوطه‌ی داروی در چه بازه‌ی زمانی قرار می‌گیرد؟ مطالعه‌ی فن‌آوری ساخت و گونه‌شناسی قطعات جمع‌آوری شده از تپه داروی نشان می‌دهد که از این محوطه به‌عنوان محلی باز کارگاهی برای تولید دست‌افزار سنگی استفاده شده است. یافته‌های سطحی نشان می‌دهد که تپه داروی یک محوطه‌ی تک‌دوره‌ای در دوره‌ی پارینه‌سنگی میانی است. پژوهش برروی یافته‌ها به روش کتابخانه‌ای-بررسی میدانی است؛ هم‌چنین حضور نسبتاً بالای تکنیک لوالوا و میزان قابل‌توجه روتوش برروی برداشته‌های سنگی این محوطه ازجمله نکات درخورتوجه است. حضور قطعات زیاد روتوش‌دار در یک محوطه‌ی کارگاهی که برروی مواد خام مرغوب واقع‌شده، نشان می‌دهد که به الزام دسترسی اندک به منابع ماده‌ی خام باعث روتوش اندازی نمی‌شود و دلیل اصلی روتوش به‌وجود آمدن لبه‌های کارآمد است؛ ضمن این‌که فراوانی نسبی تکنیک لوالوا در تپه داروی در تأیید پژوهش‌هایِ مبتنی‌بر حضور لوالوا در زاگرس مرتفع است و این محوطه یکی دیگر از محوطه‌هایی است که ادعای وجود لوالوا در زاگرس مرتفع را بیشتر اثبات می‌کند.}, keywords_fa = {پارینه‌سنگی میانی,تکنیک لوالوا,تپه داروی,محوطه‌ی کارگاهی,زاگرس}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3518.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3518_df41da5c7925b2d8d93030985ef479e0.pdf} } @article { author = {beikmohammady, khalilollah and Javanmardzadeh, Ardashir}, title = {Study and Typology of Neolithic Pottery Discovered from the Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe, Malayer Plain}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {29-52}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.22546.2207}, abstract = {One of the results of the considerable archaeological studies of Malayer plain is the excavation of the Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe, this area is known as the nomadic area from the Neolithic period, that independent of permanent settlement centers, it offers a wide range of types+of pottery of regional traditions, the study and analysis of which will provide archaeological information appropriate to the mentioned period in the Central Zagros region. Pottery is one of the most important cultural materials in terms of quantity and quality among the findings of archaeological excavations on the Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe Malayer. The pottery of this area cab be divided into two main groups: buff ware and red. Each group can be divided into sub-branches: painted and simple, and in terms of construction quality, those can be divided into two groups: medium and hard. The pottery mix is mainly herbal and different, so that on the surface and theme of some pottery, especially hard specimens, can be seen due to the presence of straw temper. The purpose of this research is primarily the typology and study of new Neolithic pottery on the Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe, and secondly, the identification and manner of cultural practices and proximity common pottery species in neighboring culturals. The method of the present study is based on comparative studies and with a descriptive-analytical approach seeks to answer these questions: what are the pottery found on the back Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe? Are the types of pottery Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe indigenous-local or traditional- imports from neighboring cultures? And which of the Neolithic sites of the Central Zagros is culturally related to the pottery species of Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe? Due to the monogamy and sloping nature of the Tepe communities Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe and due to the variety of pottery in the type of materials, quality of construction and appearance, while some of the pottery in this area is local, its quality can be seen in order areas of the period. Traced the Neolithic of the Zagros, also according to the characteristics of the pottery, Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe is dated to the late seventh millennium to the early sixth millennium BC. The result of the research indicates the close relationship between the pottery traditions of different cultures of the lowland of the Zagros in the Neolithic period such as Sarab, Goran and Qalagap Tepe. Keywords: Central Zagros, Neolithic, Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe, Typology, Pottery.   Introduction Malayer plain in the eastern shores of the Central Zagros is one of the mountainous areas on the southern slopes of the Alvand mountain range, which with its low slopes and in some cases rugged and mountainous with rich pastures has caused in the context of history and especially early rural communities as a pasture. A nomadic summer should be considered. Therefore, during the archeological studies of various European and Iranian delegations, this region has always been considered and discussed. (for example: Howell, 1979, Rural and Freedom, 1396). What is clear is that this plain has long been considered as the axis and communication corridor of different areas of the prehistoric period in the warm seasons of the year has welcomed nomads living in the surrounding low plains, which has continued to this day. (Beik Mohammadi et al, 1397: 63-82). One of the results of considerable archaeological studies in this area is the excavation of the Posheh Forodgah Tepe in Malayer, where the main cultural materials discovered in this area are pottery (for more information on the geographical situation and findings of this area refer to Beik Mohammadi et al 1397, 69-74 and 1399: 7-26). This area is known as an area related to nomadic communities from the Neolithic period and independent of permanent settlement centers, offers a wide range of types of pottery of regional traditions, the study and analysis of which is archaeological information relevant to the period. Will provide the Central Zagros region. What can be deduced from the field studies is that no findings have been obtained that indicate that production and baking of pottery in the area and it seems that the process of forming and decorating the pottery has been done in another place. Different types of Neolithic pottery on the Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe The pottery of this area can be divided into two main groups: buff ware and red. Each group can be divided into two – sub – branches: painted (motifs) and simple, and in term of construction and typology. The main feature of the pottery temper is mainly plant and in different sizes; Neolithic pottery the Tepe  Poshte-Forodgah has all the characteristics of common Neolithic pottery of the Central Zagros; Despite the similarities in the method of construction, the type of temper (mixture), the amount of heat, and how it is shaped and decorated; at the same time, these pottery show local features – As with other Neolithic sites, a common feature of the pottery on the Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe is insufficient heat and improper cooking with a temper of straw and handmade, which can be seen in all types of Neolithic 3 phase, generally, pottery receives non-uniform heat by baking in kilns and open ovens, and sometimes the color of the pottery corresponds to the temperatures it is exposed to, and the color change is evident in their body, which must be due to lack of known furnace temperature control and direct heat. Accordingly, the pottery of this period is porous and rough and the core of the pottery is gray and dark in color (Fig. 1). Three different types of pottery, such as plain red pottery, buff ware motifs, bagel, and decaying geometric pottery, include the shapes and compositions of the pottery on Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe, in total, from two workshops (I and II) 6 settlement phases have been indentified, which have been obtained through different types of pottery, three new Neolithic settlement phases (A, B and C) of this Tepe, from the upper to lower layers, were identified, as follows: 1. New Neolithic phases A with pottery in geometric motifs similar to the new Sarab of phase A, (Fig. 5) 2. New Neolithic phase B: with pottery species with red clay coating and red – painted buff ware with ocher (Fig. 9) 3. New Neolithic phase: plain, without motifs pottery with a very brittle and rough plant temper (mixture). Soft type pottery (Fig. 19).   Conclusion The study of pottery discovered from the Posheh Forodgah Tepe shows that this area belongs to the Neolithic period with three different phases (A, B, C). In response to research questions, it can be said that all Neolithic pottery in this area is handmade and has hollow and fragile texture. Most of the pottery in this area is made clay-covered pottery in the color range of reddish-brown and buff ware. But the most common colors are red and buff with a plant temper. The amount of plant temper (mixture) is such that it can be seen well inside and on the surface of the pottery and includes the nature and characteristics of the contaminated straw pottery. Inside all the pottery is dark, which is the result of improper cooking in stoves or open ovens. Most pottery has no decorative motifs and is simple in form; a variety of open and closed mouth bowls with flat and sometimes protruding floor, large shallow bowls with simple edges bowls with protrusions close to the bottom of miniature cups include a variety of shallow trays with vertical and convex bodies with flat bottoms. It can also be said that common types of pottery on the Posheh-Forodgah Tepe due to the semi-monocotyledonous and nomadic nature of the communities present on the Tepe and considering the variety of pottery in the type of materials, construction, quality and form and appearance of some pottery while local, this area and its coordination can be traced in other Neolithic areas of Zagros such as Goran and Golagap in Lorestan and Siahbid, Sehgabi and Sarab Tepes in Kermanshah province. The present study concludes that the presence of Neolithic pottery in Malayer plain is more of a local origin and endogenous production, most of the origin and result of the presence of semi-monogamous and nomadic communities from the lowlands of different parts of the Central Zagros to the plains and high slopes in Hamedan province.}, keywords = {Central Zagros,Neolithic,Poshteh-Forodgah Tepe,typology,Pottery}, title_fa = {مطالعه و گونه شناسی سفال های نوسنگی مکشوف از تپه ی پشت فرودگاه - دشت ملایر}, abstract_fa = {یکی از نتایج مطالعات باستان‌شناختی قابل‌تأمل دشت ملایر، کاوش «تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه» است؛ این محوطه به‌عنوان محوطه‌ای کوچ‌نشین از دوره‌ی نوسنگی جدید شناخته می‌شود، که مستقل از مراکز استقراری دائم، طیف گسترده‌ای از انواع گونه‌های سفالی سنت‌های منطقه‌ای را ارائه می‌دهد که مطالعه و تحلیل آن، اطلاعات باستان‌شناختی درخوری از دوره‌ی یادشده در حوزه‌ی زاگرس‌مرکزی در اختیار قرار خواهد داد. «سفال» از مهم‌ترین مواد فرهنگی -به‌لحاظ کمیّت و کیفیت- در بین یافته‌های کاوش باستان‌شناختی تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه ملایر قرار دارد؛ سفال‌های این محوطه را می‌توان در دو گروه اصلی نخودی و قرمز تقسیم کرد که هر گروه به دو زیرشاخه‌ی منقوش و ساده، و از نظر کیفیت ساخت نیز در دو گروه متوسط و خشن، قابل تفکیک و گونه‌شناسی هستند. آمیزه‌ی سفال‌ها، عمدتاً گیاهی و در اندازه‌ی دانه‌بندی متفاوت است؛ به‌طوری‌که در سطح و درون‌مایه‌ی برخی از سفال‌ها -به‌خصوص نمونه‌های خشن- فرورفتگی‌هایی به‌دلیل وجود آمیزه‌ی کاه، به‌چشم می‌خورد. هدف این پژوهش در وهله‌ی اول، گونه‌شناسی و مطالعه‌ی سفال‌های نوسنگی جدید تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه است؛ و در وهله‌ی دوم، شناسایی و چگونگی کُنش‌های فرهنگی و قرابت گونه‌های رایج سفالی در فرهنگ‌های همجوار خواهد بود. روش پژوهش حاضر، مبتنی‌بر مطالعات تطبیقی و با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی، در پی پاسخ به این پرسش‌هاست: سفال‌های مکشوف تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه از چه گونه‌هایی تشکیل شده است؟ گونه‌های رایج سفال تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه بومی-محلی بوده یا سنتی وارداتی از فرهنگ‌های همجوار است؟ و این‌که، گونه‌های سفالی تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه با کدامیک از محوطه‌های نوسنگی زاگرس‌مرکزی قرابت فرهنگی دارند؟ مفروض است، باتوجه نوع نیمه‌یکجانشین و کوچ‌رو بودن جوامع تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه و با عنایت به تنوع سفالی در نوع مواد، کیفیت ساخت و فرم و گونه‌های ظاهری؛ ضمن محلی بودن برخی از سفال‌های این محوطه، می‌توان سنخیت آن‌را در سایر محوطه‌های دوره نوسنگی جدید زاگرس ردیابی کرد؛ همچنین با توجه به‌ویژگی سفال‌های تپه‌ی پشت‌فرودگاه در افق تاریخ‌گذاری اواخر هزاره‌ی هفتم تا اوایل هزاره‌ی ششم قبل‌ازمیلاد قرار می‌گیرد. برآیند پژوهش، حاکی از ارتباط تنگاتنگ سنت‌های سفالی فرهنگ‌های مختلف دشت‌های میان‌کوهی زاگرس‌نشینان در دوره‌ی نوسنگی جدید، مانند تپه‌های سراب، گوران و قلاگپ است.}, keywords_fa = {زاگرس مرکزی,نوسنگی,تپه ی پشت فرودگاه,گونه شناسی,سفال}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3536.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3536_dce8442003ec59b7778b9818d8e0564c.pdf} } @article { author = {niknami, kamalodin and Askarpour, Vahid}, title = {A PCA Analysis of the Impacts of Environmental Factors on Prehistoric Settlement Patterns in Sarfiroozabad, Kermanshah, Iran}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {53-68}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.3190.1095}, abstract = {This paper explores man-environment relationships during the prehistoric periods. It calculates the main factors affecting the establishment of prehistoric settlements in Sarfiroozabad rural dis-trict, south of Kermanshah County, which is south-eastern extension of Mahidasht. The research has been done on the basis of Environmental archaeology according to archaeological surface surveying data. The Principal Component Analysis method has been used to investigate the measure of natural and cultural factors involve in the prehistoric settlement patterns of the region. The general patterns of settlement distribution of the studied region are mainly unchanged through the long-term processes of man-environment relationship. The results also show that the impacting factors on settlement distribution patterns were different in every prehistoric period. The results could be used to reconstruction of man-environment interactions of the region to apply it in contemporary environmental management of it.. An important achievement of the project was dis-covering very earlier occupational evidences than what which was revealed from Mahidasht; re-sulting to a reconsideration of the origins of Neolithic settlements of the region such as Tepe Sar-ab.. In such a way, it could be possible to take into account attributes other than natural ones and consider potential cultural factors affecting settlement locating during prehistoric times. It is not to overleap the natural and environmental factors, but to examine site distributions according to their relations as well; as if each of them is a node on the complicated network of occupying the valley through different periods. it should probably be impossible to get a comprehensive understanding of prehistoric settlement conditions of the region unless the excavations carried out to establish secure chronology. The current results are mainly based on relative chronology of surface sherds compared to the same material recovered accurately in temporal order from the stratigraphic de-posits of Mahidasht. However there is necessity to have absolute datings of prehistoric evidences of the valley. Keywords: Environmental Archaeology, Principal Component Analysis, Geomatics, Correlation, Sarfiroozabad.   Introduction The relationship between human culture and the environment, and their interactions and mutual impacts have been the focus of intense scholarly attention in environmental anthropology and archeology (see Dove & Carpenter, 2008; Evans & OʼConnor, 1999; Dincauze, 2000). Environmental archeology deals with the role of the environment in the genesis and historical evolution of cultures and human societies. Mounds or ancient sites represent the primary data for environmental archeology. Archaeologists may reconstruct the cultural and environmental factors involved in past and present environmental processes through conducting surface surveys and identifying archeological sites over a specific geographic area as well as using chronological techniques and the paleoclimatic and paleoenvirnomental findings. The concept of “settlement systems” implies that human settlements (even in prehistory) by no means arose from some random, serendipitous or arbitrary choices, and that they were rather subject to specific patterns stemming from best decisions of their occupants attain a most stable dwelling to the possible extent. In individual geographic areas, thus, the distribution of archaeological sites, environmental conditions and contexts, and the developmental level of societies are characterized by significant relations, which are in turn contingent on specific, examinable patterns.   Conclusion Having examined the three influential factors on the distribution and location of the prehistoric settlements of Sar Firuzabad, we can now more easily embark on appraising the environmental patterns for that distribution and positioning as well as their chronological evolution. Two issues are to be addressed in this respect: one is the evolution of the subsistence and economic systems of prehistoric inhabitants of Sarfiroozabadbased on environmental capacities, and the other is the evolution of the local settlement patterns in different prehistoric periods. The results suggest that “environment” and environmental factors were among the major determinants in the distribution of prehistoric sites. The main river of the valley, Ab-e-Mereg, was the core of rapid changes in the settlement schemes of the prehistoric populations from the Neolithic to the end of the Bronze Age. It is clear that the earliest settlement systems (consisting of a group of settlements with partially superimposed boundaries and spatial relationships) appeared along the river in the eastern parts of the valley in the Chalcolithic period. In light of our findings, the isolated and clustered settlements exhibit contrasting distribution patterns: the former are concentrated along the main lines of communication, higher elevations, close to the foothills, and remote from the earlier settlements, while the latter lie far from the main lines of communication, in the lower parts of the valley, next to the main river and within the precincts of the past settlements. Another differentiating point is the frequency of painted sherds, which occur in higher abundance on the clustered settlements. Mortensen, with regard to Mahidasht of Kermanshah, points out that the distribution of the Neolithic settlements show a tendency for clustering (Hole, 2002). Yet, our findings suggest that the bunched positioning of the prehistoric settlements depended on the environmental circumstances. In the case of Sar Firuzabad, the clustering occurs only in the eastern parts of the valley and near the main river, while in the remaining parts the Neolithic sites are detached and spaced apart. During the Chalcolithic period, the population of the valley experienced a sudden increase due to the influx of new peoples (Hole, 2002). The incidence is attested in the archeological record by the appearance of two distinct pottery traditions, viz. Dalma Ware and Ubaid Ware (Young, 1963) in northern and western Iran. This population surge leads to two different distribution patterns in the region: one is the advent of settlement systems characterized by sites with overlapping boundaries and arranged in a “circular” outline in the proximity of the main river of the plain, invoking an agriculture-based subsistence. And, the second is the “linear” distribution of settlements along the southern foothills, which contain auspicious natural pastures for livestock. The Chalcolithic settlements along the main river display a higher average expanse than those arranged linearly along the southern slopes. As a hallmark typical to the prehistoric intermountain valleys of the Central Zagros (Wilkinson, 2003: 184-185), including Mahidasht, the arrival of the mid-Holocene climatic regime associated with an increase in the average annual temperature since about 5, 000 years ago and the predominance of warmer, drier conditions in the region led to the replacement of farming with the specialized livestock raising as the underlying subsistence strategy at the dawn of the Bronze Age. In the previous Chalcolithic period, settlement systems had formed along the permanent river of Sarfiroozabadand relied on plant cultivation by means of permanent water resources. However, due to the climatic change coupled with the population rise in the Middle and Late Chalcolithic, most of the permanent settlements across the valley were abandoned, giving way to temporary nomad camps. The scarce surviving permanent sites (about 5 of which were identified) were not but isolated settlements that could have functioned as chiefdoms or seasonal marketplaces. Henrickson (2002) suggested that with the advent of the Bronze Age communities on the highlands (Central Zagros) became politically independent of the lowlands (Khuzestan and Mesopotamia). As already indicated by Nissen and Lutzeier (1990), during this period many settlements would vanish despite the persistence of a small number of them. This meant the emergence on the highlands of a different political system based on nomadism, on which environmental factors still left deep impressions. Thus, in the Neolithic period, first a mixed economic and subsistence pattern was established in landscapes characterized by the diversity of natural resources, causing a sprinkled distribution of settlements. In the Chalcolithic period, two specialized subsistence patterns would develop from that mixed pattern: one was the specialized agriculture in the lower parts of this intermontane valley with sustainable resources that gradually led to complex settlement clusters; and the other was the specialized nomadic pastoralism in the higher elevations that gave rise to the temporary, detached settlements. The same patterns would endure, albeit in a more limited extent, during the Bronze Age, with the only discernible difference that the settlement systems established in the previous period now either disappeared or assumed a novel configuration that is yet to be grasped by scholars.}, keywords = {Environmental archaeology,Principal component analysis,Geomatics,Correlation,Sarfiroozabad}, title_fa = {مطالعه عامل‌های محیطی مؤثر بر پراکنش محوطه‌های پیش از تاریخی سرفیروزآباد کرمانشاه با روش محاسباتی PCA}, abstract_fa = {این پژوهش به بررسی نسبت‌های موجود میان انسان و محیط در ادوار پیش‌ازتاریخی اختصاص دارد. با استفاده از ابزارهای محاسباتی چند متغیره، عامل‌‌های اصلی برپایی سکونتگاه‌های انسانی در محدوده‌ی جغرافیایی سرفیروزآباد کرمانشاه مورد سنجش قرار می‌گیرد. دهستان سرفیروزآباد کرمانشاه در جنوب شهرستان کرمانشاه و در امتداد جنوب‌شرقی ماهیدشت واقع است. این دهستان توسط یکی از نگارندگان مورد بررسی‌‌های باستان‌شناختی قرار گرفته و این مقاله محصول انجام تحلیل بر محوطه‌‌های شناسایی شده از فصل نخست آن بررسی است. این پژوهش در چارچوب باستان‌شناسی محیطی و تحلیلی و در مورد شواهد حاصل از بررسی‌‌های سطح‌الارضی باستان‌شناختی در آن ناحیه صورت گرفته است. رویکرد این پژوهش عبارتست از محاسبه و سنجش آماری عامل‌های مؤثر بر پراکنش محوطه‌های پیش‌ازتاریخی ناحیه‌ی مورد بحث و کشف همبستگی‌‌های طبیعی و فرهنگی میان آن‌ها در طول زمان. هدف از این مطالعه درک نسبت‌های همبسته‌ی موجود میان انسان و محیط در ادوار مختلف پیش‌ازتاریخی و شناخت فرآیندهای بلندمدت کاربری اراضی در محیط مورد مطالعه است. این پژوهش به این پرسش اصلی معطوف است که عناصر محیطی چه اثرات قابل‌تشخیصی بر توسعه و پیچیدگی سکونتگاه‌های پیش‌ازتاریخی دره‌ی سرفیروزآباد کرمانشاه گذاشته است؟ با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده، هر یک از دوره‌‌های پیش‌ازتاریخی، در شیوه‌ی ترکیب عامل‌‌ها و مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر شیوه‌ی پراکنش سکونتگاه‌های انسانی متمایز بوده‌اند. هم‌چنین روشن شد که امکان سکونت بلندمدت انسان‌ها در این ناحیه بسیار به‌وجود منابع محیطی پایدار وابسته و بیشتر بخش‌های این ناحیه، در ادوار گذشته نیز هم‌چون امروز خالی از سکونتگاه‌های انسانی دائمی است. زیست‌بوم سرفیروزآباد محصول فرآیندهای بلندمدتی است که خود از برهم‌کنش‌های پیوسته و همبسته‌ی همه‌ی عناصر جان‌دار و بی‌جان آن اثر پذیرفته و تصمیم‌های انسان‌ها برای سکونت در این منطقه نیز ازجمله عامل‌های دگرگونی صورت‌های محیطی آن در طول زمان به‌حساب می‌آید. نتایج حاصل از این‌دست مطالعات می‌تواند در راستای برنامه‌ریزی‌های بلندمدت منابع زیستی مورد بهره‌برداری قرار گیرند.}, keywords_fa = {باستان‌شناسی محیطی,تحلیل مؤلفه‌های اصلی,ژئوماتیک,همبستگی,سرفیروزآباد}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3537.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3537_27f72053c7b89e0427e7aa59370dbdb6.pdf} } @article { author = {bakhtiari, sahar and omrani, behruz and bakhtiari, sepideh and Naseri Somee, Hosein}, title = {Analysis of Political, Social and Cultural Interactions Between the Cultural Traditions of Uruk, Kura-Arax and Nineveh V in the Eastern Part of Central Zagros and Northwest of Iran}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {69-90}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.19357.1963}, abstract = {In the fourth millennium and early third millennium BC, with the complexity economic and social relations between the societies, we faced a different form of economic, political and cultural interactions in Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Trans-Caucasus and the Iranian plateau. During this time, coinciding with the formation of Uruk culture and the expansion of the influence of Mesopotamian societies beyond their main centers, in the northern and eastern highland of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, Transcaucasian culture is present. At the same time, in the basin of Urmia Lake, there is a cultural gap between Hasanlu VIII / the Late Chalcolithic period/ Pisdeli and HasanluVII / the Early Bronze Age period. Therefore, the transition from Hasanlu VIII to Hasanlu VII is an important issue in the prehistoric of this region. Furthermore, due to the interaction of Uruk, Kura Arax and Nineveh V in some sites, so it is important to study the distribution and intercultural interactions in this period. The aim of this research is to study the cultural interactions of the people of this cultural region in the prehistoric and on the other hand to identify the position of the northwestern region of Iran in cultural and economic exchanges between the Iranian plateau and the Trans-Caucasus and Mesopotamia. The cultural interactions between the cultures of Uruk, Kura-Arax, and Nineveh V and the changes in the cultural and social relations of Central Zagros and northwestern Iran due to the presence of Trans Caucasus culture are the most fundamental research questions. This research with using descriptive-analytical method as the final result after examining and studying the interactions of Hasanlu VIII and VII concluded that during this period Ushnu-Solduz valley as a cultural border caused the separation of southern site of Urmia lake and the eastern part of the Central Zagros with the culture of Uruk and Ninevite V from the northern and northeastern sites was influenced by Kura Arax. Gradually, after the domination of the Kura Arax, sites of Uruk were abandoned and the Kura Arax people emerged as a new power in the region. Keywords: Hasanlu VIII, Hasanlu VII, South of Urmia Lake, Uruk, Kura Arax.   Introduction Northwest of Iran, due to its strategic location, cultural benefits, its favorable biological conditions, including high environmental potential and Special communication as a natural handicap has always been a concern for various human societies from the 7th millennium BC to the present. During the fourth millennium BC, a complex system of urban social organizations was developed in Mesopotamia. One of the signs of the government in Mesopotamia was the regional interchange network because the Mesopotamian cities were very poor in terms of mineral and natural resources and many of the raw materials needed to make products from the eastern and northern regions were imported. The lack of natural and mineral resources in Mesopotamia and the availability of these resources in the highlands created a commercial and transalpine trade area, which made the Mesopotamians procure materials from the Zagros Mountains. Because more developed political, social and economic structures were developed in the communities of the southern Mesopotamian, they were controlled from their colonies or as their business partners. Although many of the most dramatic developments in the field of early social development occurred for the first time in the southern Mesopotamian but the heights of eastern Turkey, western Iran, the Transcaucasian region (Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan) as well as the northern sites of Russia were also affected. At this time, we witness the cultural presence of Uruk culture in the southern Mesopotamia and the early Trans-caucuses culture in caucuses region. The development of the Uruk culture is not just leading to the central Zagros. Sites with material effects of Uruk culture in northwestern Iran are also identified in the Little Zab river basin. The Uruk culture in northwest of Iran is in horizon with Hasanlu VIII / Late Chalcolithic period and the beginning of the early Trans-caucuses culture in the Iranian plateau region coincides with Hasanlu VII. This has led some researchers to understands the causes of the disappearance of the Uruk sites and the simultaneous occurrence of the incident with the migration of people from Trans-caucuses culture, and consider immigrants as the main cause of the incident. Since there is a clear gap between the period of Hasanlu VIII (late chalcolithic/ Pisdeli period) and VII (early bronze age) in the chronological table of northwest Iran, therefore, the article attempts to study the transition from Hasanlu VIII to VII, the study of cultural tradition Hasanlu VII and intercultural cooperation in this period.   Methods and Materials In the northwest of Iran during this period, two cultural traditions of the early Trans-Caucasus in the northern and northeastern parts of the Urmia Basin and the culture of POW in the south of the Urmia Lake basin have been in progress. It can be said temporally that the culture of the early Trans-Caucasus in the northwestern region has a time priority over the POW culture. With the presence of early Trans-Caucasus culture in the northwest and central Zagros, radical changes are made in cultural relations between the Iranian plateau and its neighbors. The control of trade routes that preceded the domination of the Uruk culture, at this time dominated by the Kura Aras immigrants. A remarkable point about the Yanik culture was their acceleration in Zagros movement and staying in the east-west business axis, so that the absolute chronology of the Kura Arax culture in the Yanik Tepe (3200-3,300 BC), Kul Tepe Jolfa (3100/3200 = 3700/3600 BC), Tepe Pisa (2460 -+ 88 BC), Tepe Gurab Malayer VII (3148 BC), and Godin IV (2950 BC) also confirmed this.These migrants have started to travel simultaneously throughout the region, and in areas that are not commercially significant, there is no controversy and we see the civilian presence of these minorities. And in front of any place that along the main line of these people is the violent presence of these tribes. These hostile conflicts are seen on Godin VI, Geoy Tepe and Yanik Tepe. Therefore, it is anticipated that, probably, people of the Bronze Age settled on arrival at large and vast plains near water resources and communication routes and, during a limited time, they move towards the commercial Zagros trade and cut off the domination of the Uruk on this way. Then they appear as a new power in the region.   Conclusion With the presence of the Yannik people in the northwest and central Zagros, there were major changes in social activities and cultural relations between Iranian Plateau and its neighbors. The control of trade routes, previously under the control of the Uruk, is now dominated by Kura-Arax migrants (Alden, 1982). A remarkable point about the people of Yangiq culture was their acceleration in moving along Zagros and in the east-west business axis, so that the absolute chronology of the data of the Kura Arax culture in Yaniq Tepe (3200-3300 BC), Kul Tepe of Jolfa V (3200/3100 - 3600/3700 BC), Tepe Pisa (2460 +_ 88 BC), Gurab VII of Malayer (3148 BC) and Gudin Tepe IV (2950 BC) indicate their acceleration in access to this axis (Map.3). This indicates that there was no interruption in their movement from the mainland to the Iranian Plateau and in fact we do not face diffusionism of population. They began to move around the region concurrently and in areas that were not commercially significant, no conflict existed and the peaceful presence of these people was observed.  Quiet and distant conditions like these are also seen in the areas like Ahranjan, Haftavan, Hasanlu, Jolbar, Gijlar, Kohne Pasge Si Tepe, Zarnaq, Ali Abad Bukan, Shirlou, Daerman Tepe, Pir Taj, Tepe Pisa, and Gurab. Conversely, every place along the main course of the movement of these people witnessed the violent presence of them. This violent occupation can be seen in the areas of Godin VI, Geoy Tepe K, and Yaniq Tepe. The existence of a defensive wall and evidence of burning at the Geoy Tepe, K Yaniq Tepe, Godin VI, as well as the presence of 2, 000 slings, a type of weapon and mace in Godin Tepe, indicate this coercive presence. Therefore, it is anticipated that the people of the early Bronze Age settled near water resources and communication routes after entering large and vast plains and moved to Zagros to take control of commercial routes over time. they completely cut off the Uruk’s control over the highway and emerge as a new power in the region.}, keywords = {Hasanlu VIII,Hasanlu VII,South of Urmia Lake,Uruk,Kura Arax}, title_fa = {تحلیل برهمکنش های سیاسی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی میان سنت های فرهنگی اروک، کورا ارس و نینوا Vدر شمال غرب و نیمه شرقی زاگرس مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {در هزاره‌ی چهارم و اوایل هزاره‌ی سوم قبل‌ازمیلاد با پیچیده‌تر شدن روابط اقتصادی و اجتماعی میان جوامع، با شکل متفاوتی از تعاملات اقتصادی، سیاسی و فرهنگی در منطقه‌ی بین‌النهرین، آناتولی، حوزه‌ی ماوراقفقاز و فلات ایران روبه‌رو می‌شویم. در این بازه‌ی زمانی هم‌زمان با شکل‌گیری فرهنگ اوروک و گسترش نفوذ جوامع بین‌النهرینی در فراسوی مراکز اصلی خود، در ارتفاعات کوهستانی شمال و شرق رودخانه‌های دجله و فرات، فرهنگ ماوراقفقاز حضور دارد. در همین زمان، در حوضه‌ی دریاچه‌ی ارومیه یک وقفه‌ی فرهنگی بین حسنلو VIII/ مس‌وسنگ جدید/ پیزدلی و حسنلو VII/ عصر مفرغ قدیم  مشاهده می‌شود؛ لذا انتقال از حسنلو VIII به حسنلو VII بحث مهمی در دوران پیش‌ازتاریخ منطقه است. از سویی با توجه به برهم‌کنش فرهنگ‌های اوروک، کورا-ارس و فرهنگ سفال نارنجی منقوش در برخی محوطه‌ها، لذا مطالعه‌ی پراکنش و برهم‌کنش‌های میان فرهنگی در این دوران حائز اهمیت است. هدف از این پژوهش از یک‌سو مطالعه‌ی برهم‌کنش‌های فرهنگی مردمان این حوزه‌ی فرهنگی در دوران پیش‌از‌تاریخ منطقه، و از سوی دیگر شناسایی جایگاه منطقه شمال‌غرب ایران در مبادلات فرهنگی اقتصادی مابین فلات ایران با قفقاز و بین‌النهرین می‌باشد. چگونگی برهم‌کنش‌های فرهنگی میان فرهنگ‌های اوروک، کورا-ارس و نینوا V و تغییرات ایجاد شده در روابط فرهنگی و اجتماعی زاگرس‌مرکزی و شمال‌غرب ایران به‌دلیل  حضور مردمان فرهنگ ماوراقفقاز قدیم، بنیادی‌ترین پرسش‌های پژوهش حاضر هستند. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی به‌عنوان نتیجه‌ی نهایی پس از بررسی و مطالعه‌ی برهم‌کنش‌های سنت‌های حسنلو VIII و VII به این نتیجه دست‌یافت که در طی این دوران دره‌ی اشنو-سولدوز به‌عنوان یک منطقه‌ی مرزی فرهنگی موجب جداشدن محوطه‌های جنوب دریاچه‌ی ارومیه و نیمه‌ی شرقی زاگرس‌مرکزی با فرهنگ اوروک و نینوا V از محوطه‌های موجود در شمال و شمال‌شرق تحت‌تأثیر فرهنگ کورا-ارس گردید و به‌تدریج پس از تسلط فرهنگ کورا-ارس محوطه‌های اوروکی متروک شده و مردمان کورا-ارس به‌عنوان یک قدرت تازه در منطقه ظهور می‌یابند.}, keywords_fa = {حسنلو VIII,حسنلو VII,جنوب دریاچه‌ی ارومیه,اوروک,کورا-ارس}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3549.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3549_89d4171850ec247817ffc3f1c3e1e44e.pdf} } @article { author = {sabzi, mousa and hemati azandaryani, esmail}, title = {Investigation and Analysis in the Boroujerd’s Petroglyphs, Lorestan Province}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {91-112}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.17643.1844}, abstract = {The rock motifs are special importance in the field of art history, archaeology and anthropological studies, and they are one of the most obvious documents in showing the concepts of social archeology. Such motifs are among the oldest surviving historical and artistic works, which numerous examples of them are scattered in different places. During the archaeological exploration in the Boroujerd City in the spring and summer the year of 2016, several collections of petroglyphs (Petroglyphs and Cupules) at different distances with radius of less than 20 km from the Boroujerd City were identified. These petroglyphs are located mainly in the foothills and mountains. The petroglyphs have many motifs and themes, including human motifs (archer, rider and on foot, etc.) animal motifs (ibex, deer, dogs, etc.), geometric, symbolic motifs, inscriptions and cupules motifs. All of the studied motifs are created on separate rocks in the open air and in different sizes, individually and thematically. The research method in this paper has been the field survey as well as library studies and the use of reports, books and articles which published in this field. In this article also tries to answer the questions such as; what was the style of creating the petroglyphs? When were the Boroujerd’s Petroglyphs created? The Boroujerd’s rock motifs are comparable to which areas? The studies have shown that, most of the identified motifs in the Boroujerd City were created on the surface of the stones by methods of percussive, carving or scratching. The motifs of this collection seems to be related to different periods: due to the amount of weathering and the type of creation. Unfortunately, due to the lack of laboratory studies in the Iran, it is not possible to consider specific date for them. According to the studies, it can be said that, the motifs of this collection quantitatively and qualitatively are comparable with the rock motifs of different regions of Iran, especially the west of Iran, (Azandaryan Malayer, Argas Malayer, Divin Valley and Dostali Valley of Hamadan and also the center of Iran (petroglyphs of Timareh and Khomein) and even outside the current borders of Iran. In this article, the authors at the first are going to introduce the petroglyphs of the study area and then analyze of them. Keywords: Lorestan Province, Boroujerd, Petroglyphs, Cupules, Human Motifs, Symbolic.   Introduction The petroglyphs are the creation of man on rocky and stony canvas, which the creation of them can have numerous of material and spiritual goals, and as an art, a common language and a repetitive pattern in different parts of Iran and other parts of the world, their appearance are expressed in the form of thematic motifs of human, animal, symbolic motifs or the inscriptions with different qualities and quantities (Mohamadifar and Hemati Azandryani, 2017). In general, the subjects of the motifs of these petroglyphs are influenced by the geographical, cultural and environmental conditions of each region, and historically, rock motifs covered the time range from the Paleolithic Period to the present day, however, the absolute dating of such motifs is difficult for a variety of reasons. In general, petroglyphs can be seen over wide geographical area; in many of the Central Asian Countries, Europe, Africa, and so on. These motifs are often engraved on the rocks in the open air and can represent specific historical events, stories and myths, identify a specific territory, or relate to specific religious rites. Although some of these motifs seems to indicate the occurrence of real events, but a number of others are completely abstract. (Vahdati, 2010: 15). One of the most important cultural and historical evidences of the Lorestan Province is the petroglyphs, that the rock carvings identified in this area are generally colors type. They have been reported from different places such as the Dusheh Caves, Mirmalas, Houmyan Motifs, etc. (Izadpanah, 1969; Remacle et al, 2007). Obviously, the subject of rock art in the Lorestan Province, apart from the petroglyphs mentioned above, is almost unknown, and this is while in recent years, methodical studies have been conducted both in the inside and outside the borders of Iran. But, this topic has been ignored in the Lorestan Province for reasons such as lack of purposeful studies, lack of comparative history, and so on. So far, no coherent activities related to the study of rock carvings in the Lorestan Province have been carried out, and it is necessary that, the comprehensive field research with this purpose carried out on a large scale. However, in recent years, several sites have been identified and studied by the researchers (Sabzi & Hemati Azandaryani, 2017; Sabzi et al, 2018; Bahrami & Sabzi, 2019; Sabzi et al., 2015). The Boroujerd’s rock carvings due to lack of accurate archeological research are still unknown in the region, accordingly, they have not been registered in the list of cultural heritage monuments. In the following, the authors will introduce study and analyze these petroglyphs in this region. It should be noted that, the research method in this research was performed using field research (survey, identification, documentation and sketching) as well as library studies and in a descriptive-analytical manner will try to introduce, describe, design and in the final, compared the newly discovered petroglyphs of the Boroujerd City. As mentioned earlier, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: 1. What was the style of creating the petroglyphs? 2. When were the dates of creating the Boroujerd’s petroglyphs? 3. The Boroujerd’s petroglyphs are comparable with which area? Research Method: The present study is kind of descriptive-analytical research and the methods of collecting information were in the field and in the library too. The field activities include identifying, study and documentaries of the petroglyphs, (photography, sketching and classification) and library studies have included the use of published reports, books and articles about this field.   The Text of the Paper The rock reliefs of Boroujerd are mainly created by scraping, engraving, rubbing and cutting, which have led to the creation of different images on the rocks, although the quality and manner of creating the motifs vary on different rocks and places, and most of the examples were created by engraving, which is the most common and prevalent method of making petroglyphs. Regarding the creating style of the study motifs, it should also be stated that the style used to make them has been mostly abstract and stylized, based on the simplification of images and their components, and most of the images, like other parts of Iran, were fully depicted in a stylized and symbolic manner. The rocks on which the motifs are carved are made of schist and Phelate, whose color can be divided into the gray to dark brown spectrum. These rocks are of various sizes, large, medium and small dimensions, which are irregularly scattered on the slope of mountainsides and on both sides of the rivers. The study petroglyphs can be divided into two groups: single and collective petroglyphs; and with respect to their content, the petroglyphs can be classified into different groups, including animal and human motifs, rock inscriptions, geometric and symbolic motifs and cupules, and a high frequency of the motifs in this region, like other regions, pertains to the image of ibex in various states. In terms of dating, it should be said that the problem of dating petroglyphs is very complex and ambiguous, since motifs which are similar to these rock arts extend from the Neolithic to the Contemporary period, and scholars have not yet been able to reach a definite conclusion for dating and determining the exact age of rock reliefs. However, due to the lack of laboratory studies in Iran, it is not possible to provide an absolute dating for petroglyphs of Borujerd.    Conclusion Despite a number of archaeological surveys have been done in the Boroujerd City; but the rock carvings of this area remain unknown, and since these petroglyphs are located outdoors, they have been affected by climate and environmental change, erosion, and other human factors, that’s why many of them are being destroyed. The Boroujerd’s Petroglyphs are mostly displayed in the form of lattice motifs. Also, the motifs in these collections are created in the Two-dimensional and is not traces of 3D display and realism. The motifs of this collection include groups of animal (goats, dogs, deer, etc.), human, symbolic, geometric motifs, cupules and inscriptions and the variety of motifs in this collection shows the cultural, historical and artistic richness of the petroglyphs of this region. The Boroujerd’s Petroglyphs in terms of method of creation, type of motif and content mostly are similar to the petroglyphs of the western Iran, especially the petroglyphs of the Sofla Argas and Azandaryan of Malayer. The Boroujerd’s Petroglyphs are mainly located in mountainous and foothill areas, in fact, they are suitable areas for livestock. The Boroujerd’s Petroglyphs all are located near the various water sources such as (natural water sources, seasonal rivers, springs, etc.) and also up-country areas. According to the location of these petroglyphs, perhaps it can be said, by caution that, the creators of these motifs were various groups such as nomads, shepherds, hunters or similar groups that were present in these areas. They have created motifs without considering artistic techniques (naturalism, 3D, etc.). The purpose of the creators of these motifs still is vague and unknown to us. Regarding the dating of these motifs, it should be noted that, due to the lack of laboratory equipment, no absolute dating has been done so far, but relative dating can be provided for them, which can have dated them from the Neolithic to the contemporary periods.}, keywords = {Lorestan Province,Boroujerd,Petroglyphs,cupules,Human Motifs,Symbolic}, title_fa = {بررسی و تحلیل سنگ نگاره‌های بروجرد، استان لرستان}, abstract_fa = {نقوش صخره‌ای از نظر انجام مطالعات تاریخ هنر، باستان‌شناسی و مطالعات انسان‌شناسی از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردارند و از مشهودترین مدارک در نمایش مفاهیم باستان‌شناسی اجتماعی محسوب می‌گردند. این‌گونه نقوش از کهن‌ترین آثار تاریخی و هنری به‌جای مانده از بشر هستند که نمونه‌های متعددی از آن‌ها در نقاط مختلف پراکنده هستند. طی بررسی‌های باستان‌شناسی در شهرستان بروجرد در بهار و تابستان 1395 چندین مجموعه از سنگ‌نگاره‌ها (کنده‌نگاره و فنجان‌نما) در فواصل مختلف به شعاع کمتر از 20 کیلومتری از شهر بروجرد شناسایی شد که این سنگ‌نگاره‌ها عمدتاً در مناطق کوهپایه‌ای و کوهستانی واقع‌شده‌اند. سنگ‌نگاره‌ها دارای نقش‌مایه‌ها و موضوعات متعددی ازجمله: نقوش انسانی (کماندار، سواره و پیاده و غیره)، حیوانی (بزسانان، گوزن، سگ و غیره)، سنگ‌نبشته‌ها، نقوش هندسی، نمادین و فنجان‌نماها هستند. کلیه‌ی نقوش مورد مطالعه برروی صخره‌های جدا افتاده از هم در فضای باز و در اندازه‌های مختلف به‌صورت منفرد و موضوعی ایجاد شده‌اند. روش پژوهش در این مقاله به‌صورت میدانی و هم‌چنین مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای و استفاده از گزارش‌ها، کتب و مقالات منتشر شده در این زمینه بوده است؛ هم‌چنین در این مقاله سعی شده است به پرسش‌هایی از قبیل: شیوه و سبک ایجاد سنگ‌نگاره‌ها چگونه بوده است؟ سنگ‌نگاره‌های بروجرد در چه دوره‌ای ایجاد گردیده‌اند؟ نقوش سنگ‌نگاره‌های بروجرد با کدام مناطق قابل مقایسه هستند؟ پاسخ داده شود. با مطالعات انجام شده مشخص گردید عمده نقوش شناسایی شده در شهرستان بروجرد به‌روش کوبشی، کنده‌کاری و یا خراش بر سطح تخته‌سنگ‌ها ایجاد شده‌اند. نقوش این مجموعه به‌دلیل میزان هوازدگی و نوع ایجاد آن‌ها به‌نظر می‌رسد که مربوط به دوره‌های مختلفی باشند و هم‌چنین به‌دلیل وجود نداشتن مطالعات آزمایشگاهی در ایران نمی‌توان تاریخ‌گذاری مشخصی را برای آن‌ها درنظر گرفت. با توجه به بررسی‌های انجام گرفته می‌توان گفت که نقوش این مجموعه از نظر کمی و کیفی با نقوش صخره‌ای مناطق مختلف ایران به‌ویژه غرب ایران (ازندریان ملایر، ارگس ملایر، دره‌ی دیوین و دره‌ی دوستعلی همدان و مرکز ایران مانند: سنگ‌نگاره‌های تیمره و خمین) و حتی خارج از مرزهای کنونی ایران قابل بررسی و تحلیل هستند که نگارندگان در این نوشتار ابتدا سنگ‌نگاره‌های منطقه‌ی مورد مطالعه را معرفی می‌کنند و سپس به تحلیل آن‌ها می‌پردازند.}, keywords_fa = {استان لرستان,بروجرد,سنگ نگاره,فنجان نما,نقوش انسانی,نمادین}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3520.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3520_4472c261da975ce1779850c945f1b16f.pdf} } @article { author = {bani jamali, lila and hojabri nobari, Ali Reza and mousavi kohpar, seyyed mahdi and mosavi haji, seyyed rasoul and alaei moghadam, javad}, title = {Study and Analysis of the Settlement Pattern of Parthian Period in La’lvar River’s Watershed, Markazi Province}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {113-136}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.11504.1498}, abstract = {La’lvar region of Markazi province, a part of the catchment basin of the great Qomrood River, is referred to a section that differs from the main bed of Qomrood in terms of topographical structure of the geographical environment and includes an inter-mountain plain and the high unevenness around it. This region has always been welcomed by humans due to its favorable environmental conditions, and hence settlement evidence of different periods can be observed in it. According to archaeological surveys conducted in La’lvar region during two periods in 2008 and 2014, one hundred and eighty-five archaeological sites from the fifth millennium BC to the contemporary era were identified. One of the most important settlement periods of this region is the Parthian period as evidenced by the existence of large and significant sites such as Khorheh, Shahriari, and Jam. Unfortunately, despite the high importance of this period, no comprehensive and independent studies so far have been conducted on it, and questions such as how has been the structure of settlement pattern in Parthian period and what have been the factors affecting Parthian sites are still remained unanswered. Therefore, based on the data obtained from archaeological activities in the region, and preparation of GIS maps, the authors embarked on the study of these issue, and finally analyzed and reconstructed the landscape of La’lvar  region in Parthian period as well as the environmental patterns of the settlements in this period. The results indicate that during the Parthian period, on the one hand, the region witnessed an increase in the number of settlements and population growth, and on the other hand, in this period significant and central large sites such as Khorheh and Jam monuments were formed. In this era, unlike the previous periods, most of the settlements were formed on the banks of the river and on flat land with fertile soil, in turn, indicating that more attention is paid to the necessary conditions for agriculture-based livelihoods. Keywords: La’lvar  Watershed, Parthian Sites, Settlement Pattern, Environmental Factors, Archaeological Survey.    Introduction La’lvar River’s Watershed is located south of Markazi province of Iran or south of the Central Plateau of Iran. This region encompasses the city of Mahallat and the northwestern part of Delijan and a small part of Khomein with an area of 2880 km2, which is hydrologically situated in La’lvar River’s Watershed (map. 1). According to archaeological surveys carried out in La’lvar region, 185 archaeological sites were identified, of which 44 sites contain settlement evidence of the Parthian period, indicating that this region has been very important in the Parthian period. In the present research, using the information obtained from comprehensive archaeological survey and analysis of Geographical Information System (GIS), it has been attempted to analyze the collected data in terms of settlement patterns and influential factors as well as the process of settlement changes and developments. Therefore, two fundamental questions are brought up in this regard: 1- How has been the settlement period of La’lvar River’s Watershed the Parthian period? 2- What were the factors affecting the settlement patterns and changes in La’lvar River’s Watershed during the Parthian period and what effect did these factors have on the changes in settlement patterns during the Parthian period?  Research Hypotheses: The settlement pattern of La’lvar River’s Watershed was formed llongitudinally during the Parthian period on the margins of the main rivers and waterways. The settlement patterns indicate a very strong environmental impact on the formation of settlements in this period and the most important factors in the formation of settlements are the water resources and easy access to natural and environmental resources. La’lvar and Khorheh rivers have been among the most essential factors influencing the settlement changes and developments of the Parthian period, so that the majority of ancient sites of this period are formed on the margins or at close distances from the bed of these rivers.   Paper Text According to the studies on Parthian sites, three sites have an area of over 20 hectares, including the sites of Jam, Hamraz castle on the margin of the main branch of Laalvar and Khorheh on the periphery of a sub-branch of Khorheh River. Additionally, two sites of Mohour Siaha (12 hectares) and GavAbad (16 hectares) are located on the margins of the main Laalvar River. Smaller sites are formed either on the margins of these two rivers or alongside small streams. Topographically, 22 Parthian sites (including all the large sites) are located on the height between 1450 and 1750 meters above sea level. This area has an elevation equal to the lower lands on riverside margins and 10 sites are located in foothill areas, reminiscent of farmer-rancher villages, the remaining 12 sites are more than 1,900 meters above sea level, which include mountainous castles, towers, small sites, and two caves that are all more than 1900 meters above sea level. According to the studies on the placement of Parthan sites of Laalvar region (in terms of access to water, altitude, fertile soil and suitable slope), it should be noted that most of the settlements in this period are located in areas suitable for agriculture and livestock breeding, and only in 11 sites, i.e. 25% of the total sites, evidence of industrial activities, including kiln welds and metal slags is observed that except for two cases, the density of such cultural materials is very limited in other sites. It can be argued that the industry (relying on pottery production and metal melting activities) may have taken place during Parthian period in Laalvar region or in parts of some large sites such as Jam or Shahriari mound and or some locations specific to industrial activities, for instance the site of Chah-e Farrokh.   Conclusion According to the above statements, it is concluded that due to the appropriate environmental conditions especially the flow of Laalvar River and two sub-branchs of Khorhe and Bazijan rivers, multiple springs, fertile land, rich rangelands and abundant hunts, the region became increasingly popular in Parthian period and welcomed a significant population, that according to the studies, the population mostly relied on agricultural livelihoods. In selecting their settlement location, not only did these people rely on margins of the main river and two secondary rivers, but also they paid full attention to the topography, slope, and quality of the land so that they established the large settlements on part of the river margin (where the river’s path was twisted and water could easily be directed towards the land by creating creeks) in a way that water could easily be supplied for the lands and a fertile soil could be provided. Animal husbandry has been also one of the livelihood methods of the region, which can be very important since in many places residents of the Parthian period, in their site location, paid more attention to their access to rangelands and foothills with forage plants rather than focusing on the main river. }, keywords = {La’lvar Watershed,Parthian Sites,Settlement Pattern,Environmental Factors,Archaeological survey}, title_fa = {بررسی و تحلیل الگوی استقراری دوره‌ی اشکانی حوضه‌ی آب‌ریز رودخانه‌ی لعل‌وار استان مرکزی}, abstract_fa = {منطقه‌ی لعل‌وار استان مرکزی به‌عنوان بخشی از حوضه‌ی آب‌ریز رودخانه‌ی قمرود بزرگ، به بخشی اطلاق می‌گردد که از نظر ساختار توپوگرافی محیط جغرافیایی با بستر اصلی قمرود متفاوت بوده و شامل دشت میان‌کوهی و ناهمواری‌های بلند پیرامون آن می‌شود. این منطقه به‌علت شرایط مساعد محیطی همواره مورد استقبال بشر قرار داشته و از ادوار مختلف در آن شواهد استقراری قابل رؤیت است. با توجه به بررسی‌های باستان‌شناختی صورت‌پذیرفته در منطقه‌ی لعل‌وار استان مرکزی که طی دو دوره در سال‌های 1387 و 1393 انجام شد، تعداد 185 محوطه‌ی باستانی از هزاره‌ی پنجم قبل‌از میلاد تا دوره‌ی قاجار شناسایی شد. از مهم‌ترین دوره‌های استقراری این منطقه می‌توان به دوره‌ی اشکانیان اشاره نمود که وجود محوطه‌های شاخص و بزرگی چون: خورهه، شهریاری و جم، تأییدی بر آن است. با وجود اهمیت این دوره، مطالعات جامع و مستقلی درخصوص آن صورت نگرفته است و پرسش‌هایی چون: چگونگی ساختار الگوی استقراری دوره‌ی اشکانی و عوامل تأثیرگذار بر مکان‌گزینی محوطه‌های اشکانی، هم‌چنان در پرده‌ای از ابهام باقی‌مانده بود. در این راستا، نگارندگان با انجام بررسی‌های دقیق و روشمند باستان‌شناسی در منطقه و هم‌چنین تهیه‌ی نقشه‌های GIS به مطالعه و پژوهش در این زمینه اقدام نموده و درنهایت به تحلیل و بازسازی سیمای منطقه‌ی لعل‌وار در دوره‌ی اشکانی و الگوهای محیطی استقرارهای این دوره پرداختند. نتایج بیانگر این مهم است که در دوره‌ی اشکانی از یک‌سو، منطقه شاهد نوعی افزایش شواهد استقراری و جمعیتی است؛ و از سوی دیگر، در این دوره محوطه‌های شاخص و مرکزی بزرگی هم‌چون بنای خورهه و جم شکل‌می‌گیرند. در این دوره برعکس دوران پیشین، بیشتر استقرارها در حاشیه‌ی رودخانه و در زمین‌های هموار با خاک حاصلخیز شکل‌گرفته‌اند که خود حاکی از توجه بیشتر به‌شرایط لازم برای شیوه‌ی معیشت برمبنای کشاورزی است.}, keywords_fa = {حوضه‌ی آب‌ریز لعل‌وار,محوطه‌های اشکانی,الگوی استقراری,عوامل محیطی,بررسی باستان شناختی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3521.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3521_74c837937cfa48e47886bc1b0ccfdd0a.pdf} } @article { author = {Sarmadi Jou, Azar and zarshenas, zohreh}, title = {A study of Christian, Manichean and Buddhist Religious Orders based on Several Sogdian Texts in Ancient Iran}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {137-154}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.18241.1885}, abstract = {Sogdian was the Language of the people of the Land of Sogd. The center of Sogd was Samarkand and their most important city was Bukhara in the present-day Republic of Uzbekistan. Sogdian was the administrative, commercial and cultural Language in other areas, such as the Turfan oasis in East Turkestan. Sogdian, as one of the Iranian Languages in Central Asia, has been widely used to express and reflect the religious precepts and traditions of some pre-Islamic religions. Sogdian is the most important Language of Middle Eastern Iran in terms of diversity and volume of literature, and from a geographical and linguistic point of view, the written works of this Language, from near Samarkand to one of the inner towers of the Great Wall of China, and from northern Mongolia to the upper valley of the Sand River in north of the Pakistan is discovered and shows its geographical extent in central Asia and the cultural in influence of this Language from the second to the thirteenth century AD. Sogdian art loving merchants, of whom were Manichaean, Christian and Buddhists, in addition to the transfer of goods, culture and art between the East and West World, (China, Iran, India and Rom) also promoted Manichaean and Christian, Buddhism among the people of Central Asia and China .The main question in this research is how the Manichaean and Buddhist, Christian religious precepts are reflected in the Sogdian texts, and was Sogdian a suitable language for the preservation and dissemination of Manichaean and Buddhist, Christian teachings? The hypothesis of the present article is that the Christian, Buddhist and Manichaean religious teachings are well reflected in the Sogdian language in terms of the linguistic commonality of their followers. This research has been done by descriptive -analytical method based on the sources of library texts and documents, and the results of the research show that the symbol of confession of sins and seeking forgiveness in the religious tradition of the Buddhists in the Sogdian language is presented to the religious people in almost the same original form but with a new literature.  Manicheans texts indicate that the teachings of the two Manichaean have well preserved their original structure in Soghdian culture and language and Sogdian Christian texts indicate that the religion of confession at the beginning of the emergence of Christianity was a group, but in later periods it was performed in person and in secret, and the symbol of the Lord’s Supper or the rite of thanksgiving in all Christian denominations is celebrated in the biblical tradition, the Last Supper. Keywords: Religious Teachings, Christianity, Mani Ritual, Buddhism Sogdian Language.   Introduction Sogdian was one of the Persian languages of the northeastern branch and the language of the fertile Sogdian region Located in the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. The center of the Sogdians was Samarkand   located on the Silk Road, which connected China to the West. The Sogdian language was originally spoken in the valley of the Zarafshan River and surrounding areas and later became the mediating language on a large section of the Silk Road. (Oranski, 1378: 12) This language has been the most important Iranian languages in present -day Turkestan and the commercial language of the Silk Road for ten centuries, from the second to the twelfth centuries AD and has long been a means of communication and linking part of the cultures of East and West Asia. Sogdian was active as a spoken and written language until the ninth century AD and its decline began after the 11 century. The Sogdian language became obsolete due to the gradual influence and development of Middle Persian, which enjoyed the support of the Sassanid government, as well as the Turkish Language, which was invaded by Turkic -speaking tribes, and the course of its destruction from the fifth century, AH onwards, simultaneously with the spread of the Persian Language on the one hand and the Arabic and Turkish Languages on the other hand accelerated. (Zarshenas, 1378: 42). Today, the only surviving Sogdian dialect is Yaghnabi, spoken in the mountains of Tajikistan. (Oranski, 1378: 12) Sogdian Language is the most important Eastern Iranian Language in terms of variety and volume of writings and religious texts make up a large part of this writings material (Zarshenas, 1376: 89-112). Despite the fact that ancient Persian inscriptions mention the land of Sogd as a region with its own characteristics, there are no traces of the older form of the Sogdian language namely “Ancient Sogdian”. The Sogdian Language has preserved most of the older forms of the Persian Language compared to Middle Persian (Pahlavi). Research Questions: How Manichaean and, Buddhist, Christian religious orders are reflected in Sogdian texts? Was Sogdian a suitable Language for preserving and disseminating Manichaean and Buddhist Christian religious precepts? Hypotheses: 1- By studying and analyzing Sogdian texts, some Manichaean, Christian and Buddhist religious orders can be obtained. 2- Manichaean, Buddhist and Christian religious teachings are well reflected in Sogdian in term of linguistic commonality of their followers. Research Method: collection of information and data in this research has been done by descriptive-analytical method using book documents and library data. Therefore, the original texts in Sogdian language are not available in this article and only their translations are given.   Christianity More than two thousand years after the inauguration of Christianity, this monotheistic religion has spread to the east and west of the world with the efforts of Christion Missionary. A study of Sogdian Christion texts shows that the teachings of the Eastern Orthodox Church, such as Central Asia and Sogd along the Silk Road, about the symbols of confession and baptism were the same as the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church. Today, these symbols are held in ceremonies with Slight differences in Eastern and Western Christianity. Over time, some elements, such as prayers and devotions, have undergone changes in Christianity, both East and west. Of course, the components of public and private worship are not much different from each other except the glory and grandeur that is felt in group prayers. At the beginning of the emergence of Christianity, the confession was held in groups, but in Later preserving the dignity of individuals. The tradition of confession, in turn, reduced public crime in Christian society. The symbol of baptism has also evolved in both Eastern and Western Christianity. Yahya the Baptist confessed to people at his baptism, but in later times the baptism was performed separately and with little change and the confession was held individually and privately. The Lord’s Supper or the rite of thanksgiving is celebrated in all Christion denominations under the names of the Lord’s Supper, the baking of bread, the thanksgiving, and participation in the Jewish Passover night, or in the tradition of the Bible, the Last Supper .Followers of all three religions were able to establish their own religious symbols and places of worship and engage in activities such as translating their religious works from Syriac, Indian, Chinese and other Iranian Languages into Sogdian.   Conclusion Religion and Language seem to have been two inseparable factors. In ancient Iran, due to the multiplicity of religions and the freedom of people to convert to different religions, the existence of Languages has given them durability and consistency. Significant role in the continuation of religions such as, Zarathoshism, Christian, Buddhist and Manichaeism. Sogdian, which is one of the Middle Eastern Iranian Languages, has been important in expressing the religious teachings of Buddhist, Manichaean and Christian. The Sogdian Language has been able to add to the followers of these religions in different periods because it has been the commercial and cultural administrative Language. Iran’s location on the Silk Road and the spread of this Language caused merchants, in addition to the transfer of goods, culture and art between the East and the West, to propagate Manichaean, Christian, and Buddhist among the people of Central Asia and China .The texts discovered in the China’s Turfan, that contain the Manichaean, Buddhist and Christian religious precepts in the Sogdian Language and studied in this article show that the followers of these religions were able to teach their teaching in the Sogdian Language to other and preserve .during history.}, keywords = {: Religious Teachings,Christianity,Mani Ritual,Buddhism Sogdian Language}, title_fa = {بررسی دستورات دینی مسیحی، مانوی و بودایی برپایه ی چند متن سُغدی در ایران باستان}, abstract_fa = {زبان سُغدی، زبان مردمان سرزمین سُغد بوده است. مرکز سغد، سمرقند و مهم‌ترین شهر آن‌ها بخارا در جمهوری ازبکستان کنونی بوده است. زبان سغدی زبان اداری، تجاری و فرهنگی در دیگر نواحی مانند واحه‌ی تورفان در ترکستان شرقی بوده است. زبان سغدی به‌عنوان یکی از زبان‌های ایرانی در آسیای مرکزی در بیان و بازتاب دستورات و سنت‌های دینی برخی ادیان پیش‌ازاسلام کاربرد وسیعی داشته است. زبان سغدی از نظر تنوع و حجم ادبیات مهم‌ترین زبان ایرانی میانه‌ی شرقی است و از دیدگاه جغرافیایی و زبان‌شناختی، آثار مکتوب این زبان، که از نواحی نزدیک سمرقند تا یکی از برج‌های داخلی دیوار بزرگ چین و از مغولستان شمالی تا دره‌ی علیای رود سند در شمال پاکستان کشف شده، گستره‌ی جغرافیایی آن‌را در آسیای مرکزی و نفوذ فرهنگی این زبان را از قرن دوم تا سیزدهم میلادی نشان می‌دهد. بازرگانان هنردوست سغدی که بیشتر آن‌ها پیرو ادیان بودایی، مانوی و مسیحی بودند، افزون‌بر انتقال کالا و فرهنگ و هنر در میان جهان شرق و غرب (چین، ایران، هند و رُم) به تبلیغ ادیان بودایی، مانوی و مسیحی در میان اقوام آسیای مرکزی و چین نیز پرداختند. پرسش اصلی پژوهش حاضر این است که دستورات دینی مسیحی، مانوی و بودایی چگونه در متون سغدی انعکاس یافته‌اند؛ و چگونه می‌توان پنداشت زبان سغدی، زبان مناسبی برای حفظ و اشاعه‌ی آموزه‌های دینی مسیحی، مانوی و بودایی بوده است؟ فرضیه‌ی نوشتار حاضر این است که آموزه‌های دینی مسیحی، بودایی و مانوی به‌لحاظ اشتراک زبانی پیروان آن‌ها به‌خوبی در زبان سغدی منعکس شده‌اند. این پژوهش با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی براساس منابع، متون و مستندات کتابخانه‌ای انجام‌گرفته و برآیند تحقیق نشانگر آن است که نماد اعتراف به گناهان و طلب آمرزش در سنت دینی پیروان بودا در زبان سغدی تقریباً به‌همان شکل اولیه، ولی با ادبیاتی جدید به دین‌آوران عرضه شده است. متون مانوی بیانگر آن است که آموزه‌های دو بُنی مانویت به‌خوبی ساختار اصلی خویش را در فرهنگ و زبان سغدی حفظ کرده است و متون سغدی مسیحی نشانگر آن است که آئین اعتراف در آغاز پیدایش مسیحیت به‌صورت گروهی، ولی در ادوار بعد به‌صورت شخصی و در خفا انجام گرفت و نماد عشاء ربانی یا آیین سپاسگزاری در تمامی فرقه‌های مسیحیت به سنت کتاب مقدس، شام آخر برگزار می‌شود.}, keywords_fa = {آموزه های دینی,مسیحیت,آئین مانی,آئین بودا,زبان سغدی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3522.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3522_d7a9fd8da37cf0181fb4a827d120d087.pdf} } @article { author = {Amirhajloo, Saeed and Sedighian, Hossein}, title = {Archaeological Research on Islamic Pottery from Qal´eh Sang, Old Sirjan (Kerman Province, Iran)}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {155-180}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.18449.1896}, abstract = {Sirjan was one of five districts in Kerman province during the Islamic periods. According to archaeological research and historical written sources the location of the city changed several times. At the time from the 6th to 9th century AH (12th to 15th century AD) the city of Sirjan was located at the site called Qal´eh Sang. During the first season of archaeological survey and excavation besides the identification and discovery of architectural remains, a big variety of different types of Islamic ceramics was found in large quantities which suits for further specialized studies. Questions arising on the ceramics are concerning the variation of ceramic decorations, the dating of the objects as well as the characteristics of local production at Qal´eh Sang. To answer these questions a descriptive-analytical approach is applied on data from archaeological fieldwork activities. The goal of these analyses is to give answers about the relative chronology, the role of Qal´eh Sang on cultural interactions with other regions, the zenith and descent of Qal´eh Sang on base of documented pottery finds in comparison with historical written sources as well as on the local pottery production during early Islamic times. At Qal´eh Sang many ceramic shards dating from Middle Elamite to Qajar period were documented, but the majority belongs to the time from the 6th to 9th century AH (12th to 15th century AD). These ones show similarity to pottery finds from Jiroft, Ghubayra, Kashan, Rey, Farahan, Gorgan, Neyshabour, Belgheys near Esfarayen, several sites on the Northern coast of the Persian Gulf as well as Al-Mataf, Kush and Al-Huleylah in Ras Al-Khaimah (U.A.E). Some pieces seems also to be imported from Azerbaijan and Afghanistan or f.e. from China during the Yuan and Ming dynasty as evidenced by fragments of blue and white ware and Celadon. In general, the investigation of the ceramic finds from Qal´eh Sang can be used as a good indicator for the developments of trade contacts with centres along the coasts of the Persian Gulf. Trading contacts between the Persian Gulf and Sirjan have been an important economical branch for the exchange of goods with Central Iran and is also an indicator for the imminent influence on the development of the Southern cities. Keywords: Old City of Sirjan, Qal´eh Sang, Pottery Typology, Islamic Periods, Archaeology of Southern Iran.   Introduction The old city of Sirjan counted at the time from the early Islamic period until the 4th century AH (10th century AD) and from the 6th century AH (12th century AD) until Qajar Period (19th century AD) to the major important sites of economic trade in Southern Iran. Until the 4th century AH it was also the capital of Kerman province (Ebn-e Khordadbeh, 1991: 38-40; al-Maqdisi, 2006: 681; Ebn-e Hawqal, 1987: 73). With the choice of city of Kerman as provincial capital during the time from the 4th until 6th century AH (10th and 12th century AD) the main route changed also via Sirjan to “Hormoz-Jiroft-Kerman-Yazd-Central Iran” (Amirhajloo, 2015b: 185). But socio-political developments during the 6th and 7th century AH (12th and 13th century AD) and the turmoil and rising insecurities at Jiroft in the 7th century AH (13th century AD) made it necessary that the main routes crossed Sirjan instead of Jiroft (ibid: 190). The growth of the cities and villages in the Sirjan plain were connected to this main route as well as to the city of Sirjan and the settlements on its periphery were highly interconnected to the trade in Southern Iran and the coastal areas of the Persian Gulf. According to archaeological research and historical written sources Sirjan´s location changed several times during Islamic periods. Archaeological excavations which were conducted in 1970 and assessments of relative dating on surface pottery finds showed that at the Early Islamic period the site of Sirjan was located at the site of Qal´eh Kafar, about 10 km southeast to the modern town of Sirjan (Morgan & Leatherby 1987). From the 6th century AH (12th century AD) onwards the site was re-established at Qal´eh Sang, about 2 km to the West of Qal´eh Kafar. By that reason at Qal´eh Kafar pottery is exclusively attested until the 6th century AH (12th century AD), like at Qal´eh Sang from the 6th to the 9th century AH (12th to 15th century AD) (Amirhajloo, 2015a). Likewise from this point in time there are first mentioning of Sirjan at the site of Qal´eh Sang (Afzal al-Din Kermani, 1947: 426; Monshi Kermani, 1949: 84-85; Hamdallah Mustawfi, 2009: 201; Sovar al-Aqalim, 1974: 55). Before that there is no historical record about Qal´eh Sang or the existence of a white limestone outcrop inside of Sirjan. Research demand and purpose: Considering that Qal´eh Sang, the second location of the old city of Sirjan, was neglected by archaeological research until recent times and there was a lack of knowledge about the settlement and its cultural material, intensive research on the ceramic finds will provide new data about the developments of the city, its contacts with contemporary neighbouring and distant regions as well as about the local pottery production. The actual purposes of this contribution is to gain more data about typology, relative dating of ceramic finds and to enlarge the knowledge about the quantity and quality of local produced pottery during the Islamic periods from the 6th to 9th century AH (12th to 15th century AD). Questions: What is the variation of ceramic decorations at Qal´eh Sang and which period they are dating too? When was the zenith and descent of local pottery production at Qal´eh Sang and what are their characteristics?   Geographical characteristics and archaeological evidence of Qal´eh Sang Qal´eh Sang is located on the Western fringes of Ezatabad village to the West of Old Sirjan in a distance of about eight km to the modern city of Sirjan. Its precise geographical coordinates are 55°45ʹ34˝ to 55°46ʹ2˝ E and 29°21ʹ49˝ to 29°22ʹ8˝ N and it is situated about 1745 m.a.s.l. (Map 1). This site is the second place where Sirjan was located during the Islamic times. In central position of the site a natural white-coloured limestone outcrop is situated which is the most prominent height in the Sirjan plain. Its natural shape comes with the best characteristics for the separation of the ruler´s headquarter and the popular dwelling area (Figure 1-3). The ruler´s palace and the military garrison (”Kohandezh”) were located on top and the slopes of the limestone outcrop and adjacent the downtown dwelling areas (”Sharestan”), two mud brick enclosures, towers as well as the “Rabaz” for livestock barns and agricultural areas in the periphery. Qal´eh Sang with the two mud brick enclosures is given an extent of about 30ha. But in addition with the peripheral area it has an extent of more than 85ha. The total length of the enclosing walls outside of Qal´eh Sang is about 1950 m. The south-eastern part of the enclosing wall is characterized by its bigger height and thickness and the used mud bricks are of bigger dimensions. It also seems like that these parts are the earliest. Further, 49 towers were able to identify along the wall. The most prominent in situ context at Qal´eh Sang is the stone Minbar made of white marble stone which Thuluth inscription on its body mentioning the date 789 AH (Varjavand, 1972: 112). According to the characterization and inscription on the Minbar´s body it seems like the objects remained unfinished (Amirhajloo, 2015a: 28).  P. G. Sykes identified the date 410 AH in the inscription on the top of limestone outcrop (Sykes, 1957: 427). During recent archaeological activities at Qal´eh Sang a stonecutting workshop as well as a bathhouse with an extent of approximately 180 m2 were discovered (Amirhajloo, 2015a).   Conclusion The ceramic found at Qal´eh Sang can be subdivided in four primary groups: “plain without glaze”, decorated without glaze”, “monochrome glazed” and “polychrome glazed”. The decorations on decorated samples without glaze are including patterns that are incised, imprinted, applied or relief, stamped, moulded, reticulated and double shell. Plain monochrome glazed wares comes with clayey, frit or porcelain paste and white, light to dark turquoise, light to dark green, azure, thistle and light to dark brown colours. Some of the decorated monochrome glazed examples have a clay paste and white to turquoise, light to dark green glaze colours with moulded patterns and applied rope pattern under glaze. But often monochrome glazed examples are coming with a frit paste and glazes of turquoise colouration with moulded decoration patterns. Likewise samples of decorated Celadon wares including variations from light green on white, dark green, light green or olive and light green to yellow colours with incised, grooved and stamped or moulded fish or poeny-floral decoration motifs.}, keywords = {Old city of Sirjan,Qal´eh Sang,Pottery Typology,Islamic periods,Archaeology of Southern Iran}, title_fa = {مطالعه باستان‌شناختی سفال های دوران اسلامیِ محوطه قلعه سنگ؛ شهر قدیم سیرجان}, abstract_fa = {سیرجان یکی از پنج ولایت کرمان در دوران اسلامی بود و برپایه‌ی بررسی‌های باستان‌شناسی و منابع تاریخی، چندین‌بار جابه‌جایی داشته است. این شهر، از سده‌های ششم تا نهم هجری‌قمری در محوطه‌ی قلعه‌سنگ گسترش یافت. در فصل اول کاوش و بررسی باستان‌شناسی نگارندگان در قلعه‌سنگ علاوه‌بر شناسایی آثار معماری و دیگر یافته‌ها، گونه‌های مختلفی از سفال‌ دوران اسلامی به‌دست آمد که از نظر کمیّت و تنوع، از ارزش‌های مطالعاتی بالایی برخوردارند. پرسش‌هایی که در این پژوهش قابل طرح است عبارتنداز: تنوع تزئینی سفال‌های اسلامی قلعه‌سنگ چگونه است و این آثار به چه دوره‌هایی تعلق دارند؟ فراز و فرود صنعت سفال‌گری و ویژگی تولیدات محلّی در قلعه‌سنگ چگونه است؟ روش گردآوری داده‌ها «اسنادی-میدانی» و روش پژوهش «توصیفی-تحلیلی» است. تحلیل‌ها با هدف گاهنگاری نسبی، تبیین برهم‌کنش‌های فرهنگی با نواحی دیگر، تبیین اوج و فرود حیات در قلعه‌سنگ براساس داده‌های سفالی و تطبیق با منابع مکتوب و تبیین تولیدات محلّی در قلعه‌سنگ صورت گرفته است. برپایه‌ی نتایج، گونه‌هایی از سفال عیلام میانه تا دوره‌ی قاجار در محوطه‌ی قلعه‌سنگ توزیع شده، اما اغلب قطعات به سده‌های ششم تا نهم هجری‌قمری تعلّق دارند. این نمونه‌ها با جیرفت، غبیرا، کاشان، ری، فراهان، جرجان، نیشابور، بلقیس اسفراین، محوطه‌های شمال خلیج‌فارس، المتاف، کوش و الهولیلاه در رأس‌الخیمه‌ی امارات قابل‌مقایسه هستند؛ برخی قطعات نیز احتمالاً از آذربایجان و افغانستان و نمونه‌های سلادن و برخی قطعات آبی و سفید احتمالاً از چین وارد شده‌اند و اغلب به دور‌ه‌ی یُوان و شمار اندکی به دوره‌ی مینگ تعلّق دارند. به‌طور کلّی، مطالعه‌ی سفال قلعه‌سنگ نشان‌دهنده‌ی توسعه‌ی تجارت با مراکز شهری حاشیه‌ی خلیج‌فارس است؛ چنان‌که ارتباط تجاری خلیج‌فارس-سیرجان بخشی از شبکه‌ی اقتصادی جنوب تا فلات‌مرکزی ایران بود و در توسعه‌ی شهرهای جنوبی تأثیر داشت. }, keywords_fa = {شهر قدیم سیرجان,قلعه‌سنگ,گونه‌شناسی سفال,دوران اسلامی,باستان‌شناسی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3523.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3523_c84ee1181b704518724ab41f01170864.pdf} } @article { author = {zaree, mohammad ebrahim}, title = {Investigating and Analyzing the Historical Life of the City in Dargazin During the Islamic Period (Based on Historical Documents and Archaeological Excavations)}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {181-206}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.21961.2161}, abstract = {Dargazin or in other words Darjazin city, one of the important areas of Hamadan province in Razan city, be longs to the Islamic era. (from the Seljuk period to the end of the Safavid era). This area has been of special importance throughout history due to its location in one of the entrance gates of the Hamadan province. .The present study is based on the analytical-historical method based on archaeological field data and written library documents .Due to the importance of Dargazin some documentary information about the architecture and cultural monuments of city, this city the necessity of purposeful study of archeology was required .Therefore, the archeological excavations of this area were carried out in 1391 to analyze the developments of the Islamic period in this area and to recognize  the cultural, artistic and social achievements of Dargazin  city with the objectives and answers to the main question ahead ..Due  to the appropriate geographical location and strategic conditions in the region and the location of the this area between the residential and governmental centers of the western and eastern plains of different Islamic periods of Iran such as Zanjan plain, Qazvin in the northwest, Saveh and Rey in the northeast and Kermanshah and Hamadan in the western regions and also according to the Islamic cultural periods of that emergence and historical life in Darjazin, what effect has it had on the historical and political survival of different Seljuk to Safavid periods? The city of Dargazin has played an important role in some periods of history, so that sometimes the grandeur and description of the castle and the situation of the city have been compared with a logic like Diyarbakr in Iraq .During the Seljuk period ministers from this region relied on the ministry and were able to play a role in Iran’s history.It seems that   the  presence of these people in the administrative apparatus has been effective in development of this region since the Seljuk period on the basis of historical evidence and texts. (writings: Ibn Hawql, Muqaddasi, Shirvani and…). According to historical and geographical texts, these factors have made Dargazin play a more important role in the Ottoman and Safavid conflicts during the Safavid period, (the first half of the tenth century AH) because it has made it easier to capture the Hamadan region by occupying Dargazin, for example, Shah Ismail Safavid retreated to Hamadan’s Dargazin in the battle of Chaldoran to regain his strength .The reason for this claim was the capture of Dargazin castle during the Ottoman invasion of west of Iran by drawing three painting of this city. These paintings and examples of existing work and excavations can guide us to continue to know more accurately. Keywords: Dargazin, Written Sources, Explore, Archaeological Findings, Architecture, Pottery.   Introduction Razan plain in the northernmost point of Hamadan on the northern borders is adjacent to Qazvin and Zanjan plains...This part of Hamadan province has a special location and strategic position and is considered as a communication route between the center of the plateau of Iran and central Zagros and the southern part of the center of the plateau today. Dargazin city has been on this route in different Islamic periods and this city can be considered as one of the important areas of Hamadan province. The region, as a link between the important points such as Zanjan, Hamadan, Qazvin, Golpayegan and Isfahan, has been considered by the rulers of the Seljuk to Safavid periods. On the other hand, the presence of the name Darjazin in the written Islamic sources, the surviving paintings and rich cultural works confirm this claim. (such as pottery, metal works, tombstones and…). Research Questions and Hypotheses:  The present study aims to answer the following questions; due to the appropriate geographical location and strategic conditions in the region and the location of this area between the residential and governmental centers of the western and eastern plains of different Islamic periods of Iran such as Zanjan plain, Qazvin, Ray in the eastern regions and Kermanshah and Hamadan in the western regions and with considering its cultural periods, what effect has the emergence and historical life in Dargazin had on the historical and political life and survival of different Seljuk to Safavid periods? The hypotheses that can be made are: suitable geographical location and strategic conditions and proximity to residential and governmental centers of northeastern plains such as Zanjan and Qazvin plains have been among the important factors in the formation and prosperity of Dargazin in north of Hamadan. Considering the size of this area and also the existing structures such as Azhar Shrine (Immamzade) and its cemetery, it may be possible to determine the urban structure of the Islamic period from the Middle Ages to the late Safavid period. Based on the collected topographic maps and its correspondence with the surviving paintings, it seems that the city of Dargazin had a regular.  structure with a circular map. The structure of residential space in Dargazin area has followed a special pattern in orientation. Based on the cultural materials obtained from Dargazin, it seems that the mentioned area contains all the cultural sequences of Islamic periods and has reached its peak of prosperity in the Savafid period.   Dargazin Archaeological Studies An ancient site of Dargazin, whit an area of more than 40 hectares today occupies a large area adjacent to the residential context and urban and rural facilities. Intrusion and seizures made on the surface and periphery of the area have created irregularities in the form of irregular ups and downs. However, due to the topography of the area, the distribution of material debris on the surface, as well as the available evidence, the area can be partially reconstructed. The eastern half of the area is less changed and has a more stable situation. The surface of this part of area is cultivated by farmers. But the western and northern half the area has been severely damaged due to its proximity to residential area and farms. Another complication on the surface of the area is the dried bed of the river that has passed through the northern half of the area and separated the northern of the area from the main texture. At present, this route locates between the cemetery and the building of Imamzadeh Azhar in the northwest and the main texture of the area in the south and east. In the study and archaeological excavation of Dargazin in the first stage of studies to facilitate better understanding of the results obtained from archaeological excavations, the area and all features on the surface and its perimeter with a Total Station camera mapped and the map in squares 10×10 meters was networked (Map 2). The created trenches are arranged from east to west in the squares in front respectively: eastern trench with dimension of 10×10 square meters T. Bg 82. The southeast trenches are located in Bf 82 square with dimensions of 5×5 meters. The western trench with dimensions of 10×15 meters (north—south side 15 meters and east–west side 10 meters) from the northwest, northeast, southwest, and southeast corners T. Bd80, T. B 80, T. Bd81, T. Be81are located in squares. In total, 4 trenches were excavated in this chapter to identify the artifacts (Picture 4).   Conclusion In the archaeological division of Iran, what we call the archeology of the Islamic period has not received much attention from archaeologists. Although many site and artifacts related to the Islamic period have been identified and studied in archaeological studies, the information obtained from these studies has not been very significant. Archaeological excavations using written, source texts as well as other available information such as drawings and prepared from different periods can provide significant information. The city of Dargazin is one of such sites that has provided valuable data using written sources and archeological findings. According to written sources and archeological findings Dargazin city   was one of the prosperous areas from the eighth century to the Afshari period. With an area of more than 40 hectares, this place is one of the most important social centers of the Middle Ages and Islamic period .According to the data, the area included the tomb called “Imamzadeh Azhar”, a large cemetery, public places, the ruling mansion, the bazaar, residential houses and castles and city towers .The purpose of the excavation was to reach the mentioned buildings, but as a result of the first archaeological excavation of this chapter in Dargazin area, only a part of two residential units was identified .Both units are based on Ron Isfahan in the northwest -southwest direction .Both units have square and rectangular plan .The units have multiple spaces with different uses. The spaces of each unit are formed between the main enclosing walls and the dividing walls separate each space from the other. Plan are introverted and centrally formed. The whole surface is well used and there is no waste space in any of the unit. The units are completely independent and separate from each other and their privacy is respected. The main and exterior walls of each unit are mainly made of Chineh and the sub-partition walls of the spaces are made entirely of raw clay and plaster. Gypsum has been widely used as a counting material. The surface of the walls are mostly plastered and sometimes used as mortar in the roof covering. The use of space is somewhat clear based on the structure and materials within them. The building unit’s facilities.}, keywords = {Dargazin,Written Sources,Explore,Archaeological Findings,Architecture,Pottery}, title_fa = {بررسی و تحلیل حیات تاریخی شهر درگزین در دوران اسلامی (براساس مستندات تاریخی و کاوش‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌‌های باستان‌شناسی)}, abstract_fa = {درگزین یا به‌عبارتی «شهر درجزین»، یکی از محوطه‌های مهم استان همدان در شهرستان رزن، متعلق به دوران اسلامی (از دوره‌ی سلجوقی تا پایان عصر صفوی) است. این منطقه به‌دلیل قرارگیری در یکی از دروازه‌های ورودی استان همدان، در طول تاریخ از اهمیت ویژه‌ای برخوردار بوده است. پژوهش حاضر براساس شیوه‌ی تاریخی-تحلیلی و مبتنی‌بر داده‌های میدانی باستان‌شناسی و اسناد و مدارک مکتوب کتابخانه‌ای انجام شده است. با توجه به اهمیت درگزین، وجود برخی اطلاعات مستند از معماری و آثار فرهنگی این شهر، ضرورت مطالعه‌ی هدفمند باستان‌شناسی را طلب می‌نمود؛ بنابراین کاوش باستان‌شناسی این محوطه‌ در سال 1391 ه‍.ش. برای واکاوی تحولات دوران اسلامی این ناحیه و شناخت دستاوردهای فرهنگی، هنری و اجتماعی شهر درگزین با اهداف و پاسخ به پرسش اصلی پیش‌رو انجام پذیرفت: باتوجه به موقعیت جغرافیایی مناسب و شرایط استراتژیکی درجزین و قرارگیری این ناحیه در حدفاصل مراکز سکونتی و حکومتی دشت‌های غربی و شرقی دوران مختلف اسلامی ایران، مانند: دشت زنجان، قزوین در ناحیه‌ی شمال‌غربی، ساوه و ری در نواحی شمال‌شرقی، و کرمانشاه و همدان در نواحی غربی و نیز با توجه به دوره‌های فرهنگی اسلامی آن، ظهور و حیات تاریخی درجزین چه تأثیری بر حیات و بقاء تاریخی و سیاسی ادوار مختلف سلجوقی تا صفوی را برعهده داشته است؟ شهر درگزین در مقاطعی از تاریخ، نقش با اهمیتی داشته است؛ به‌طوری‌که گاهی عظمت و شرح قلعه و اوضاع شهر با مناطقی مانند دیاربکر (در عراق) قیاس شده است. در دوره‌ی سلجوقی وزیرانی از این ناحیه بر منصب وزارت تکیه‌زده و توانسته‌اند در تاریخ ایران نقش‌آفرینی نمایند. به‌نظر می‌رسد که حضور این افراد در دستگاه اداری بر توسعه‌ی این منطقه از دوره‌ی سلجوقی به‌بعد براساس شواهد و متون تاریخی مؤثر واقع شده است. با استناد به متون تاریخی و جغرافیایی، این عوامل موجب شده تا درگزین در دوره‌ی صفوی نقش مهم‌تری در درگیری‌های عثمانی و صفوی (نیمگاه اول قرن 10 ه‍.ق.) ایفا نماید؛ چون تصرف منطقه‌ی همدان با تصرف درگزین ساده‌تر می‌نموده است؛ برای نمونه، «شاه اسماعیل صفوی» در جنگ چالدران برای تجدید قوای خود به درگزین همدان عقب‌نشینی کرد. دلایل این مدعا، دست‌به‌دست شدن قلعه‌ی درگزین در هنگام یورش قوای عثمانی به غرب ایران با ترسیم سه نقاشی از این شهر بوده است. این نقاشی‌ها و نمونه‌های آثار موجود و یافته‌های کاوش می‌تواند برای ادامه شناخت دقیق‌تر ماهیت درجزین رهنمون نماید.}, keywords_fa = {درگزین,منابع مکتوب,کاوش,یافته های باستان شناختی,معماری,سفال}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3524.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3524_efefde0e12429fba33ad83af8f4b0f91.pdf} } @article { author = {bayramzadeh, reza and hassanzadeh, seyedhossein}, title = {New Findings on Shah Ismail’s Royal Garden and Shams-e-Tabrizi Minarets in Khoy Based on the Historical Sources, Architectural Remains and Osteological Studies}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {207-223}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.20537.2045}, abstract = {Geographical and political position of Khoy, one of the most ancient and eventful cities in the northwest of Iran, has brought this city to be considered important by the kings and local rulers. Moreover, on account of having suitable climate and fertile soil, Khoy has been appropriate for constructing governmental and private gardens, including Shah Ismail Safavid Royal Garden and its nearby places, documents of which have been cited in the historical sources. The research method was based on the collection of documents, maps and historical resources and their correspondence with the findings of field and library studies. In the first stage, the location of Khoy in historical times from Safavid period to present day is restored based on existing maps. Then architectural features and the recovery of different parts of Royal Garden and its nearby spaces including Maydan-e-Shahi (Shahi Square) and Shams-e- Tabrizi Minarets were noted. The core of this study focuses on correspondence between features of these spaces with documents, maps and historical resources, including Metraqchi’s miniature, Francesco Romano’s travelogue, Pascal Cost’s drawing map and extraction of new findings. It has been attempted to determine the plans and the positions of Royal Garden Buildings, Maydan-e-Shahi, and Shams-e-Tabrizi mausoleum in the current city through graphical reconstruction and corresponding with existing maps. In addition, according to James Morier’s report and painting, and Field and Library Studies, architectural features of Shams-e- Tabrizi Minaret and osteology of the skulls used in it were examined and the way of planting the skulls and biometric features were determined. These findings corrected some existing historical reports. Overall findings of this study provide a clear image of the relocation of Khoy in the last 500 years, position of Royal Garden, architecture of Safavid governmental palace and features of Shams-e- Tabrizi Minarets in early Safavid period. Keywords: Shah Ismail, Royal Garden, Shams-e- Tabrizi Minaret, Metraqchi, Khoy   Introduction Historical Safavid royal gardens in Iran are like paintings that harmonize and display the blend of pristine nature with art and architecture. One of the royal gardens which has been entered the historical sources belongs to Shah Ismail Safavid I in Khoy which includes the Dawlatkhaneh (House of Government) and the Bagh-e-Shahi (King’s Garden). After the Battle of Chaldran, Shah Ismail did not take part in any war. He spent his time with royal pleasure, including Chawgan (polo), Qabaq- Andazi (archery), feast and hunting instead (Alemi, 2008, 48). After his accession in 907 AH, he chose Khoy as his winter residence, attempted to reclaim the lands of this city and settled his palace next to tomb of Shams Tabrizi which was around Maydan-e-Shahi (King’s  Square) (Riahi, 1999, 28-29). Objectives and Necessity of the Research: There have not been researches about the Shah Ismail Safavid Royal Garden (including Dawlatkhaneh and Bagh-e- Shahi) and its surrounding spaces including Maydan-e-Shahi and Shams Tabrizi Minarets. In this research which may have been called the first serious study in this field, the so-called subject has been tried to be investigated through gathering and editing existing documents and resources and to be matched with natural elements, existing facts and remaining evidences. Also relying on historical documents and available evidences, architectural structure of Shams Tabrizi Minaret and particularly osteology of the skulls and their arrangement were examined. At the moment, the Minaret has gained both scientific and functional significance. First, this is the only minaret of head in its kind all over the country which has been remained. On the other hand, in the documents of last 500 years most of the references to Shams Tabrizi tomb have been made through referring to this Minaret. Therefore, architectural features of this Minaret must be specifically studied and the necessary background for the scientific restoration ought to be provided. Questions of the Research: 1. what are the characteristics of the Royal Garden, House of Government of Shah Ismail (Dawlatkhaneh) and King’s Square (Maydan-e-Shahi)? 2. Where do they locate in the past and present urban space?  3. What are the architectural and osteological features of Shams Tabrizi Minaret? Method of the research: Historical-analytical method has been chosen for this research and data have been collected through field and study methods.   Analysis of Documents, Evidences and Data To analyze the content of Metraqchi’s miniature (Alemi, 2006, 64) the pattern of historical semiotics and semantics has been applied to match them with natural elements, facts and other available evidences. The steps of examining historical documentation including, identification of represented traditional architectural elements in the miniature as a historical evidence, exactitude in distinguishing painting as a school of art and the features of the paintings depicted in the Metraqchi’s book, matching architectural spaces of Metraqchi’s miniature in comparison with other paintings of the cities in the same book and matching urban maps of Khoy in different periods. The data in Venetian merchant’s travelogue (Barbaro, 1873, 165) and Pascal Coste’s drawing map (Alemi, 2006, 65) has been used for computer simulation of the Royal Garden. In a follow up the method of planting the skulls in the wall of the minaret was evaluated through field observations and necessary measurements and the collected data was been analyzed. Osteological studies were carried out to determine the characteristics of the skulls applied in the wall of the Minaret and their age, sex, species and some of their biometric features were researched. Identified Traces: The findings of this study determined the position of the royal garden of Shah Ismail, Bazaar, Shahi Square, Tomb and Shams Tabrizi minarets in the Safavid castle in comparison with the Qajar period and the present city. Osteological studies of the skulls applied in the wall of Shams Tabrizi Minaret showed that unlike many historical reports of travelogues which have attributed the applied skulls to wild goat, deer and gazelle, all of them belong to the species of Orientals (wild sheep, Ovis orientalis). The way the skulls were planted and arranged in the wall of the minaret was a muzzle downward and a muzzle upward in any row. Field studies of remained minaret showed that the skulls are embedded in 28 columns and 30 rows and with this account about 840 head of ram are used in every Minaret hereby reports of 15 to 30 thousand head cited in some historical sources have been corrected. Findings from James Morier’s travelogue and painting also showed that the second minaret was approximately five to six meters north of the existing minaret and was deviated from the vertical axis to the north   Conclusion The present study tracked the locations of the royal garden of Shah Ismail, Bazaar, Shahi Square, the tomb and the triple minarets of Shams-e-Tabrizi in the castle of the Safavid period in comparison with Qajar period and the contemporary era. These studies show that Shah Ismail’s Dawlatkhaneh, like other historical gardens of the Safavid period, had distinct sections. Therefore, efforts were made to create a single structure through the symmetrical sections based on its geographical location, enabling the usage of the gardens and mansions. Osteological studies of the skulls used in the Shams-e-Tabrizi minarets indicated that, contrary to historical reports of many travelogues which attributed the skulls to ibex (wild goats), gazelle and deer, all of the skulls belong to the Ovis orientalis (mouflon, wild sheep). There was no significant difference between them in terms of appearance and anatomy. Accordingly, the skulls are arranged in a row within the walls of the minaret, highlighting the muzzle upward and muzzle downward configuration. Field studies show the skulls are placed in 28 vertical columns with 30 skulls on average. The density of the skulls used in the saucer-shaped section has made it difficult for the total number of skulls used in each column to be fully matched. Moreover, about 840 mouflons were hunted and used in each minaret. In addition, a total of about 2, 520 mouflons were used to build the three primary minarets. Nevertheless, previous studies reported that 15000 to 30000 wild mouflons were hunted in order to build these structures. Biometric characteristics of skulls and horns were thoroughly investigated in this study. According to James Morier’s travelogue, the second minaret was at a distance of approximately five to six meters away from the present minaret, located in the north of present minaret. Moreover, it was inclined to the north. The studies on the architecture of the existing minaret would pave the ground to repair and renovate the structure. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the minaret and eliminate its distortion using natural mouflon skulls or molding with synthetic materials. Moreover, it is possible to reconstruct the façade, which was decorated with the skulls of hundreds of mouflons. Therefore, researchers and tourists would know how it looked like 500 years ago.}, keywords = {Shah Ismail,Royal Garden,Shams-e- Tabrizi Minaret,Metraqchi,Khoy}, title_fa = {نویافته‌هایی پیرامون باغ سلطنتی شاه‌اسماعیل صفوی و مناره‌های شمس تبریزی در خوی بر اساس منابع تاریخی، بقایای معماری و مطالعات استخوان‌شناسی}, abstract_fa = {موقعیت جغرافیایی و سیاسی «خوی» به‌عنوان یکی از کهن‌ترین و پرحادثه‌ترین شهرهای شمال‌غرب ایران موجب شده است که از دیرباز مورد توجه شاهان و حکمرانان محلی قرار گرفته و به‌دلیل داشتن آب و هوای مناسب و خاک حاصل‌خیز، مستعد احداث باغ‌های مختلف حکومتی و مردمی باشد. از جمله‌ی این باغ‌ها می‌توان به «باغ سلطنتی شاه‌اسماعیل صفوی» اشاره کرد که مستنداتی از این باغ و اماکن پیرامون آن به منابع تاریخی راه‌یافته است. روش تحقیق برمبنای جمع‌آوری اسناد، نقشه‌ها و منابع تاریخی و مطابقت آن‌ها با یافته‌های حاصل از مطالعات میدانی و کتابخانه‌ای بوده است. در این مطالعه، نخست محل قرارگیری شهر خوی در ادوار تاریخی از صفویه تا عصر حاضر به استناد نقشه‌های موجود بازیابی شد؛ سپس ویژگی‌های معماری و بازیابی بخش‌های مختلف باغ سلطنتی و فضاهای مجاور آن، ازجمله میدان شاهی و «مناره‌های شمس تبریزی» مورد توجه قرار گرفت. تمرکز اصلی این مطالعات بر مطابقت مشخصات این فضاها با اسناد، نقشه‌ها و منابع تاریخی ازجمله مینیاتور «نصوحی-السلاحی مطراق‌چی»، سفرنامه‌ی فرانسیسکو رومانو و نقشه‌ی ترسیمی «پاسکال کُست» و استخراج یافته‌های جدید بوده است؛ همچنین تلاش شده است با بازسازی تصویری و تطبیق با نقشه‌های موجود، پلان‌ها و موقعیت‌ مجموعه‌ی «باغ سلطنتی»، «میدان شاهی» و آرامگاه «شمس تبریزی» در شهرِ امروزی مشخص شود. درنهایت، با استناد به گزارش و نگاره‌ی «جیمز موریه» و مطالعات میدانی و کتابخانه‌ای، ویژگی‌‌های معماری مناره‌ی شمس تبریزی و استخوان‌شناسی جمجمه‌های به‌کار رفته در آن مورد بررسی قرار گرفت و نحوه‌ی کارگذاری جمجمه‌ها و مشخصات بیومتریک آن‌ها تعیین شد. یافته‌های این پژوهش موجب اصلاح برخی گزارش‌های تاریخی موجود در این زمینه شد. درمجموع یافته‌های این مطالعه، تصویر واضح‌تری از جابه‌جایی شهر خوی در پانصد سال اخیر، موقعیت باغ سلطنتی، معماری «دولتخانه‌ی صفوی» و مشخصات مناره‌های شمس تبریزی در شهر خوی در اوایل دوره‌ی صفوی به‌دست می‌دهد.}, keywords_fa = {شاه‌اسماعیل,باغ سلطنتی,مناره‌ی شمس تبریزی,مطراق‌چی,خوی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3546.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3546_945f9233bab0e35924677baa18c9c375.pdf} } @article { author = {Hajisayyedjavadi, Sayyed Mohsen and Fahimifar, Asghar and hamzavi, yaser}, title = {Study and Recognition of Mineral Matter of Pastiglia Layer and Gliding of Safavid Period in Qazvin Chehelsotoun}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {225-240}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.20259.2027}, abstract = {The wall paintings of Qazvin Chehelsotoun Mansion include two periods in the early Safavid period and one period in the Qajar period. This topic has received little attention in the field of structural studies and stylistics. Investigating these decorations in order to understand the evolution of this art and considering the temporal precedence over other murals in the Safavid period seems necessary. (Especially in Isfahan) The main question of this research is to identify the structure and examine the differences and similarities between the techniques of layering and gilding in different layers related to the Safavid era in this monument. The research hypothesis is based on the similarity of materials and techniques used in the two short and successive time periods. The purpose of the study is to identify possible differences in the structure of the materials and techniques of layering and gilding in these two eras of the Chehelsotoun monument. For the reasons mentioned above, the western part of the south corridor and the motif patterns associated with these two periods were selected.  Dental instruments were used for sampling to the depth of the plaster bed layer.    After microscopic examination and coding of the samples, two specimens were selected to study the motif layers of both periods from the upper to the lower substrate. To identify the elements and ingredients of these motifs, the microscopic images were examined by SEM-EDX microscope. In order to identify and detect the composition of materials in different phases, different decorative and gilding layers (gold layer, red soil layer and plaster substrate) were examined by XRD imaging. The results of this research show that the techniques of layering and gilding are identical in these two periods. There is only a slight difference in the purity of the gold and plaster substrates used during these periods.  The gold used in the first period has metallic impurities and its gypsum substrate contains the anhydrite phase which is not seen in the second period. The results can be useful in studying the art of mural painting. These findings can be used for further studies regarding the recognition of clamps and preservatives material used in building decoration. Keywords: SEM-EDS, XRD, Pastiglia, Gilding, Qazvin Chehelsotoun.   Introduction The city of Qazvin is located in the northern part of Iran and west of its capital. Qazvin has been the capital city of Iran for more than half a century in the Safavid era. Today only a few important monuments of that era remained. That is why they all need special attention to identify, maintain and introduce.   Among these monuments, the Chehelsotoun mansion is very important because of the remaining of the early Safavid murals.  For this reason, this monument and its decorations require extensive research (Figure 1). Wall paintings are among the decorative arts used in architecture that incorporate any type of paintings with layers of color.  Based on the quality of the work, this art consists of at least two layers, including of support (architectural structure) and color layer (motifs) and can extended up to six layers.   These layers are: supporter, primer layer, bedding layer, canvas painting layer, color layer and protective or varnish layer (Hamzavi, 2016). Wall decorations of Qazvin Chehelsotoun mansion have been created in three time periods. These include two periods in the early Safavid kingdom and one in the Qajar period. (Probably during the reign of Saad al-Saltanah) Many scholars believe that the first layer of wall paintings and ornaments of the Chehelsotoun was built during the reign of Shah Tahmasb Safavid. (Mashrouteh, 2012: 75;  Monshi e Qomi, 1987) The second layer of these decorations seems to be from the time of Shah Abbas Safavi. (Parhizgari, 2012: 489). The question of this study is to identify and investigate the differences and similarities between the layered arrays and the gilding of the Safavid era and The hypothesis of this study is that, the techniques of work execution in these two periods are similar. Of course, differences in the style of the mural of these two periods can be seen due to the change in artists and their styles.  These differences can be identified by studying the style of the murals.  The purpose of this study is not to investigate the style of the motifs. Rather, structural recognition and consideration of possible variables in the technique of placing the layers and gilded in those two periods are considered.   Results and Findings of the Research In studies with Digital Loupe on samples from both periods, three layers were identified.  These layers, respectively, from outer to inner part are: gold layer, red layer and white substrate To the naked eye, these layers are also visible in the fracture sections of the monuments. On some samples, parts of the red layer are thicker, which makes that parts of painting thicker than others. Also, in some samples there are two layers of white (plaster) of varying thickness, the lower layer being relatively darker and probably is the lining base (Figure 3).   Conclusion Examination of the arrays of layers during the two Safavid eras in Qazvin Chehelston monument shows the same execution techniques and materials used. Both periods of this ornamentation, depending on the minerals used, include gypsum substrate, red soil layer and gold sheets. The differences between the layers of these two periods are also quite minor, depending on the purity of the gold and plaster sheets used in the bed. In the first period, copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and slightly tin (Sn) metal impurities are present in the gold layer (X.1.1), which is absent in the second period of the gold layer decorations (X.2.1). This may be related to the political and economic conditions of governments. This difference can be traced back to extensive studies of the quality of materials used in different historical periods and to compare them together. In the base layer and the first period bed (X.1.3), anhydrite mineralization with gypsum was detected which is not seen in the second period bedding (X.2.3). Investigating this issue requires a case study of its cause. This change reflects the high temperature of the gypsum baking or presence of salts. The results of this study can be compared with other similar studies on Safavid murals. The hypothesis of this study is also confirmed that the paintings of the two Safavid periods in Qazvin Chehelston monument are the same in terms of technique of execution according to the near time periods.  These paintings can only be different in style. However, this requires further research. In general, the process of human handicrafts changes when supply does not meet the political, economic, social and cultural needs. These changes usually take place over a long period of time and are achieved in short periods of time by revolutionary transformations such as warfare or the discovery and development of more efficient techniques. As a result, two different periods of Safavid paintings on the Qazvin Chehelston monument took place on the same path and for a short period of time and could reasonably have the same principles. The existence of the second layer in the building can be primarily attributed to the renovation and reconstruction of the building, which still retains its importance and use in the second period.  Secondly, this may have been due to the adaption of decorations with the current art style in the new era. On the other hand, because of the importance of gold in human societies throughout history, the purity of the gold sheets used in the second period may indicate a stabilized and better political and economic situation than the previous period. The result of this research can be studied more thoroughly by further investigations on murals belonging to different eras of Qazvin Chehelston monument as well as decorations to the rest of the related monuments. Finally, it is necessary to explain that in this research, the study of organic materials used as fasteners for gold sheets has not been performed.  This study is recommended for future research.}, keywords = {SEM-EDS,XRD,Pastiglia,Gilding,Qazvin Chehelsotoun}, title_fa = {بررسی و شناخت مواد معدنی آرایه های لایه‌چینی و طلاچسبان دوره‌ی صفوی در عمارت چهل‌ستون قزوین}, abstract_fa = {دیوارنگاره‌های تزئینی عمارت چهل‌ستون قزوین که دو دوره‌ی زمانی اوایل حکومت صفوی و یک دوره‌ی زمانی حکومت قاجار را شامل می‌شود، در حوزه‌ی مطالعات ساختاری و سبک‌شناسی کمتر مورد توجه قرار گرفته و بررسی آن‌ها با توجه به تقدم زمانی تشکیل نسبت به دیگر دیوارنگاره‌های بناهای دوره‌ی صفوی(بالأخص بناهای اصفهان)، به‌منظور شناخت سیر تحولات این هنر ضروری به‌نظر می‌رسد. پرسش اصلی این پژوهش حول محور شناخت ساختار معدنی و بررسی افتراق و اشتراک فن آرایه‌های لایه‌چینی و طلاکاری دولایه‌ی مربوط به دوره‌ی صفوی بنای مذکور است؛ و فرضیه، برمبنای عدم تفاوت در مواد معدنی و فنون در دو دوره‌ی زمانی کوتاه متوالی اتخاذ شده است. هدف پژوهش، شناخت تفاوت‌های احتمالی ساختار مواد معدنی و فنون لایه‌چینی و طلاکاری در آن دو دوره‌ی بناست. از آن‌رو، بخش غربی دالان جنوبی و نقوش گیاهی دو دوره که روی همدیگر قرار داشتند، انتخاب و به کمک ابزار دندانپزشکی تا عمق لایه‌ی بستر گچی نمونه‌برداری شدند. پس از بررسی‌های ماکروسکوپی و کدگذاری نمونه‌ها، دو نمونه‌ی منتخب که بتوان لایه‌های دیوارنگاره‌های دو دوره را تا بستر کنار هم مطالعه نمود، برای شناخت عنصری و تصاویر میکروسکوپی توسط دستگاه میکروسکوپ الکترونی روبشی (SEM-EDX) مورد بررسی قرار گرفتند؛ و نیز به‌منظور دستیابی به ترکیب فازی مواد، لایه‌های مختلف آرایه‌های لایه‌چینی و طلاکاری به‌صورت مجزا (لایه‌ی طلا، لایه‌ی گِل سرخ، بستر گچی) توسط دستگاه آنالیز پراش پرتو ایکس (XRD) بررسی شدند. درمجموع، 8 نمونه برای آزمایش‌های مذکور مورد استفاده قرار گرفتند. نتایج این پژوهش نشان از اشتراک فنون اجرای لایه‌چینی و طلاکاری دو دوره با کمی تفاوت در خلوص ورق طلا و گچ بستر مورد استفاده دارد؛ ورق طلای دوره‌ی اول دارای ناخالصی‌های فلزی و بستر گچی آن حاوی فاز انیدریت است که در دوره‌ی دوم دیده نمی‌شود. نتایج حاصله می‌تواند در زنجیره‌ی بررسی‌های هنر دیوارنگاری مؤثر بوده و به‌منظور مطالعات آتی، شناخت مواد آلی (بست) مورد استفاده‌ی آرایه‌های بنا پیشنهاد می‌گردد.}, keywords_fa = {SEM-EDS,XRD,لایه‌چینی,طلاکاری,چهل‌ستون قزوین}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3526.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3526_7b475d757cbc5636442ae9ef4ff54f0b.pdf} } @article { author = {Asadpour, Ali}, title = {The Courtyard Landscape Changes of Karim Khan Citadel (Arg) in Shiraz based on Historical Photos & Documents}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {25}, pages = {241-260}, year = {2020}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.19842.1995}, abstract = {Karim Khan’s Citadel (Arg) is the largest brick building in the Zandieh Complex in Shiraz, built with his ideas & desires. Its courtyard landscape has evolved throughout history, which is inconsistent with the current situation. Reading its landscape changes can pave the way for a proper restoration program and refine its current understanding of the citadel architecture and its spatial-visual character. The purpose of this study is to read the developments of the citadel courtyard landscape in two parts: a) landscaping features (‘planting plan’, ‘water order’ and ‘geometry of parterres’) and b) elements of architectural interventions adjoining from Zand era to contemporary time. The method of research is ‘historical-interpretive’. Research documents include (a) travelogues, historical documents and books, (b) historical photos from the Qajar era, (c) aerial imagery, and (d) field observations. The readings of historical photos are done using single-point and two-point perspective principles, and the resulting data was supported by overlaps. The findings showed that the developments of the citadel landscape could be categorized into four periods: ‘Formation (Zand)’, ‘Transformation & Changes (Qajar)’, ‘De-functionalizing and Demolition (Pahlavi)’ and ‘Restoration & Rehabilitation (Islamic Republic)’. The courtyard’s original landscape has been transformed from ‘Garden of the Residency’ to ‘Yard Garden’ of the Late Qajar, ‘Court of the Prisoner’ of the Pahlavi era, and finally ‘Orangery’ in the present time. The original planting plan consisted of tall trees (plane and cypress) and short tress (citrus and orange) and flowers arranged in three lower, middle and upper eye levels. The water-supply order in the center, including pools and fountains, has more or less maintained its structure. However, the layouts of parterres have changed due to both physical and non-physical intervention subjects. The aesthetics of the Zand dynasty have remained in the courtyard landscape until the days of Mozaffar al-Din Shah (about 140 years), and since then their visual character has been transformed and confined to the lower and middle visual eye levels. Therefore, a set of actions in the parterres and the new planting plan also suggested for landscape restoration. Keywords: Citadel, Planting Plan, Landscape, Garden, Zand dynasty.   Introduction The Karim Khan Zand citadel or haram is a combination of residential spaces with service facilities (baths and stables) and security (guards) with a defensive structure on a limited scale and the most important Zandian building in Shiraz’s historical context and the largest brick building in the Zandiyeh complex. The building used to be inhabited during the Zandian period and has remained the seat of the Pars state governors in the Qajar era. In the Pahlavi period, in 1311 (1932 AD) or in 1315 (1936), was converted to Fars State Prison until 1345 (1966) and finally, in 1351 (1972), was listed in the Iranian National Monuments List. Such varied and heterogeneous transformations in usage, in the geometric structure of the plots, the planting plan and the interior views of the courtyard of the citadel, have brought about changes that affect our current understanding of citadel architecture and its spatial-visual arrangement. At present, the citadel of the courtyard is about 96 to 74 square meters of space covered with orange trees, which is not fully in line with historical photographs and documentation. Its layouts have changed throughout history, and a building was erected in the middle of the courtyard in the Qajar era, all of which has been destroyed. Reading these changed can be useful in a number of reasons: First, it can help to recognize the planting and aesthetics of the Zandian days in the architecture of the courtyard in which the citadel is a key building. Second, its results can facilitate the achievement of a more comprehensive and accurate landscape restoration plan for the citadel, and third, an examination of its evolution can serve as a basis for the correct re-creation of the courtyard of the other Zandian buildings. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the changes of the courtyard landscape in two categories: a) landscape (“planting plan”, “water order” and “geometry of plots”) and b) architectural elements (“adjoining building” and “separating architectural elements”) from the era of Zandian up to now. A) What changes have the trees planted in the landscape of the citadel since the time of Zand, and what was the plan for planting and arranging the water in the courtyard? (B) What were the mansions or adjoining mansions in the courtyard, and what effects did it have on the plots and its axes of vision in subsequent periods? And (c) What would be the solutions to correct the current landscape of the Citadel based on a review of its changes?   Identified Traces The studies of the written and visual documents show that the developments of the courtyard can be classified into four stages as follows. The first period, which begins in the days of Zandian, eventually leads to the Qajar, the Pahlavi and the contemporary, and in each period, there are characteristics that give the courtyard a specific identity of that period. These stages are: A) Formation (Zandian): For the first time in the book entitled The History of the Gitgosha, the courtyard of the citadel is referred to as the Garden of the Residency. German Karsten Niebuhr and William Franklin of England, who came to Shiraz at the time of Karim Khan and Ja’far Khan, respectively, do not give an account of the courtyard. Therefore, accurate information on the characteristics of the courtyard landscape and the order of planting and its plant type cannot be found in this period. B) Transformation (Qajarian): Sir Robert Carpenter, an Englishman who visited Shiraz during the Fath Ali Shah period, described his meeting with Hussein Ali Mirza Farmanfarma, the governor of Fars, in the courtyard. This description indicates that the “plantain” is a key tree in the early Qajar citadel, which has a Zandiyeh tradition. The first photographs from the citadel of the citadel date back to the middle of Mozaffar al-Din Shah. These photos contain three key images taken around 1319 AH (1902) by Mirza Hassan Photographer (about 140 years after the citadel was built). From the analysis of these three photographs, it can be concluded that in the Mozaffar al-Din Shah period no trace of the colorful flowers of the Nasir al-Din Shah Qajar period can be found. The northern and southern plots are rectangular and have no further divisions, and during this period the “tree planting plan” in the citadel was divided into two groups: Plantain and cypress trees and Orange trees and other citrus fruits. C) De-Functionalizing and demolition (Pahlavi): Changing the function of the citadel to prison during the Pahlavi era led to the cutting down of cedar and plane trees. By drawing a north-south wall next to the Qajar Mansion, which had become a prison ward, two eastern and western courtyards were practically formed, and by building another wall to the east of the building, the eastern courtyard was also divided into two parts. Accordingly, the original rectangular plots of the citadel were divided into smaller pieces, and even some of them adjacent to the Qajar mansion were removed. D) Restoration (Islamic Republic): The restoration of the citadel, which began in the early 1350s (1971s), continued after the victory of the Islamic Revolution. However, the restoration of the mansion preceded the courtyard. During this period, key elements of the citadel courtyard, including the waterfront and the plot, were preserved longitudinally in the east-west direction of the building, but the main trees in the landscape, cedar and sycamore, were overlooked. Due to the limited flowering space inside the small plots, the tradition of planting flowers on the margins of the main plots in the Persian garden was not practiced.   Conclusion From the aesthetic point of view, the courtyard of the citadel should be seen as a small example of the Iranian garden, which has been harmonized with the requirements of a military-residential space. The use of plane trees in the periphery of longitudinal plots is intended to create the most shade on the paths within the citadel, and the cedar trees that were formerly planted along the main axis of the Persian garden were moved to the interior spaces of the plots to create a two-sided main wall. Restoration plans over the past few decades, ignoring historical documentation, did not fully comply with the plots division system and were limited to preserving the original orange trees from the original garden plantation. This has reduced the courtyard garden to “an orange garden”. The consequence of this change is the disappearance of the visual-aesthetic system of the courtyard perspective, which has ruled for at least fourteen decades. Since according to the Venice Charter (1964), Florence (1981) and the Rome Historical Gardens Charter (2003), no change to the Historic Garden is possible without historical backing and documentation, so it is suggested that the first set of remedial actions be put on the agenda below: (A) The side corridors created in the northern and southern plots in front of the side porches should be removed and temporary paths shall be used to communicate between the two plots without interfering with the geometry of the plot. B) In the first stage, the cedar trees should be planted between the northern and southern plots and in the east-west direction, while preserving the current visual integration in the midrange landscape, providing an important part of associating the citadel garden with reference to the Iranian garden mentality. C) In the second stage, by planting plane trees along the main axis of the center, the visual geometry of the axis as the most prominent visual cone in the citadel landscape is reconstructed. Other planting of planes around the plots can be done at other times.}, keywords = {Citadel,planting plan,Landscape,garden,Zand dynasty}, title_fa = {سیر تحولات منظر میانسرای ارگ کریم‌خان شیراز بر اساس عکس‌ها و مستندات تاریخی}, abstract_fa = {ارگ کریم‌خانی، بزرگ‌ترین بنای آجری در مجموعه‌ی زندیه است که با ایده‌های کریم‌خان ساخته شده است. منظر میانسرای آن در طول تاریخ تحولات گوناگونی داشته که با وضعیت کنونی منطبق نیست. خوانش تحولات منظر آن می‌تواند راه را برای طرح مرمت صحیح، بگشاید و فهم کنونی از معماری ارگ و انتظام فضایی- بصری آن‌را اصلاح نماید. هدف این پژوهش، خوانش تحولات منظر میانسرای ارگ در دو بخش است که شامل منظرسازی («طرح کاشت»، «نظم آب» و «هندسه‌ی کرت‌‌بندی‌ها») و عناصر معماری الحاقی از دوره‌ی زندیان تا معاصر است؛ بنابراین پرسش اصلی این پژوهش این است که طرح کاشت و حضور آب در منظر میانسرای ارگ در پیوند با نظام هندسی-فضایی کرت‌بندی‌ها چه تحولات تاریخی داشته است؟ روش پژوهش، «تفسیری-تاریخی» است. مستندات پژوهش شامل: سفرنامه‌ها، اسناد و کتاب‌های تاریخی، عکس‌های تاریخی روزگار قاجار، تصاویر هوایی و درنهایت مشاهدات میدانی هستند. خوانش عکس‌های تاریخی با استفاده از اصول پرسپکتیو یک‌نقطه‌ای و دونقطه‌ای انجام‌شده و داده‌های حاصل، به‌واسطه‌ی پشتیبانی و هم‌پوشانی با یکدیگر به نتایج منتهی شده‌اند. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهند که تحولات منظر ارگ در چهار دوره به‌نام: «شکل‌گیری (زندیان)»، «تحول و تغییر (قاجاریان)»، «تغییر کاربری و اضمحلال (پهلوی)» و «مرمت و احیاء (جمهوری اسلامی)» قابل‌طبقه‌بندی هستند. منظر میانسرا به‌ترتیب از: «باغ‌سرای روزگار زند» به «باغ- حیاط در اواخر قاجار»، «حیاط-محبس» روزگار پهلوی و درنهایت به «نارنجستان» در عصر کنونی بدل شده است. طرح کاشت اصیل باغ، شامل: درختان بلند‌قامت (چنار و سرو) و کوتاه‌قامت (مرکبات و نارنج) و گل‌ها در سه تراز دید تحتانی، میانی و فوقانی بوده است. نظم آب‌رسانی در میانسرا، شامل حوض‌ها و آب‌نما، کمابیش ساختار خود را حفظ کرده‌اند؛ بااین‌حال، کرت‌بندی‌ها تغییراتی ناشی از عناصر مداخله‌ای کالبدی و غیرکالبدی داشته‌اند. زیبایی‌شناسی زندیان در منظر میانسرا تا روزگار «مظفر‌الدین‌شاه» (حدود 140 سال) کماکان حفظ‌شده و از آن پس، نظام بصری آن دگرگون و به تراز دید تحتانی و میانی محدود می‌گردد. در انتها، مجموعه‌ی اقدامات اصلاحی در بخش کرت‌بندی‌ها و طرح کاشت نیز پیشنهاد شده است.}, keywords_fa = {ارگ,طرح کاشت,منظرسازی,باغ,زندیه}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3527.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3527_bdec0a66c58ae1a514f7f4e7bf4262cd.pdf} }