@article { author = {Azadi, Ahmad}, title = {Typology of the Ancient Sites in Kohgilouyeh Region}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {7-28}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.21491.2124}, abstract = {This paper presents general information on the typology of various ancient sites in the Kohgilouyeh region, which have been identified and recorded as a result of the second and third seasons of archaeological surveys in this important region. These surveys were carried out in an area of about approximately 3,000 square kilometers in Cheram, Qaleh Raeesi, and some parts of Dishmouk and Lendeh districts. The main aim of the survey was to identify the ancient sites of this region. We adopted an extensive and relatively intensive approach in our survey, and our basis was topographic maps at the scale of 1/25000 to obtain a general understanding of the geographical situation of the Kohgilouyeh region. At the end of these surveys, a total of 374 sites from the Middle Paleolithic to the Late Qajar and the Early Pahlavi periods were identified and studied. In general, the identified sites can be divided into 15 groups: sites, mounds, caves, rock shelters, public utility buildings, ossuaries, fortified manor house, religious monuments, mountain fortresses, cemeteries, paved roads, water conveyance channels, water stones, petroglyphs, and trenches. The most important sites identified from the prehistoric period encompass open sites, caves, and rock shelters such as Kamkenak, Eshkaft Siyah, Ghafelehbeh 1, 2, and 3 rock shelters, and Kabgi rock shelter and cave, providing evidence of the Middle Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic, and possibly Proto-Neolithic periods. Historical sites include some sites with stone architecture, ossuaries, and cemeteries. Due to today’s semi-sedentary lifestyle of people in Kohgilouyeh region, it was predictable that the majority of the identified sites were of the nomadism type. Moreover, many of these sites belong to the Islamic era and are most likely related to the prosperity of the ancient city of Dehdasht in the Middle and Late Islamic centuries and the subsidiary regions around it. Keywords: Kohgilouyeh, Typology of Ancient Sites, Archaeological Survey.   Introduction Kohgilouyeh region is located in southern Zagros and western and northwestern parts of Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad province (Figure 1). The approximate difference in altitude of this area ranges from 500 to 3600 m above sea level, resulting in two different climates with different vegetation. In general, the northern half of Kohgilouyeh region is more elevated and colder, with its tropical and low-altitude region composed of hilly areas and small southeastern and central plains. During the last two decades, a series of archaeological surveys have been conducted in Kohgilouyeh and Boyer Ahmad province, leading to the identification of a large number of archaeological sites belonging to various periods throughout the province. The archaeological surveys of Kohgilouyeh region were conducted by the author in two periods of 1999-2002 and 2007-2012. The second and third seasons of archaeological surveys in Kohgilouyeh region presented in this paper were completed in areas such as Cheram, Qaleh Raeesi, Dishmuok, and Lendeh with an area of nearly 3,000 square kilometers. In addition to identifying and documenting ancient sites in this region as a general goal, we considered other goals in our long-term research perspective, the most important of which were: 1. to be aware of settlement patterns in different periods of the region, 2. to study the possible cultural interactions of the two major cultural zones of Khuzestan and Fars in this region, and 3. to find out the possible influence of cultures in Fars and Khuzestan on Kohgilouyeh region or its independent nature. Our research approach was an extensive and relatively intensive survey, and our basis for the survey was topographic maps at the scale of 1/25000 to obtain a general understanding of the geographical situation of the area. In these surveys, the regional landscape was divided into three units of mountains, valleys, and hills, and we investigated different parts of this landscape at different proportions by considering the time of the surveys, the number of people, and the topographic status. The locations of ancient sites were recorded using a GPS tracker, and the sampling of surface findings was performed arbitrarily with emphasis on index species. At the end of these surveys, a total of 374 archaeological sites from the Middle Paleolithic to the late Qajar and early Pahlavi periods were identified and surveyed (Figure 2). To provide information about these surveys, we categorized the identified sites based on the site type and then discussed the characteristics, distribution patterns, and environmental context of their formation, and finally presented the suggested periods for them based on cultural materials and other characteristics.   Description of the Survey As noted above, the second and third seasons of archaeological surveys in Kohgilouyeh region led to the identification of 374 archaeological sites from prehistoric, historic, and Islamic periods (Figure 2). In order to familiarize our readers with different environmental conditions of Kohgilouyeh region and its inhabitants’ exploitation of the available potentials, we divided the ancient sites of different periods identified in these surveys according to the site type. In general, the types of identified sites can be classified into 15 groups in the following order: sites, mounds, caves, rock shelters, public utility buildings, ossuaries, fortified manor house, religious monuments, mountain fortresses, cemeteries, paved roads, water conveyance channels, water stones, petroglyphs, and trenches. The identified sites are located in various geomorphological landscapes of Kohgilouyeh region. In the prehistoric period, the use of caves and rock shelters seems to have been more common in foothills and near water sources. Possibly, hunters’ easy access to mountain resources in Epipaleolithic and Proto-Neolithic periods is one of the reasons for choosing these locations for temporary settlements. In addition to identifying a number of historic sites, the majority of the identified sites belong to the Islamic periods. From this period, nomadic sites with stone architecture are the most identified sites in these surveys. Tropical and cold climates in Kohgilouyeh region have led to the fact that from the past until the last decade, a semi-sedentary lifestyle has been widespread in this region (for more information on the semi-sedentary lifestyle in this region, see Azadi, 2010). The settlement patterns in these sites are almost identical to those of the villages in the past decades and even today. Such sites are generally located in foothills, the mouth of the gorges, highlands, and, of course, near water sources.   Conclusion It appears that all environmental potentials of Kohgilouyeh region have been used at different periods. The most important sites identified from the prehistoric period include caves, very important shelters such as Eshkaft Siyah, Ghafelehbeh 1, 2, and 3 rock shelters, Kabgi rock shelter and cave, and some open sites such as Kamkenak which have been used during the periods of Middle Paleolithic, Epipaleolithic, Proto-Neolithic, Historic, and possibly Middle Islamic centuries. The most important sites of the Historic periods encompass a number of sites with stone architecture, ossuaries, and cemeteries. Evidence from this period indicates that this region has received significant attention. It has been noted that Kohgilouyeh region has two distinct tropical and cold climates. This climatic diversity has led to the fact that from the past until the last decade, a semi-sedentary lifestyle has been common in this region. Given this type of lifestyle, it was predictable that a significant number of the identified sites would be of the nomadic type. The majority of these sites belong to the Islamic period and are most likely related to the prosperity of the ancient city of Dehdasht (e.g. Gavbeh, 1980; Hosseini Fassaei, 1989; Stein, 1940) in the Middle and Late Islamic centuries and the existence of subsidiary regions around it.}, keywords = {Kohgilouyeh,Typology of ancient sites,Archaeological survey}, title_fa = {تحلیل و گونه شناسی آثار باستانی منطقۀ کُهگیلویه}, abstract_fa = {در این مقاله آگاهی‌هایی کلی در مورد گونه‌شناسیِ انواع محوطه‌های باستانیِ منطقۀ کُهگیلویه ارائه شده که در نتیجۀ فصل‌های دوم و سوم بررسی‌های باستان‌شناختی این منطقه شناسایی شده‌اند. این بررسی‌ها در محدوده‌ای به‌وسعت حدود 3000 کیلومتر مربع، در بخش‌های چِرام، قلعه‌رئیسی و مناطقی از دیشموک و لِنده انجام گردید و هدف اصلیِ آن، شناسایی آثار باستانی منطقه بود. در این مقاله با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی، کوشش‌شده به پرسش‌هایی مانند: ماهیت محوطه‌‌ها باستانی منطقۀ کُهگیلویه، ویژگی‌های مختلف این محوطه‌ها و بسترهای شکل‌گیری آن‌ها در چشم‌انداز زمین‌‌ریخت‌شناسی منطقه پاسخ داده شود. باتوجه به کوهستانی بودن منطقۀ بررسی، یکی از فرضیه‌ها این بود که احتمالاً در جستجوی محوطه‌های دوران پیش‌ازتاریخ با استقرارهای چند دوره‌ای مواجه نباشیم و احتمالاً غارها، پناهگاه‌های صخره‌ای و محوطه‌های باز، مهم‌ترین محوطه‌ها این دوران خواهند بود. با توجه به سبک زندگی نیمه‌یکجانشینی در این منطقه تا چند دهۀ پیش، یکی دیگر از فرضیه‌های این بود که در کنار شناسایی محوطه‌های دیگر، با شمار قابل‌توجهی از محوطه‌های با ماهیت نیمه‌کوچ‌ نشینی مواجه باشیم. رویکرد بررسی به‌صورت گسترده و تااندازه‌ای فشرده و مبنای سرپرست برای بررسی، نقشه‌های توپوگرافی به مقیاس 25000/1 برای به‌دست آوردن درکی کلی از وضعیت جغرافیایی منطقه بود. در پایان این بررسی‌ها، در مجموع شمارِ 374 اثر از دورۀ پارینه‌سنگیِ میانه تا اواخر دورۀ قاجار و اوایل دورۀ پهلوی شناسایی و بررسی شد. به‌طورکلی، می‌توان انواع آثار شناسایی‌شده را به 15 گروه به‌این‌ترتیب دسته‌بندی نمود: محوطه‌ها، تپه‌ها، غارها، پناهگاه‌های صخره‌ای، بناهای عام‌المنفعه، بَردگوری‌ها، خانه‌های اَربابی دارای استحکامات، بناهای مذهبی، دژهای کوهستانی، گورستان‌ها، راه‌های سنگ‌فرش، کانال‌های انتقال آب، سنگ‌آب‌ها، سنگ‌نبشته‌ها و سنگرها. مهم‌ترین آثار شناسایی‌شده از دورۀ پیش‌ازتاریخ، شامل: محوطه‌های باز، اشکفت‌ها‌ و پناهگاه‌های صخره‌ای است؛ ازجمله: محوطۀ کَم‌کِنَک، اشکفت سیاه، پناهگاه‌های صخره‌ای قافِله‌بِه 1 تا 3 و پناهگاه صخره‌ای و اشکفت کَبگی که شواهدی از دوره‌ها‌ی پارینه‌سنگی میانه، فراپارینه‌سنگی و احتمالاً آغاز نوسنگی را به‌دست می‌دهند. آثار دوران تاریخی شامل برخی از محوطه‌های با معماری سنگی، بَردگوری‌ها و گورستان‌ها است. باتوجه به شیوۀ زندگیِ نیمه‌یک‌جانشینیِ امروزی مردمان منطقۀ کُهگیلویه، قابل پیش‌بینی بود که بیشتر محوطه‌های شناسایی‌شده، از نوع کوچ‌نشینی باشند. شمار زیادی از این محوطه‌ها مربوط به دوران اسلامی است که به احتمال قوی، با رونق شهر قدیم دهدشت در سده‌های میانه‌و متأخر اسلامی و نواحی اقماریِ پیرامون آن ارتباط دارد.}, keywords_fa = {کُهگیلویه,بررسی باستان شناسی,گونه شناسیِ آثار باستانی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3850.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3850_0fc396d55c8206f23293b0ccc972f43f.pdf} } @article { author = {Davoudi, Hossein and Moghimi, Niloufar and Shirazi, Zohreh}, title = {Cultural and Economic Transformations of the First Half of the Fifth Millennium B.C. in the Qazvin Plain, Based on the Results of Salvage Excavations at Kholah Kouh of Takestan}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {29-54}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.21146.2097}, abstract = {Abstract The archaeological site of Kholah Kouh, due to its special location in urban districts of Takestan town, has been threatened by construction and developing activities. Some parts of the site completely destroyed by construction of mall, residential houses and mosque. Just 3.5 ha of site remained from 7 ha core zone. Takestan Municipality, in the framework of construction programs of 2010 decade, decided to transform this mound to a park and a car parking area. In this regard, Kholah Kouh Salvage Archaeological Project started subsequently in 2014 by various research and administrative goals. Main objectives of excavations were identifying cultural characteristics of occupational periods, protection of site destroying by continuity of archaeological activities, and investigating site’s feasibility to establish an archaeological site museum and tourism cultural landscape in the site. Evidence of a Transitional Chalcolithic / Early Plateau B village from the first half of the fifth millennium BC had been discovered during excavations in the lower accumulations of site. This step of village settlements had significance due to substantial transformations in culture and economy of habitants of Central Plateau of Iran. Hence, the new evidence from Kholah Kouh were evaluated for better understanding of how and scale of these transformations. This paper, at the first, has a glance to the results of excavations. Then, by using the cultural ecology approach, attempts to interpret the finds, emphasizing relative and absolute chronology, cultural interactions, herding and agriculture. The results indicate that, Kholah Kouh has local and neighborhood regions traits. The pottery traditions show the cultural homogeneity in Central Plateau during Transitional Chalcolithic. Considerable developments are observable in agricultural activities based on irrigation and expand of exploitation of various products of sheep, goat and cattle during the period under discussion. The archaeobotanicl and paleontological researches indicate the domination of the dry climate in the mid fifth millennium BC which affected human habitats. Keywords: Cultural Interaction, Bioarchaeology, Transitional Chalcolithic, Kholah Kouh, Central Plateau of Iran.   Introduction The archaeological site of Kholah Kouh is located in Takestan city, Qazvin Province. Some parts of site completely destroyed by construction of mall, residential houses and mosque in the last decades. The area of core zone estimated nearly 7 ha according to the previously delimitation sounding at site, while today, just 3.5 ha of site is remained. The salvage archaeological project had been conducted in the summer of 2014, due to the decision of Takestan Municipality to construction of parking and park area in core zone of Kholah Kouh. The main objectives of excavations were the identifying cultural characteristics of occupational periods, protection of site destroying and evaluation of site feasibility to establish an archaeological site museum and tourism cultural landscape. Given to the results of excavations, the lower accumulations of site, nearly 4 meters, belonged to the Transitional Chalcolithic / Early Plateau B period (the first half of fifth millennium BC), while the upper layers included Historic and Islamic periods. Many important cultural and economic transformations were evidenced during Transitional Chalcolithic (TC) period in the region. Hence, this paper deals with the introducing the new set of data from Kholah Kouh, emphasising relative and absolute chronology, cultural interactions, herding and agriculture. Three trenches were exposed during the 2014 campaign in northern, center and southern parts of site, respectively named Tr. I, II, and III. The main finds of TC period were discovered in Trench I by four meters of cultural deposits and six occupational phases. The finds included young and infant human burials, piśe and mud-brick spaces, faunal and floral remains, potsherds, various special finds and etc. Also the lowermost layers of trenches II and III related to TC period. The typical ceramics of the first half of fifth millennium BC in the Qazvin Plain (Malek Shahmirzadi, 1977), were recovered at Kholah Kouh, such as Zagheh painted ware, crusted or standard ware, and Cheshmeh-Ali ware. Other types include simple buff and red wares, course red ware, and local painted red ware. The standard ware with 36% of collection is the most common type, whereas Cheshmeh-Ali ware consisted just 2% of potsherds. No major changes observed in general trend of ceramic frequency during occupational phases. A thermoluminescence dating of a potsherd from the deepest layer of Trench I, demonstrated the date of 4870±500 BC. TC period divided into two sub-periods, Early and Late, according to the new chronological framework of Central Plateau (Pollard et al., 2013). In this regard, Kholah Kouh seems to be related to the Early Transitional Chalcolithic, a time span between 5200-4600 BC.   Discussion Ceramic collection of Kholah Kouh compared with other sites in order to evaluation of cultural interactions in the Central Plateau of Iran. Tappeh Zagheh (Malek Shahmirzadi, 1977) and Ebrahim Abad (Fazeli et al., 2009) are well known TC sites in the Qazvin Plain, representing the same features with Kholah Kouh. Noticeable that, painted and standard wares of Zagheh, were more common in the Qazvin Plain than other areas of the region. These typical wares consists a few proportion of the ceramic collections of Tehran and Kashan plains (Fazeli et al., 2013). The pottery traditions, however, demonstrate the cultural homogeneity during the TC period in Central Plateau. The cultural traits of TC period, especially Cheshmeh-Ali ware, were reported in the excavated and surveyed sites of southern and southeastern shores of Caspian Sea, and eastern ridges of Central Zagros. Considering to these evidences, Takestan County could be allocated as north-westernmost expansion of TC culture. Two various pottery traditions were identified during the Early Chalcolithic: a Plum ware / Godin VII in the north and northwest, and fine painted Red and Buff / Sialk III1-3 more common in the eastern and southern areas of Central Plateau. Cultural interactions with southern Zagros and southwestern of Iran were evidenced by the presence of some cultural features of mentioned regions. Once again, the cultural homogeneity has observed during Middle and Late Chalcolithic periods by typical fine painted Buff and Red / Sialk III4-7 throughout Central Plateau and neighboring regions. The origin of these potteries goes back to the TC and EC period of the region. It seems that the cultural features of the Late Transitional Chalcolithic (4600-4300 BC) hadn’t well introduced yet.   Conclusion The archaeobotanicl and paleontological researches indicated the domination of the dry climate in the mid fifth millennium BC, which probably affected decreasing human habitats. The study of faunal and botanical remains of Kholah Kouh and their comparison with other sites of region, exhibited the striking developments in animal husbandry and agriculture. The exploitation of several products of sheep, goats and cattle evidenced at Kholah Kouh. Gazelle, onager, wild sheep and goat were the game animals. The low proportion of these animals in the collection, show the peripheral role of hunting in subsistence economy of Kholah Kouh habitants. The same trend was observed in animal exploitation of other contemporary sites in the region (Mashkour et al., 1999). The cattle counts increased from TC to LC periods. The herding of sheep and cattle in the fifth millennium BC, represented the developments of animal husbandry and sedentism. The identified plants included various types of wheat, barley and legume by using dry farming and irrigation. Considering to the Kholah Kouh results and other sites of the region, wheat and barley were the main cultivated crops and substantial source from the Neolithic to the Bronze Age (Shirazi, 2006; Shirazi and Tengberg, 2012). The charcoal remains of tamarix, populus, amygdalus, solanaceae, chenopodiaceae and monocotyledon were identified in Kholah Kouh. Most of charcoals with 73% of collection belonged to the trees depend on more water and moisture condition, while just 1% related to the steppe plants. This evidence shows the wetter condition and the presence of river and springs in the periphery of site.}, keywords = {Cultural Interaction,Bioarchaeology,Transitional Chalcolithic,Kholah Kouh,Central Plateau of Iran}, title_fa = {تحولات فرهنگی و اقتصادی نیمۀ نخست هزارۀ پنجم پیش ازمیلاد در دشت قزوین بر پایۀ نتایج کاوش اضطراری محوطۀ خُلَهکوه تاکستان}, abstract_fa = {محوطۀ باستانی خُلَه‌کوه به‌سبب داشتن موقعیتی ویژه در بافت شهری تاکستان، مورد تخریب و تعارض قرار گرفته است. امروزه از وسعت 7 هکتاری محوطه، فقط 3.5 هکتار باقی‌مانده است. طی برنامه‌های عمرانی دهۀ 1390 ه‍.ش.، تصمیم بر آن بود که بخشی از محوطه تبدیل به پارکینگ وسایل نقلیه و بخشی دیگر تبدیل به فضای سبز شود. به‌همین سبب، کاوش اضطراری خُلَه‌کوه در سال 1393 با اهداف شناسایی شاخصه‌های فرهنگی و زیستی دوره‌های موجود و حفاظت از محوطه با آغاز و تداوم فعالیت‌های پژوهشی باستان‌شناسی به‌انجام رسید. در نتیجۀ کاوش‌ها، آثاری از یک روستای تک‌دوره‌ای مربوط به دورۀ مس‌وسنگ انتقالی (فلات قدیم ب) از نیمۀ نخست هزارۀ پنجم پیش‌ازمیلاد در نهشته‌های تحتانی محوطه شناسایی شد. این مرحله از روستانشینی، با وجود تحولات اساسی در فرهنگ و اقتصاد مردمان فلات‌مرکزی، بسیار حائز اهمیت است. شواهد نویافتۀ خُلَه‌کوه، برای درک بهتر از چگونگی رخداد و مقیاس تحولات فرهنگی و اقتصادی مردمان فلات‌مرکزی، مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت. پرسش‌ها عبارتنداز: شاخصه‌های فرهنگی-اجتماعیِ و نظام معیشتی در خُلَه‌کوه و برهم‌کنش‌های فرهنگی منطقه‌ای و فرامنطقه‌ای در هزارۀ پنجم پیش‌ازمیلاد چگونه بوده است؟ فرض بر این است که شاخصه‌های فرهنگی خُلَه‌کوه قابل‌قیاس با محوطه‌های هم‌زمان در فلات‌مرکزی ایران است و با این محوطه‌ها برهم‌کنش داشته و نظام معیشتی در دورۀ گذار از نوسنگی، ترکیبی از کشاورزی و دامپروری بوده است. روش پژوهش به این‌صورت است که پس از شرح اجمالیِ کاوش اضطراری خُلَه‌کوه، سعی‌بر تفسیر یافته‌ها با تأکید بر گاهنگاری نسبی و مطلق، برهمکنش‌های فرهنگی، دامپروری و کشاورزی شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که خُلَه‌کوه، ویژگی‌های محلی و مناطق همجوار را دارد. سنت‌های سفالگری نشان از یکپارچگی فرهنگی در فلات‌مرکزی در دورۀ مس‌وسنگ انتقالی دارد. پیشرفت قابل‌توجهی در کشاورزی مبتنی‌بر آبیاری و دامپروری با گسترش بهره‌برداری از محصولات متنوع گوسفندسانان و گاو، طی دورۀ مس‌و‌سنگ انتقالی و عصر مس‌وسنگ در منطقه مشاهده می‌شود؛ هم‌چنین، شواهد گیاه‌باستان‌شناسی و دیرین گرده‌شناسی نشان می‌دهد که شرایط اقلیمی خشک در اواسط هزارۀ پنجم پیش‌ازمیلاد در منطقه حاکم می‌شود. این پدیده، زیستگاه‌های انسانی را تحت‌تأثیر قرار می‌دهد.}, keywords_fa = {برهمکنش فرهنگی,باستان شناسی زیستی,مس وسنگ انتقالی,محوطه خُلَهکوه,فلات مرکزی ایران}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3851.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3851_052ad6c8d91c9d930fb0cc3aa4048a44.pdf} } @article { author = {Miri, Najmeh Khatoon}, title = {The Study of Buff Color and Red Potteries’ Structure in Shahr-e-Sokhta Site in Sistan}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {55-72}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.18107.1908}, abstract = {Abstract The Shahr-e-sokhta of the third millennium BC has always been of interest to archaeologists, and much research has been done on the site. The objects discovered from this Bronze Age site are more important to researchers than the site itself, especially the pottery, which is the most abundant. Among the countless pottery discovered in the site, 12 pottery pieces, including 8 buff color and 4 red color pieces, were selected for research, all of which are small pottery discovered from the cemetery and have ritual uses. Due to the low frequency of red color pieces, the hypothesis that these pieces of pottery is imported is hypothesized. Among the set goals, we can mention the similarities and differences in the manufacturing technique, the study and comparison of mineralogy, as well as the structural comparison, the constituent phases and the cooking temperatures in the furnace. Archaeological analysis and X-ray diffraction were performed by powder method to achieve the objectives and studies on the studied samples. Analyzing the obtained results, it was found that the samples of the studied pottery were similar in terms of their constituent components and constituent structure, and the region’s siliceous mineral templates, such as naphtha, were used. The main difference in the composition of the dough was the high percentage of each of the minerals in the pottery dough, the method of making and the way the dough was processed by the potters of the Shahr-e-sokhta. Studies have shown that the constituent texture of these pieces of pottery is in two types, micro-bleeding and large-flora, but the minerals and fillers in their constituent structure are not very different from each other. Also, the furnace temperature played an important role in determining the color of the studied samples, and in the samples where the calcite mineral was present, the cooking temperature was below 800. C and the non-calcite samples were cooked above this temperature. According to the results of experiments and analyzes, it seems that the potters of the Shahr-e-sokhta had achieved the technology and method of making pottery of the red spectrum. Keywords: The Shahr-e-Sokhta, Red and Buff Color Pottery, Archeology, Petrography, X-ray Diffraction.   Introduction Different cultural objects and spatially founded potteries in ancient sites are one of most important hand-mades and moost valuable resources that lead us to recognize ancient periods. Potteries and clay objects specially are evidences of changes in their style and technic in progresses of their owner’s life development and livelihoods according to their high resistance against erosion and corruption during centuries and are indicatives of different manufacture styles of pre-historic craftmen and are valuable for researchers in different scopes such as archeologists, restorers and anthropologist (griffits, 1999). On of ancient sites which was developed in this industry in Bronze Age is ancient site of Shahr-e-Sokhta located in Sistan and Baluchestanprovince. thousand founded musicological, laboratory and study objects are evidence of richness and welfare of people of this area. Those objects confirm relationship between this city and countryside’s which were provider’s requirements and also confirms relationship between this city and far away cities for good exchanges. These objects are made of materials such: clay, wood and planet, different stones, metal, bone and etc… clay is one of essential and primitive material to manufacture in this society and were produced wonderfully, so nowadays you cannot cross street without tread on potteries. Actual workshops of pottery production were in countryside’s and most knowns of them are seen in riverside.  hills and are related to second period of lodge ment in Shahr-e-Sokhta (Scalone, 1394: 228). Founded potteries in this site contain potteries with colour spectrum from buff color, red and gray in very different shapes, froms and designs. This study is according to review of samples of buff color and red potteries found in Shahr-e-Sokhta is used to study on similarities and differences between technic of manufacture and pottery (mineralogy and solid used in pottery dough, baking temperature in kiln and etc…) and comparison this sample in term of structure and former phases. After review and mineralogical comparison by laboratory- machinery technics and analysis the results, we want to follow purpose of study and also we try to find the answer of are potteries imporred or native and this is explaind clearly in the following. Intruducing Samples According to defined porpuses, 12 pottery objects are choosed between what are founded during methodical archeological excavations in Shahr-e-Sokhta.This objects are broken and unrestired and are 7 buff color and5 red potteries were able to sampling and experiment. Some of them are designed by black and brown colors. discssion about results of carried out analyzes analysis of results of petrography of thin section (microscopy). In general, potteries contains two portion: dough (base) and filler in petrographical studies on potteris, important discussion is about element in this case. Some of samples hascalcit and some of them are calcit-free cany of calcit or canies with carbonate fondantion destroyed in temperature of 800 centigrades degree. Loss of calcit in studing potteries show that used temperature for those potteries are more than 800 centigrades degree (Emami,.2010, Ramos et al, 2002).   Analyze of X-Ray Diffraction Analysis XRD analyze done on 3 samples of red potteries and 3 samples of buff color potteries. Quartez founded phase is one of obvious phases in spectrum of both red and buff color potteries. This phase shows that potteries baking was in oxidation condition of kiln. In this condition temperature doesn’t grow up more than 800 cenligrade degree and this case is clearly seen in microscopic studies of potteries. Calcit phase isn’t recognized in other potteries that shows temperature for baking this pottery was more than 800 centigrade degree, it’s because calcit will be destroyed in temperature more than 800 centigrade degree as it has noticed before.   Conclusion Studied potteries are similar in terms of materials and structure and main difference between them is in combination and frequency percentage of their componentsindough. temperature of kiln and oxidation or resuscitation condition is important factor for determination of colour of potteries. Size of founded pieces in dough of porphyry-texture potteries doesn’t exceed 1 milimeterand the most existing combination in dough is quartezcany and pieces of nibbler that their resources is founded in stones of this area frequently (Agha nabati, 1383). According to ecological maps Zabol (1:1000000 and 1:250000) studied area is located in a flat that is created by anaphylactic sediments and deposits of Hamoon lake. In this region you can find different types of stones such as sand stone, fossilizedGrivna limestone, cryptocrystalline silicone stones like nibbler and philattropist and etc…). (Geodogical survey of Iran, 1385) after comparison of structure of studied potteries and structure of other studied potteries Shahr-e-Sokhtawe can demons trate that these potteries are native and related to industry of Shahr-e-Sokhta pottery.}, keywords = {The Shahr-e-Sokhta,Red and Buff Color Pottery,Archeology,Petrography,X-ray diffraction}, title_fa = {مطالعۀ ساختارشناسی ظروف سفالی قرمز و نخودی محوطه شهرسوخته سیستان}, abstract_fa = {شهرسوخته مربوط به هزارۀ سوم پیش‌ازمیلاد، همواره موردتوجه باستان‌شناسان بوده و تاکنون پژوهش‌های زیادی درخصوص این محوطه صورت گرفته است. اشیاء مکشوف از این محوطۀ عصر مفرغی بیشتر از خود محوطه برای پژوهشگران دارای اهمیت است، خصوصاً سفال که بیشترین فراوانی را دارد. ازمیان سفال‌های بی‌شمار این محوطه، تعداد 12 قطعه سفال، به‌عبارتی 8 شئ نخودی و 4 شئ قرمز جهت انجام پژوهش انتخاب شد که همۀ ظروف کوچک مکشوف از گورستان و دارای کاربرد آئینی هستند. به‌دلیل فراوانی کم سفال‌های طیف قرمز، فرضیۀ وارداتی بودن این سفال‌ها مطرح است. فرضیۀ مطرح شده در این پژوهش، فرضیۀ وارداتی بودن سفال‌های قرمز است؛ چرا که فراوانی سفال‌های طیف قرمز در این محوطه کم بوده و به‌دنبال آن، پرسش وارداتی یا بومی بودن سفالینه‌ها مطرح است. ازجمله اهداف تعیین شده می‌توان به بررسی شباهت‌ها و تفاوت‌ها در فن ساخت، بررسی و مقایسۀ کانی‌شناسی، هم‌چنین مقایسه به‌لحاظ ساختاری، فازهای تشکیل‌دهنده و درجۀ حرارات پخت در کوره اشاره نمود. جهت نیل به اهداف و بررسی‌های باستان‌سنجی روی نمونه‌های موردمطالعه، آنالیزهای پتروگرافی و پراش پرتوی ایکس به‌روش پودری انجام شد. با تجزیه و تحلیل نتایج به‌دست آمده مشخص شد که نمونه سفال‌های موردمطالعه ازنظر اجزاء سازنده و ساختار تشکیل‌دهندۀ آن، شبیه به‌هم بوده، از تمپرهای معدنی سیلیس‌دار منطقه، نظیرِ سنگ چرت استفاده شده است و تفاوت اصلی آن‌ها در ترکیب خمیره، درصد فراوانی هر یک از کانی‌های موجود در خمیرۀ سفال‌ها، شیوۀ ساخت و نحوۀ عمل‌آوری خمیره توسط سفالگران شهرسوخته بوده است. بررسی‌ها نشان داد که بافت تشکیل‌دهندۀ این سفال‌ها در دو نوع ریزبلور و درشت‌بلور هستند، اما کانی‌ها و پرکننده‌های موجود در ساختار تشکیل‌دهندۀ آن‌ها تفاوت چندانی با یکدیگر نداشته‌اند؛ هم‌چنین میزان حرارت کوره در تعیین رنگ نمونه‌های موردمطالعه نقش بسزایی داشته است و در نمونه‌هایی که کانی کلسیت موجود بود دمای پخت زیر 800 درجۀ سانتی‌گراد و نمونه‌های فاقد کلسیت بالاتر از این دما پخت داده شده‌اند. با توجه به نتایج آزمایش‌ها و تحلیل‌های صورت گرفته به‌نظر می‌رسد سفالگران شهرسوخته به فن‌آوری و شیوۀ ساخت سفالینه‌های طیف قرمزرنگ دست پیدا کرده بودند.}, keywords_fa = {شهرسوخته,سفال قرمز و نخودی,باستان سنجی,پتروگرافی,پراش پرتو ایکس}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3852.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3852_7faacbcf8c87263d84d824cdd7f9659f.pdf} } @article { author = {Dana, Mohsen and Hejebri Nobari, Alireza}, title = {The Iron Age Pottery in the Middle Atrak Basin, North of Khorasan of Iran}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {73-94}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.16558.1790}, abstract = {Abstract If we divide Iran into four parts, we will see that the major part of activities and explorations carried out on the Iron Age is related to the northwestern quarter. This issue becomes important when we knowledge that the Iron Age chronology in Iran has been created based on the generalization of limited exploration results obtained from few sites in a small part of the Northwest. On the other hand, Iran’s eastern part completely ignored in the archaeological excavations of the Iron Age. Except for a handful of publications, our knowledge of the Iron Age in Northeast Iran is negligible. In this paper, using the latest research, we will try to present an image of the Iron Age in the Middle Atrak basin. For the first time, this article describes the pottery and features of the pottery tradition in this area. In this article, the pottery of the Middle Atrak basin is identified and classified into seven groups. According to the clay studies, the Middle Atrak in the Iron Age was part of the pottery tradition of the Archaic Dehistan. Dehistan is the desert in northern part of Gorgan plain, which is today located in southern Turkmenistan. The characteristic of this pottery is gray clay that originated from the black gray pottery of the Eastern Alborz in Bronze Age. Alongside the prevailing pottery tradition in the Middle Atrak basin, there are a number of well-known pottery clays known as Yaz I, which shows cultural exchanges and interactions with the people of the Yaz I. This study suggested that the Middle Atrak basin, due to its adjacency with culture Yaz 1, may play a significant role in the formation of tradition, which later became known as Silk VI. Keywords: North Eastern Iran, Iron Age, Middle Atrak Basin, Archaic Dehistan, Yaz I.   Introduction The Iron Age chronology in Iran has been created based on the generalization of limited exploration results obtained from few sites in a small part of the Northwest (Young 1965, 1967, Dyson 1965). On the other hand, Iran’s eastern part in general and the northeastern part in specific, completely ignored in the archaeological excavations of the Iron Age. Our knowledge of the Iron Age in Northeast Iran, which today includes the entire province of North Khorasan and northern parts of Khorasan Razavi province, is negligible. Recently, it has been take steps to identification of the Iron Age in this region (Dana & Hejebri Nobari 2017, Basafa 2017, Vahdati 2016, 2018, Biscione & Vahdati 2012). It seems that some parts of the Northeastern of Iran was belonged to cultural sphere of Archaic Dehistan, and other parts to Yaz I culture. The Archaic Dehistan is characterized by potteries with majority of gray and a small percentage of red sherds (Kuz’mina 2007:379); all of sites of this culture was formed on virgin soil which all of them was abandoned suddenly without to transition to the next period (Kohl 1984: 206). The Yaz I period is characterized by handmade sherds painted by geometric motifs (Masson 1959). The sites of this period is formed on virgin soil and there is a clear gap between it and the previous period in all the excavated sites (Genito 1998: 90).  In this paper, using the latest research, we will try to present an image of the Iron Age in the part of Iran northeast with an emphasis on the Middle Atrak basin. We used the data from explorations and identifications by some Iranian archaeologists in north Khorasan. As a result, 61 sites of the Iron Age were identified in the Middle Atrak basin. The data obtained from the surface survey of these sites were reviewed and added to the data from the excavations of two sites in the same area: Tappeh Bimarestan (Dana & Hejebri Nobari 2017) and Tappeh Rivi (Jafari et al. 2016). The main object of this research is to answer this question which the middle Atrak Iron Age site was belonged to culture or pottery traditions. In addition, what are the characteristics of the Iron Age pottery of this basin?   The Sites The pottery is only findings in the survey of the Iron Age sites of the Middle Atrak. The survey potteries are divided to three class of buff, red and gray. The making of gray pottery date backs to the Bronze Age in this region (Askarpour 2009). Essentially, the Iron Age gray pottery tradition has continued from the Bronze Age pottery tradition. Based on the surface survey, A few sites have a Bronze Age-Iron Age sequence. Based on the surveyor’s opinion (Rajabi 2014) and authors, the Takhteh Sir (IAMA49) is the key site to understanding of the Bronze and Iron Age of the region. It seems possible to obtain a bronze to Iron Age sequence in this site. It should be noted that there are several sites cannot be attributed to the Bronze Age or Iron Age despite having gray pottery on the surface, because these sherds are either body or have no typical characteristics so that they can be attributed to one of the two periods. One of the features of Iron Age potteries of the middle Atrak are low diversity of forms and types of sherds and also simplicity of ware edges. It is obvious in the excavations the region such as extensive excavation of Tappeh Bimarestan (IAMA37) (Dana & Hejebri Nobari 2017) and the stratigraphic excavation in Tappeh Rivi (IAMA34) (Jafari et al. 2016). While excavations in the north central of Iran’ sites such as Qeytariyeh Cemetery (Kambakhsh Fard 2007), Sialk Cemetery (Ghirshman 1939) and the residential site of Qoli Darvish (Sarlak 2011), the variety of ware forms is so great that it is not comparable to the Iron Age sites of Middle Atrak. The typical sherds of Iron Age of the region is low. These potteries can generally be divided into 7 types based on forms.  A) Tripod bowl B) Simple inverted rim bowl C) Handled jar D) neckled jar E) Bowl with horizontal handle stick to rim F) Spouted pottery G) Painted pottery entitled Yaz I   Conclusion As one of the most important region around the archaic Dehistan culture, the middle Atrak basin was a place where communication and cultural interactions with the people of Yazd I culture established. Cultural exchanges were made between the two cultures in this way. Bowl with a ring handle attached to the edge of the Yaz I culture has entered to the Archaic Dehistan culture and was widely used by them. On the other hand, most of pottery forms of the Archaic Dehistan, especially the beak-shaped tubular vessels, was considered by people of the Yazd I culture. These cultural exchanges, especially what of the Yaz I people received from the Archaic Dehistan culture in term of cultural materials, may be signs of a cultural formation that the flourishing example of which is appeared in the Silk B Cemetery. Although the motifs of Silk B Cemetery, except in a few cases, in geometric one, do not resemble the Yaz I culture, but the color of the pottery, the color of the paints and the general characteristics of the pottery, as some researchers emphasize, are the signs this closeness. The dating is also support this assumption. In this regard, if the 8th century BC date is accepted for Silk VI, if the wave of expansion toward to the West was created by newcomers to modern-day Iran (who were probably belonged to the Yaz I culture), it is suggested an older date from Silk 6, the second half of the second millennium BC, for the early stages of cultural formation known as the Silk B Cemetery or Silk VI in the next few centuries by the authors.}, keywords = {North Eastern Iran,Iron Age,Middle Atrak Basin,Archaic Dehistan,Yaz I}, title_fa = {سفال عصر آهن در حوضه اترک میانی، شمال خراسان، ایران}, abstract_fa = {اگر ایران را به چهار بخش تقسیم کنیم، با نگاهی اجمالی به فعالیت‌ها و کاوش‌های انجام شده در محوطه‌های عصر آهن ایران درمی‌یابیم که تمرکز آن‌ها در ربع شمال‌غربی ایران است. جایی که غرب، شمال‌غرب، شمال مرکز و نیمۀ غربی باریکۀ ساحلی دریای کاسپی را شامل می‌شود. نکتۀ مهم آنجا است که مبنای گاهنگاری عصر آهن در ایران نیز براساس کاوش‌ چند محوطه در بخش کوچکی از شمال‌غرب و تعمیم آن به تمام ایران است. به این‌ترتیب، با نگاهی دیگر به فعالیت‌های باستان‌شناسی عصر آهن مشاهده می‌کنیم نیمۀ شرقی ایران و به‌ویژه شمال‌شرق بسیار ناشناخته است؛ به‌جز چند انتشار انگشت‌شمار، عملاً دانسته‌ها از عصر آهن شمال‌شرقی ایران که امروزه تمام استان خراسان شمالی و بخش‌های شمالی استان خراسان رضوی را شامل می‌شود، ناچیز است. ‌در این مقاله تلاش می‌شود براساس جدیدترین پژوهش‌ها تصویری از عصر آهن بخش بزرگ از شمال‌شرقی ایران، با تأکید بر حوضۀ اترک میانی، ارائه شود. این پژوهش به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، برای نخستین‌بار سفال و ویژگی‌های سنت سفالی این حوزه توصیف شده و هم‌چنین سفال‌های آن گونه‌شناسی شده و این سفال‌ها در قالب 7 ریختِ سفالی معرفی می‌شود. پرسش‌های پژوهش عبارتنداز: اترک میانی در حوزه کدام فرهنگ یا سنت سفالی قرار می‌گیرد؟ علاوه‌براین ویژگی سفال‌های عصر آهن این حوضه چیست؟ براساس مطالعات سفالی، اترک میانی در عصر آهن جزو فرهنگ سفالی داهستان کهن است. داهستان، بخش بیابانی شمال دشت گرگان است که امروزه در جنوب‌غرب ترکمنستان قرار دارد. ویژگی این سنت سفالی، سفال‌های خاکستری است که از سفال خاکستری-سیاه البرز شرقی عصر مفرغ البرز شرقی منشأ گرفته است. در کنار سنت سفالی غالب در حوضۀ اترک میانی، سفال‌های نخودی منقوش معروف به یاز I نیز به تعداد اندک وجود دارد که نشان از تبادلات و برهمکنش‌های فرهنگی با مردمان یاز I دارد. در این پژوهش پیشنهاد می‌شود که که این منطقه به‌دلیل همجواری با فرهنگ یاز I ممکن است نقش مهمی در شکل‌گیری سنتی داشته باشد که بعدها به فرهنگ سیلک VI مشهور شد.}, keywords_fa = {شمال شرق ایران,عصر آهن,حوضۀ اترک میانی,داهستان کهن,یاز I}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3853.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3853_d4834f112dd1e79a6f9c4ee8dc8a6ac7.pdf} } @article { author = {Haddadian, Mohammad Reza and Firouzmandi, Bahman and shabani Samgh Abadi, reza}, title = {Study of Settlements and Gray Pottery of the Iron Age of Taleghan Region (Based on Field Surveys)}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {95-114}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.19443.1969}, abstract = {Abstract Since the Iron Age is a crossroad between prehistoric and historical Iran, it is of especial archaeological importance. One of the most important findings and discussions of the Iron Age is gray pottery and the issue of its origin and distribution in Iran. In this regard, several theories have been proposed that some consider the beginning of the Iron Age and the emergence of gray pottery as the result of migration and some as internal and as a result of changes in Bronze Ags cultures. One of the significant points of the Iron Age is the Central Plateau of Taleghan region, from this area, 13 Iron Age sites have been identified some of the pottery findings of which in the mentioned period are gray pottery fragments with a time interval of Iron | and ||, which has been less studied so far. The main purpose of this study, while introducing and analyzing the Iron Age settlements in Taleghan region, is to study gray pottery and compare it with other areas of neighboring areas. Questions are: what are the types and distribution patterns of Iron Age sites in Taleghan region? Is the emergence of gray pottery in the Taleghan region the result of settlements with a new culture or was it the process of an evolved culture within the region? Is the gray pottery of Taleghan region the product of an advanced society with the characteristics of complex urban communities, or was it the product of a rural society? The research method was fieldwork by collecting pottery from the surface of the sites and studying it with a descriptive-analytical approach by searching library resources and field activity reports and then the results were presented in historical-analytical manner. The results show that the gray pottery of Taleghan is probably the result of a new settelement and the presence of some signs has strengthened the hypothesis that the gray pottery of this region is the product of nomadic pastoral community or possibly the product of rural pastoral community, has been associated with advanced Central Plateau communities, also the study of species and settlement patterns of Taleghan shows that the general distribution of areas has been in order to meet the needs of nomadic communities. Keywords: Iron Age. Archaeological Surveys. Settlement. Gray Pottery. Taleghan.   Introduction The study of changes in human biological ideas is part of the analysis of harmonization reactions between people and their external environment. The study of habitat and settlement notions requires the study of the extent to which human settlement in relation to the existence of a community and the adaptation and use of technology related to the environment reveals a special situation, thus, biological and settlement archeology provides archaeologists with the opportunity to study the relationships between different communities, business network, exploitation and social organizations (Fagan,2005, 563-564). Research method: the research method was field based by collecting pottery from the surface of the sites and studying it with a descriptive-analytical approch by searching library resources and archaeological field activity reports, and then the results were presented in a historical-analytical manner. Finally, the study of Iron Age sites and pottery in Taleghan region has been done tbrough field studies and documentation based on the two method. Research Questions and Hypotheses: The questions of this research are: what are the types and distribution pattern of Taleghan area? The emergence of gray pottery in the Taleghan region is the result of settlements with a new culture with the process of an evolved culture within the region? Is the gray pottery of Taleghan region the product of an advanced society with the characteristics of complex urban communities or was it the product of a rural society? Based on the questions posed, these assumptiond are true, that the gray pottery of Taleghan is probably the result of a new settlement and the existence of some sings has strengthened the hypothesis that the gray pottery of the region is the product of a nomadic pastoral community or possibly the product of rural pastoral community associated with advanced Central Plateau communities, have been also the study of species and settlement patterns of Taleghan shows that in general, the distribution of areas in order to meet the needs of nomadic communities. Research Method: Current archaeological studies, including archaeological surveys can somehow complement past studies; although the surface findings of archaeological surveys have not been very rich, the evidence for some local features, as well as the number og settlements identified during these Iron Age studies, can cast some doubt on the reason for the change in frequency of epoch sites, Iron will help the area, one of the significant points of the Iron Age is the Central Plateau of Taleghan region.   Conclusion By studding the Iron Age sites of the valley between the mountains of Taleghan, it can be seen that this area in the northern areas of the Central Plateau is one of the cultural areas of the mentioned period. The results showed that one of the most influential factors in the formation of human settlement and geographical communities is the environment, and the study area is no exception to this rule. As mentioned in the text of the article, access to water resources, slope, distance from pasture, distance from settlements and security are effective factors in servival of such communities in livestock nutrition. Taleghan region has been used as a summer resort in hot seasons and seasonally, and since then 13 settlements in the summer pastures of this region have been formed since the Iron Age. The existence of small areas with poor layers and cultural materials, the existence of cemeteries all confirm this claim. Taleghan gray pottery is made in three color ranges: gray, dark gray, light gray and in three materials, hard, medium and delicate. Two whell-making and hand-made techniques have been used in the construction of the mentioned gray pottery collection. The type of decoration is generally geometric in the form of zigzag and vertical horizontal lines. Finally, studies show that the gray pottery of Taleghan was the result of new settlements. The gray pottery of Taleghan is the product of a nomadic pastoral community or, more likely, the product of a rural pastoral community. This statement is proved by different type of utensils specific to livestock communities, most of which are different types of bowls. Also, the study of species and type of distribution and settlement patterns of Taleghan shows that it has generally the areas have been in order to meet the needs of nomadic communities. Existence of signs such as the impassability of Taleghan region, lack of favorable conditions and fertile soil for agriculture and its importance for ranchers, the existence of cemeteries all reinforce this theory.  }, keywords = {Iron Age. Archaeological Surveys. Settlement. Gray Pottery. Taleghan}, title_fa = {مطالعۀ استقرارها و سفال خاکستری عصر آهن منطقۀ طالقان (براساس بررسی های میدانی)}, abstract_fa = {از آنجا که عصر آهن، نقطۀ تلاقی بین دوران پیش‌ازتاریخ و تاریخی ایران به‌حساب می‌آید، از منظر باستان‌شناسی دارای اهمیت بسزایی است. از مهم‌ترین یافته‌ها و بحث‌های عصر آهن، سفال خاکستری و مسأله پیدایش و چگونگی انتشار آن در ایران است؛ در این‌خصوص، نظریات متعددی ارائه شده که برخی آغاز عصر آهن و ظهور سفال خاکستری را نتیجۀ مهاجرت و پویایی فرهنگی، و برخی آن‌را درونی و در نتیجۀ تطور و تغییرات در فرهنگ‌های عصر مفرغ می‌دانند. از نقاط قابل‌توجه عصر آهن فلات‌مرکزی، منطقۀ میان‌کوهی طالقان است؛ از این منطقه، 13 محوطۀ عصر آهن شناسایی شده است که بخشی ‌از ‌یافته‌های سفالی آن در دورۀ مذکور را قطعات سفال‌های خاکستری با فاصلۀ زمانی آهن I و II را به‌خود اختصاص می‌دهند که تاکنون کمتر بدان پرداخته شده است. هدف اصلی این پژوهش، ضمن معرفی و تحلیل استقرارهای عصر آهن منطقۀ طالقان، بررسی سفال‌ خاکستری و مقایسه و تطبیق آن با سایر مناطق محوطه‌های همجوار است. پرسش‌ها عبارتنداز: گونه‌ها و الگوی پراکنش محوطه‌های عصر آهن منطقۀ طالقان از چه شاخصه‌ای برخوردارند؟ ظهور سفال خاکستری منطقۀ طالقان پی‌آمد استقرارهایی با یک فرهنگ جدید است یا فرآیند یک فرهنگ تطوریافتۀ درون‌منطقه‌ای بوده است؟ سفال خاکستری منطقۀ طالقان محصول یک جامعۀ پیشرفته با شاخصه‌های جوامع پیچیدۀ شهری است، یا محصول یک جامعۀ روستایی بوده است؟ روش پژوهش، به‌صورت میدانی با گردآوری سفال‌ها از سطح محوطه‌ها و مطالعۀ آن با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی از طریق جستجو در منابع کتابخانه‌ای و گزارشات فعالیت میدانی صورت‌گرفته و سپس نتایج حاصل‌شده به شیوۀ تاریخی-تحلیلی ارائه شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که سفال خاکستری طالقان احتمالاً پی‌آمد یک استقرار جدید است و وجود برخی نشانه‌ها باعث تقویت این فرضیه شده که سفال خاکستری این منطقه، محصول یک جامعۀ دامدارکوچ‌نشین یا به احتمالی دیگر، محصول یک جامعۀ دامدار روستایی است که با جوامع پیشرفتۀ فلات‌مرکزی در ارتباط بوده است؛ همچنین بررسی گونه‌ها و الگوهای استقراری طالقان نشان می‌دهد عموماً پراکنش محوطه‌های در راستای برآوردن نیازهای جوامع کوچ‌رو بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {عصرآهن,بررسی های باستان شناختی,استقرار,سفال خاکستری,طالقان}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3854.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3854_6018d871525223d320736ee4e106ece5.pdf} } @article { author = {Rezaee, Iraj}, title = {Hawramanat Pomegranate Gardens: A Window to the Ancient Karalli}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {115-134}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.20618.2051}, abstract = {Abstract In the cuneiform texts of Sargon II, the king of neo-Assyrian period, the ancient toponym of Karalla/Karalli/Karallu has been mentioned several times as a territory whose inhabitants resisted against Assyrian invaders. So far, researchers have suggested several different options for locating this toponym, especially in the zone between the cities of Sardasht, Marivan and Kamyaran. The discovery of a new clue by the author indicates that after centuries, the name of the mentioned area has been preserved on a native genotype of pomegranate of Uramanat region. The mentioned pomegranate which is called Karalli, is native to Uramanat and its physical features are different from other genotypes of pomegranate in the same region. This new finding, in addition to Tang-i var inscription, largely confirms the possibility of the adaptation of ancient Karalla/ Karalli with modern Uramanat (Kurdish Hawraman), and so confirms the opinion of those researchers who used to seek for ancient Karalli within Uramanat region. Uramanat is a special geographical area covered with high and steep mountains and narrow and deep valleys. It is very rich in water sources, but rarely has plains and flat lands. This natural feature, which distinguishes Uramanat from its neighboring areas, was a main reason that foreigners, including the Assyrian warlike kings could not gain permanent and easy access to the region throughout history. Regarding the available evidence, it seems that some sites in the mentioned Uramanat region which have occupation layers of Iron age III, have links in some aspects with the material culture of the old inhabitants of the ancient Karalla. Future excavations in Uramanat will undoubtedly promote a good leap in our knowledge about Karalla and forced Assyrian presence in western Iran. Keywords: Neo-Assyrian Period, Karalla, Uramanat, Karali Pomegranate, Tangi-var.   Introduction Karalla was a well-known ancient toponym in the eastern regions of Assyria, located in the west of modern Iran whose name has often been recorded in the Assyrian inscriptions as Karalla, and sometimes in other forms such as Karalli, Karallu, Karallum, Karllaia, and Karallaja (see: ARAB II: 10, 23, 79. 703; Saggs, 1958: 196; Parpola 1970: 200; Zadok, 2002: 96). All the available inscriptions of the New Assyrian period that refer to this toponym belong to the reign of Sargon II (721-705 BC). It is clear in at least in three cases that the Assyrians’ campaign to the land of Karalla was due to the revolt of the residents of that region against the Assyrians. So far, significant efforts have been made by various researchers to locate the ancient Karalli based on the Neo-Assyrian inscriptions. For example, F. Josti located the ancient Karalla between Daghestan and Ghilan; E. Wright located it in the upper parts of Sardasht valley (Wright, 1943: 177, map.1); L. Levine located it in the area of Lake Zaribar in Marivan (Levine, 1974: 110), and G Frame located it in the area of Tang-i var inscription in Uramanat (Frame, 2013: 438). This article aims at opening a new window to the ancient Karalla by introducing a new linguistic clue and adapting it to the archaeological evidence and geographical features of the mentioned region. Our assumption is that the important inscription and relief of Tang-i var which deals with the events of the expedition to Karalla, was erected within the mainland of ancient Karalla. Some of the main questions that this research seeks to answer are: 1. What other evidence, in addition to the relief and inscription of Tang-i var, can be directly related to the ancient Karalla? 2. Based on the available evidence, which of the areas suggested by researchers’ is the most applicable to the Karalla? 3. In what ancient sites and geographical areas the archaeological materials related to the ancient Karalla could be found? The present study, which has been conducted with a historical approach and a descriptive-analytical method based on the library sources and interrogation with Uramanat natives, aims at finding an appropriate answer to the above questions.   Discussion In addition to the Tang-i var inscription whose location in Uramanat area reinforces the possibility of the theory of researchers such as Frame to be correct, there is another interesting clue showing that the ancient Karalla can largely be adapted with today’s Uramanat geographically. While producing more than ten pomegranate genotypes in Uramanat has put this region at the center of one of the most important areas producing this fruit in western Iran, the author, quite coincidentally, found that one of the most favorite pomegranate genotypes in the area is called “Karalli”. However, the name “Karalli” does not have any known and specific roots in the local Hawrami dialect as well as in the well-known Kurdish and Persian language dictionaries. In addition, the natives of this region have no preconceived notions about the meaning of this name. Therefore, the author believes that there is a logical and sound connection between the ancient roots of the word Karalli and its connection with the land of Karalla mentioned in the inscriptions of the neo-Assyrian period. In Assyrian inscriptions the term KUR (land), and in some cases, the term URU (city) is often used before the name of Karalla / Karalli (see Parpola 1970: 200). The author thinks that the name is composed of two parts: Kar + ali, the first part of which is a common spatial prefix, probably meaning city, or the equivalent of the word “karu” meaning trading station in Akkadian and Assyrian languages. (see CAD K, 231 sv kāru A; Oppenheim 1977: 91). But the second part, āli / ālu probably refers to the “ruler of a city” (CAD: ā, 388 see. Ālu).   Conclusion There are important reasons that show the ancient Karlli is the same modern Uramanat. Firstly, the important inscription and relief of Tang-i var, which deals with the events of the Assyrian expedition to Karalla, erected in Uramanat area. Secondly, in the Assyrian inscription of Tang-i var, a mountain called “Anna” is mentioned, the name of which is probably recoverable in the name of today’s Zinana mountain, on which the inscription is carved. Third, the Tang-i var inscription states that the people of Karalla inhabited in an area of steep mountains, a description perfectly consistent with the mountainous and impassable region of Uramanat. Finally, the author’s study shows that the ancient name has been preserved to this day on a native pomegranate genotype in Uramanat region, known as Karlli. Therefore, the remnants of the Iron Age III settlements in the counties of Paveh, Kamyaran, and the southern part of Marivan, and the southern part of Sanandaj Valley, as well as the northern and northwestern parts of Salas Babajani, Javanroud and Ravansar counties, as well as Some parts of Uramanat around the city of Halabja in Iraqi Kurdistan which are located near the ancient Zamua, are most likely in direct contact with the Karalli and the material culture of the people of that land. This area, which has a special natural geographical boundaries and even in some respects, its own special cultural features, is now known to everyone as Uramanat.}, keywords = {Neo-Assyrian period,Karalla,Uramanat,Karali pomegranate,Tangi-var}, title_fa = {انارستان‌های اورامانات؛ دریچه‌ای به کارالیِ باستان}, abstract_fa = {در متون میخی دورۀ سارگون دوم، چند‌بار به جای‌نام «کارالا/کارالی/کارالو»، به‌عنوان سرزمینی که در برابر سپاه متجاوز آشوری مقاومت کرده، اشاره شده است. تاکنون پژوهشگران برای مکان‌یابی این جای‌نام، چندین گزینۀ مختلف، به‌ویژه در محدودۀ شهرستان‌های سردشت، مریوان، سروآباد و کامیاران پیشنهاد کرده‌اند. پژوهش حاضر که با رویکرد تاریخی و با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، براساس منابع کتابخانه‌­ای و مصاحبه از بومیان منطقۀ اورامانات به سرانجام رسیده؛ در پی آن است تا به کمک شواهد زبان­‌شناختی، و انطباق آن با مدارک باستان‌­شناختی و ویژگی‌های جغرافیایی منطقه، به برخی از ابهامات و پرسش­‌های مطرح شده، به‌ویژه در بحث مکان‌­یابی کارالا، پاسخ دهد. کشف یک سرنخ جدید توسط نگارنده، نشان می‌دهد که نام این مکان هنوز هم، پس از گذشت قرن‌ها، بر یکی از ارقام (ژنوتیپ‌های) بومیِ انار متعلق به ناحیۀ اورامانات حفظ شده است. انار موردبحث که به «کارالی» موسوم است، بومیِ منطقۀ اورامانات بوده و به‌لحاظ ویژگی‌های ظاهری، متفاوت از دیگر ارقام انار در همین منطقه است. این یافتۀ جدید، افزون‌بر کتیبۀ تنگی‌ور، تا حد زیادی امکان انطباق کارالا/کارالی باستان را با ناحیۀ اوراماناتِ کنونی (در کُردی هَورامان) تقویت می‌نماید، و نظر آن‌دسته از پژوهشگرانی را که پیش از این کارالا را در محدودۀ اورامانات جستجو می‌کردند، تأیید می‌کند. اورامانات یک منطقۀ جغرافیایی ویژه، با کوه‌های بلند و پرشیب و دره‌های تنگ و عمیق و آب‌های جاری فراوان است که دشت‌های باز و زمین‌های هموار در آن بسیار کمیاب است. این ویژگی طبیعی که وجه‌تمایز اورامانات از مناطق همجوار آن است، سبب شده است که در طول تاریخ، بیگانگان ازجمله پادشاهان جنگجوی آشوری، نتوانند به‌طور مداوم و به آسانی بر منطقۀ اورامانات دست‌یابند. باتوجه به شواهد موجود، به‌نظر می‌رسد که برخی از محوطه‌های ناحیۀ اورامانات که دارای لایه‌های استقراری مربوط به عصر آهن III هستند، به‌گونه‌ای با فرهنگ مادی مردمان کارالی باستان در ارتباط باشند.}, keywords_fa = {آشورنو,کارالا,اورامانات/هَورامان,انار کارالی,تنگی ور}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3855.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3855_9e361a76cdb5e98a5b8060e046ae316a.pdf} } @article { author = {Javeri, Mohsen and Baghsheikhi, Milad}, title = {Comparative Comparison of the Architecture of the Sassanid Fire Temple and the Fire Base Discovered from Vigol and Harâskân with other Sassanid Religious Buildings}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {135-150}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nb.2020.22433.2199}, abstract = {Abstract Religious monuments from ancient period have played an important role in the formation of spatial structure of cities and villages. Archaeological excavations and available historical evidence show that religious sites in historical periods, especially the Sassanid period, have been one of the centers of people for religious ceremonies. One of the important findings of archeological excavations in Isfahan province is a religious building called Vigol fire temple, which was found in excavations of M.Javari in 2010, in 10 kilometers southeast of Aran and Bidgol cities. The materials of this building are unlike with other buildings of its age and has cross-shaped and cruciform plan. In middle of the Vigol fire temple, a fire base consisting of two square platforms and a gypsum columnar stem with spoon-shaped grooves is made of gypsum and rubble. In this regard, the present article has been discussed and analyzed with the aim of recognizing and comparing the architectural aspects of Vigol fire temple with some fire temples in different regions. Therefore, the present study is based on the purpose of basic research and based on the nature and method, historical and analytical research; The required information has been collected through two methods of documentary and field studies and is trying to answer the leading questions: 1. Is it possible to prove its use as a fire temple based on the evidence left from the architecture of this building, and what kind of fire in this fire temple was lit according to historical sources? 2. Has the architectural plan of the Vigol fire temple followed a specific pattern? The results showed that the analysis and comparison of the architectural style of Vigol fire temple with other contemporary Sassanid examples shows the similarities of this work such as architecture or fire base in its construction has used a pattern similar to Sassanid examples and with the presence of neighboring architectural remains, including the twirling Corridor, can be considered the use of a fire temple for it. Also, due to the degree of fire in this period, the fire that was worshiped in this place was probably of the local fire type (Âdorân). Keywords: Sassanid Period, Aran and Bidgol, Vigol Fire Temple, Vigol Fire Base, Cruciform Plan.   Introduction Sasanian dynasty (224-652) ruled a land which today consists of Iran and Iraq (the heart of Iranshahr) with the victory of Ardashir I over Artabanus IV (213-224). In this period, the central government’s focus on religious homogeneity caused the establishment of religious centers throughout the country, belonging to a belief system today known as “Zoroastrianism”. During Sasani Empire, in addition to the building of major, significant fire temples such as Adur Gushnasp in Takht-e Soleyman, Adur Burzen-Mihr, and Azar Farnbaq, various chahartaqs were built as well in which religious events were held. As an example, Vigol can be mentioned which belongs to the recently-excavated site of the south-east of Aran and Bidgol in the north of Isfahan. Vigol Fire Temple is one of the most prominent examples of Sassani religious architecture, and thus, the following questions are supposed to be answered in this study. The Questions of the Study: This study aims to answer the following questions: 1. Based on the ruins of the architecture of this site, can it be considered to have been a Fire Temple? What kind of fire had been lit in there? 2. Does the architectural plan of Vigol Fire Temple follow a certain pattern? Objective and Significance of the Study: The purpose of this research is to present the architectural features of Vigol Fire Temple and then to compare its archeological and architectural features with other Sasani fire temples. The significance of this study is that the study of this fire temple will lead to a better understanding of Aran and Bidgol regions (central Iranian plateau) during the reign of Sasanis. Research Method: The present study is a historical one concerning its nature and method. Data collection has occurred through field study and document analysis.   Text of the Paper Vigol archaeological site is located in the south east of Aran and Bidgol, in Isfahan province. It is about 100 hectares; two ancient castles were detected in the east and the west side of the site in the 2007 probe by Mohsen Javari. The other artifacts are left under the sands. The following will focus on one particular aspect of this site which is the presence of a fire temple. Vigol Sasani Fire Temple The most important finding in the excavation is Vogol building with a cross design in 11*10 meters. The direction of the building is along with the north-west/south-east axis. In building this structure, clay and mud is used as the sole material. The floor and the dado have been covered with a thin layer of red plaster up to 70 centimeters. The architectural plan has four entrances the sizes of which do not overlap and makes the plan even more similar to other chahartaqs from the Sasani period.   Vigol Fire Bases Located in the center of the building is the fire base. This plaster base is strengthened by two lower platforms and also by the extra plaster and rubbles in its body. In the center of its body, there is a circular hole of 10*5 which is probably where they inserted a metal rod and installed the fire and its brazier. The square beneath this brazier is 180*180 centimeters, the platform above it 147*147, and the diameter of the lower base 133 which ends to 50 in the highest point. Generally speaking, understanding the dates and chahartqs and ascribing them to the Sasani period with a fire temple use is one of the difficulties in analyzing the religious architects of this era. To avoid mistakes and to have an accurate dating, a relative dating can be used and then compared to other contemporary buildings of that era. In Sasani fire temples, different platforms are seen with various shapes and heights which are considered as the tools of the temple. The spoon-shape design thus create on the body of the Vigol base is comparable to the bases of Palangerd and Shian fire pots (which are both located in Islam Abad fire temples), Bandian in Dargaz, Emam Zadeh Mohammad Vali Beyg in Dargaz, Emam Zadeh Hasel Nezami, Cham Namesht, Darreh Shahr, Tooran Tapeh, Gorgan and the pot in Kaka village in Gonbad-e Kavus, Tapeh Kahriz, Aran and Bidgol, Tol Shahid, and Borazjan.   Conclusion The analysis and comparison of the architectural style of Vigol fire temple with other buildings of Sasani reign which are mentioned in the Chronology, Use and Comparison section illustrate this structure’s similarity to other buildings of that time in various aspects such as the map. According to Dietrich Huff’s divisions, this complex can be considered a second-group Sasani chahartaq, since the walls of its circumambulation corridor have become visible in the excavation projects and most probably, this building can be presented as a religious center as a fire temple from Sasani era. The discovered fire base in Vigol like other fire bases of Iran in that time has two symmetrical cones on the top and bottom which are designed with spoon-like patterns or date-like designs created by a vertical threads ending to a circular shape. The fire of the Sasani fire temples divide into three groups: the victorius fire of Bahram, local fire or Adaran, and the court or domestic fire. Apparently, Vigol fire (or the ones in more simplistic fire temples) are from the Adaran type which based on Zoroastrian teachings, only their priests were allowed to enter.}, keywords = {Sassanid Period,Aran and Bidgol,Vigol Fire Temple,Vigol Fire Base,Cruciform Plan}, title_fa = {مقایسۀ تطبیقی معماری آتشکده و پایه آتشدانِ ساسانی مکشوفه از محوطۀ ویگل و هراسگان با سایر بناهای مذهبی ساسانی}, abstract_fa = {بناهای مذهبی از دوران باستان تاکنون نقش مهمی در تشکیل عناصر ساختار فضایی شهر و روستاها ایفا نموده‌اند. کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی و شواهد موجود تاریخی نشان می‌دهند، اماکن مذهبی در دوره‌های تاریخی -به‌ویژه ساسانی- یکی از مراکز مردم برای انجام مراسمات مذهبی بوده‌اند؛ یکی از یافته‌های اخیر کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی در استان اصفهان، بنای مذهبی موسوم به آتشکدۀ ویگل است که از کاوش‌های محسن جاوری در سال 1389 هجری شمسی در 10 کیلومتری جنوب‌شرقی شهرستان آران و بیدگل یافت شد. مصالح این بنا برخلاف سایر بناهای هم‌عصر خویش، چینه‌ای و پلانی چلیپایی‌شکل دارد. در بخش میانی آتشکدۀ ویگل پایۀ آتشدانی مرکب از دو سکوی مربع و ساقه ستونی گچی با شیارهایی قاشقی‌شکل از مصالح گچ و قلوه‌سنگ ساخته شده است. در این‌راستا، مقالۀ حاضر با هدف بازشناسی و مقایسۀ وجوه معماری آتشکدۀ ویگل با برخی از آتشکده‌های مناطق مختلف، مورد بحث و تحلیل قرار گرفته است؛ بنابراین پژوهش حاضر، براساس هدف از نوع تحقیقات بنیادی و براساس ماهیت و روش، تحقیقات تاریخی و تحلیلی است؛ اطلاعات مورد نیاز به دو روشِ مطالعات اسنادی و میدانی جمع‌آوری گردیده و در تلاشِ پاسخ به پرسش‌های پیشِ‌روست: 1. چگونه می‌توان بر پایۀ شواهد برجامانده از معماری این بنا، کاربری آن‌را به‌عنوان آتشکده اثبات نمود و این‌که براساس منابع تاریخی کدام گونه از آتش در این آتشکده در فروزش بوده است؟ 2. پلان معماری آتشکدۀ ویگل از چه الگویی پیروی نموده است؟ نتایج پژوهش نشان‌داد تحلیل و مقایسۀ سبک‌شناسی معماری آتشکدۀ ویگل با دیگر نمونه‌های هم‌زمان ساسانی نمایانگر شباهت‌های این اثر، نظیر معماری و یا پایه‌آتشدان در ساخت خود از الگویی مشابه نمونه‌های ساسانی بهره برده است و با وجود بقایای معماری همجوار ازجمله دالان طواف می‌توان کاربری آتشکده برای آن متصور شد؛ هم‌چنین باتوجه به مراتب آتش در این دوره، احتمالاً آتشی که در این مکان پرستش می‌شده از نوع آتش محلی (آدُران) بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {دورۀ ساسانی,آران و بیدگل,آتشکدۀ ویگل,پایه آتشدان ویگل,پلان چلیپایی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3856.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3856_2d317f682ec2f7ffe196f723dd99b6cc.pdf} } @article { author = {Yuosofvand, Yuonos and Karamzadeh, Farshad}, title = {The City of Seymareh from Formation to Extinction: Study of Affective Factors in Location, Extension and Extinction of Seymareh City}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {151-172}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.20340.2031}, abstract = {Abstract Seymareh is one of the important cities of western Iran in the early Islamic centuries. Historical texts point to its position in the Jebal province between Khuzestan and Zagros Mountains. After a brief but booming life, the city was abandoned in the fourth century AH. Despite the long history of archeological studies in the city, there are some doubts and questions about its precise location in present-day geography of the region and the real causes of its extinction. In addition, investigating the role of various factors in the prosperity and development of the city is one of the issues that has been overlooked in previous research. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact of environmental variables, human factors and political-historical changes on the location, expansion and extinction of Seymareh city. The research approach is historical and its information is collected using documentary studies and field visits. The results show that the location of the historic city of Seymareh coincides with the site known as the kalek on the southern margin of the present-day city of Dareh-e-Shahr. Defense and security have played a major role in locating the city. The strategic position of the city between Khuzestan and west of Iran, along with its environmental benefits and the attention of the Al-Hassanwayhi rulers, led to its growth and prosperity in the early Islamic centuries. Political-historical factors and the decline of the regional communication boom that followed the extinction of Al-Hassanwayhi’s government, had the greatest impact on the desolation of this city. Keywords: Historical Geography, Archaeological Studies, Seymareh City, Environmental Factors, Human Factors.   Introduction Seymareh is one of the most important cities in western Iran in the early Islamic centuries, which has been repeatedly mentioned in historical texts due to its strategic location on the road from Khuzestan to the Central Zagros. Despite the long history of archaeological research on the city and the considerable number of publications about it, many important issues about it are still obscure or have been largely neglected in previous research. The location of this city in the current geography of the region is one of the topics on which there is disagreement. Also, the impact of various factors on the formation, growth and expansion of the city has not been seriously considered so far. Some new studies by according to historical texts, have attributed the city’s extinction to an earthquake, but so far no conclusive evidence has been found to confirm it. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the references of historical texts and archaeological evidence in order to remove ambiguity about the location of the city of Seymareh and to investigate the impact of various factors on the life of the city at three levels of formation, growth and extinction. The importance of Seymareh city as one of the most important cities of the early Islamic centuries in western Iran and the existence of ambiguity about the location of this city and neglecting the real reasons for its formation, prosperity and abandonment, has necessitated independent research in this regard. The Research Questions are as Follows: 1. where is the historical city of Seymareh located and what is its location in the current geography of the region? 2. What are the main effective factors in location (formation), growth, expansion and extinction of Seymareh city? The research hypothesis is as follows: The historical city of Seymareh is located in the present-day Dareh-e-Shahr city and its location coincides with the ruins known as Kalek in the southwest of the city. Defensive facilities, environmental benefits and its strategic position in the communication routes are the main factors in its formation and development in the early centuries of Islam, and natural events and political-historical developments have caused the extinction of this city. The research approach is historical-analytical and its information has been collected through library studies and field research. Initially, by reviewing and evaluating ancient sources, a general knowledge of the city of Seymareh and its location in the region was obtained. Archaeological and field evidence was then collected through field visits and finally, by measuring and comparing the information of these two sections, factors affecting the life of Seymareh city have been analyzed in three levels of location, prosperity and extinction.   Identified Traces Historical texts refer to the geographical location of Seymareh, its climatic conditions and vegetation, which to some extent is  coincide to the climatic and geographical conditions of the current Dareh-e-Shahr. Historical sources mention the existence of a large bridge between Tarhan and Seymareh. This indicates that the city of Seymareh must be located near a large and roaring river. The roaring Seymareh River is located between Lorestan and Ilam provinces and is the only important river in the region that has such a feature. This evidence shows that the city of Seymareh should be explored on the south bank of the Seymareh River and on the slopes of Kavarkuh. The only large urban area of this region is the ruins of Kalek on the southern out districts of Dareh-e-Shahr city, which is proposed in the present study as the location of the historical city of Seymareh by presenting historical and archaeological evidence. As can be seen from the study of the geographical location of the city, in the stage of choosing the construction site of the city, the existence of natural defense barriers and the maximum use of these barriers have played the greatest role in the construction of the city. The ecological benefits of the region, the strategic position of Seymareh along the communication routes, the suitable climate and the defensive facilities of Seymareh provided a suitable conditions for its prosperity. With the correct understanding of these talents, the rulers of Al-Hasnawiyah made extensive efforts to prosper the city of Seymareh. These measures accelerated the role of the primary factors and caused the city of Seymareh in the third and fourth centuries AH to be considered as one of the most important cities in western Iran. Considering that other important cities of the territory of Al-Hasnawiyah, such as Sirvan, Azivja ̅n and Shapurkhast, were abandoned at the same time as Seymareh, It seems that a common factor has played a role in the abandonment of the cities. Examination of historical and archaeological evidence shows that the decline of Al-Hasnawiyah power, the destruction of bridges and the decline of communication routes in the region along with natural disasters such as earthquakes have had the greatest impact in extinction of this city.   Conclusion The results of this study show that the location of historical city of Seymareh is cocoinciding to the modern city of Dareh-e-Shahr. The process of location, expansion and collapse of this city has been affected by the interaction of environmental and human factors; Security and defense considerations have played a major role in choosing the construction site of the city. The environmental capabilities of the region in combination with the suitable communication position of Seymareh city on the south-west of Iran, has strengthened the role of the primary factor. The strategic position of this city in accessing the of communication roads and its economic talents attracted the attention of the rulers of Al-Hasnawiyah to this city and their works, such as repairing and building bridges and roads leading to prosperity of the city. From the beginning of the fifth century AH, following the decline of Al-Hasnawiyah and the restriction of their territory to the north of Lorestan, The communication routes, which was one of the economic recorses of Seymareh, fell from prosperity, and this factor, along with natural disasters such as earthquakes, reduced the prosperity of Seymareh and eventually abandoned the city.}, keywords = {Historical Geography,Archaeological Studies,Seymareh City,Environmental Factors,Human Factors}, title_fa = {شهر سیمره از شکل‌گیری تا انقراض (مطالعۀ عوامل مؤثر در مکان‌گزینی، گسترش و انقراض شهر سیمره)}, abstract_fa = {سیمره/ صیمره، یکی از شهری مهم ناحیۀ غربی ایران در سده‌های آغازین دوران اسلامی است که متون تاریخی به موقعیت آن در منطقۀ جبال و در حدفاصل خوزستان و کوهستان زاگرس اشاره کرده‌اند. این شهر پس از یک دوره حیات کوتاه‌مدت اما پررونق، در اوایل سدۀ پنجم هجری متروکه می‌شود. باوجود پیشینۀ نسبتاً طولانی‌مدت مطالعات باستان‌شناسی در این شهر، امروزه ابهامات و پرسش‌های چندی در رابطه با موقعیت مکانی دقیق آن در جغرافیای امروزی منطقه و دلایل واقعی انقراض آن مطرح است. علاوه‌بر این، بررسی نقش عوامل مختلف در رونق و توسعۀ این شهر ازجمله مواردی است که در پژوهش‌های پیشین مغفول مانده است. هدف پژوهش حاضر آن است تا با بررسی متون تاریخی و شواهد باستان‌شناسی ضمن رفع ابهام در مورد موقعیت مکانی شهر سیمره، تأثیر متغیرهای زیست‌محیطی، عوامل انسانی و تحولات سیاسی-تاریخی در روند مکان‌گزینی، گسترش و فروپاشی این شهر بررسی شود. پرسش‌های تحقیق از این قرار است؛ ۱. موقعیت مکانی شهر تاریخی سیمره در جغرافیایی امروزی منطقه با کدام محوطه منطبق است؟ ۲. عوامل مؤثر در مکان‌گزینی (شکل‌گیری)، رشد و گسترش و انقراض شهر سیمره کدامند؟ بر این‌اساس، فرضیات عبارتنداز: موقعیت شهر تاریخی سیمره با شهر «دره‌شهر» امروزی منطبق است. برخورداری‌های زیست‌محیطی و موقعیت راهبردی این شهر در مسیر راه‌های ارتباطی خوزستان به غرب ایران باعث شکل‌گیری و توسعۀ شهر سیمره در سده‌های آغازین اسلامی شده است و حوادث طبیعی و تحولات سیاسی-تاریخی باعث انقراض این شهر شده است. روش پژوهش تاریخی است و اطلاعات آن با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادی و بازدیدهای میدانی گردآوری شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که مکان شهر تاریخی سیمره با محوطۀ معروف به «کَلِک» در حاشیۀ جنوب‌غربی شهر امروزی دره‌شهر منطبق است. در مرحلۀ تکوین، عوامل تدافعی و امنیتی بیشترین نقش را در مکان‌گزینی این شهر داشته است. موقعیت راهبردی این شهر بر سر راه ارتباطی و بازرگانی خوزستان به غرب ایران در کنار برخورداری‌های زیست‌محیطی و توجه امرای آل‌حسنویه (330-406ه‍.ق./ 941-1015م.) به آن، رشد و شکوفایی آن در سده‌های آغازین اسلامی را موجب‌شده که تا اوایل سدۀ پنجم هجری حیات آن ادامه داشته است؛ بررسی‌ها نشان می‌دهد در کنار زلزله، عوامل سیاسی-تاریخی و کاهش رونق راه‌های ارتباطی منطقه، که به‌‌‌دنبال انقراض حکومت آل‌حسنویه رخ داده، بیشترین تأثیر را در متروک‌شدن این شهر داشته است.}, keywords_fa = {شهر سیمره,عوامل زیست محیطی و انسانی,شواهد تاریخی و باستان شناسی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3857.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3857_add65a79d325cd76b11680c284321cb9.pdf} } @article { author = {saadat mehr, muhammad amin and Kuhestani Andarzi, Hossein and hashemi, hasan and Joyzi, Zohreh}, title = {The Beginning of Ishaq Ibn Ahmad Samani’s Emirate (301 A.H.) in Samarqand Based on Numismatics Evidence}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {173-188}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2020.21034.2084}, abstract = {Abstract After the death of Ahmad ibn Ismail (295-301 AH), at the same time Ishaq ibn Ahmad (301 AH), the great of the Samani family and Nasr ibn Ahmad (301-331 AH), emir Ahmad’s young son rose to claim Emirate, which eventually led to the infighting and victory of Nasr. Since historical books have been widely dispersed, coin science can provide researchers with valuable information to address these discrepancies. emir Ishaq is the name of the late emir, also known as Ismail ibn Ahmad (279-295 AH) and dates to 301 AH. He was beaten in Samarqand. The main questions of this study are: 1. How can a part of the history of that era be reconstructed by using the copper coin of emir Ishaq (issued by Samarqand in 301 AH)? 2. emir’s name is dead, why has Ismail insisted on this type of coin, and what role did Ishaq have in legitimizing it? In addition to introducing this first coinage index, this paper seeks to reconstruct and identify the causes of some events along with the cognitive cointegration data along with historical texts, using a cognitive archaeological approach and a historical approach. The main result of this study was the issue of legitimizing the Emir of Ishaq from the Baghdad Caliphate, which can be concluded that this coin was minted during the process of legitimizing the Emirate of Ishaq by the Abbasid caliphate, and since the coinage was considered a sign of power. And his legitimacy for the Emirate was also in the offing, bringing the name of the emir down to the coins could guarantee Ishaq’s legitimacy at that time. Keywords: Ishaq Ibn Ahmad, Samarqand, Numismatics, Samanids, Nasr Ibn Ahmad.   Introduction After the assassination of Ahmad ibn Ismail in the month of Jumada al-Thani in 301 AH, widespread chaos spread over the Samanid realm, And the pole of Samarqand and the establishment of the great Samani family, the brother of emir Ismail, Ishaq Ibn Ahmad, which finally ended with the victory of the Bukhara pole over Samarqand, in favor of the new emir, Nasr. While we were studying this topic, while reviewing the auction booklet of “Stephen Album Rare Coins” Institute, copper coins by emir Ishaq Samani, attracted attention. The auction booklet also placed this coin in the category of rare coins (RRR) in terms of quantity and considered it to be related to the first days of Isaac’s claim to Samanid territory; “A copper coin from the city of Samarqand, multiplied in the year 301 AH”. So, given that historical books provide scattered and different information, especially the time of this event, this copper scales, along with other coins that were struck at the height of the chaos, can be used as A valuable document should be placed next to other books and archeological data and clarify some dark points of the history of this period. Research Questions: This research raises two main questions: 1. How can a part of the history of that era be reconstructed using the copper coin of emir Ishaq (Samarqand minted in 301 AH)? 2..Why did the name of the late emir, Ishmael, become silver on this type of coin, and what role did it play in giving Isaac legitimacy? In this research, perceptual archeological approaches and historical approach were used to examine the ancient data, ie coins. Perceptual archeology is the study of the way of thinking in the past, which discovers mental products through the remnants of the past. The historical approach is the reconstruction of the human past based on the critical analysis of historical texts, which is finally evaluated with archaeological data and provides the final analysis. In fact, the use of perceptual archeology and historical approach in the Samanid era, which has left both material evidence and historical texts, can be the main and appropriate basis.   Identified Traces Initially, the purpose of creating coins was to facilitate exchanges and trade, but after a short time, coins became a symbol of ethnicity, sovereignty, independence, etc .; The Samanid Emirate and other contemporary Islamic emirates were not outside the scope of this argument; But it goes without saying that at that time, the permission of the Caliph of Baghdad was a prerequisite for minting coins. The coin in question is the copper coin of the year 301 AH. And it is beaten in Samarqand that the words: “Allah / Muhammad / Rasoul / Allah / Ishaq” and on the margin of the phrase: “Mimma Amr bi al-Emir Ismail Ibn Ahmad Abqah Allah”. Has become silver; On the center of the back of this coin is written the phrase: “La Ilaha Illa / Allah Vahdahu / La Sharik lah” And on the margin of it, the phrase: “Bism Allah Zuriba Haza al-Fals bi Samarqand Sinat Ehedi w thulth Mea’a” is written. There is no information about the division of the coins of the copper coins in the Samanid period, so it is clear that they were generally called “Fals”; Even in terms of weight and scale, those coins are indistinguishable, because they scatter in weights between 2 and 4.5 grams, perhaps these weights can be considered local and regional. The weight of the coin studied in this article is 2.82 grams according to the common weights. The name of emir Ishaq is mentioned on the center of the coin and Ismail’s name is mentioned on the margin of the deceased emir, but what was the reason for this action? According to the authors, the coin was minted during the process of legitimizing Isaac by the caliphate. Since the minting of coins was a sign of gaining power and his legitimacy for the emirate was underway, mentioning the name of the previous emir on the coins could have guaranteed Isaac’s legitimacy at that time.   Conclusion In the past, one of the purposes of coinage, which later became the most important goal, was to show the authority and consolidate the power of the coin owner. In addition to two important and common features of Samani coins, namely the date (301 AH) and the place of minting (Samarqand), this coin bears the name of emir Ismail Samani after six years of his death, as the main emir of the emirate and the name of emir Ishaq. The title of dependent emir has taken its place; Taking into account these features and the help of other historical texts, an important part of the political history of that era was explained and reconstructed, so this coin should be considered the representative of the first coin of Isaac after the claim of the Samanid Emirate. It should be noted that one of the pillars of emir Samani’s legitimacy at that time was the approval of the caliphate of Baghdad, and its appearance was revealed by mentioning the name of the caliph in the sermon and coins; Normally, when the principal emir of the Samanid emirate gives a territorial command to an emir, the emir emperor displays the name of the principal emir on the coins to indicate his legitimacy; It can now be understood that Ishaq in the early days of his emirate, when he had not yet received the approval of the Abbasid caliph, showed his legitimacy by naming the late emir Ismail. So the main knot that was untied by this coin was the issue of legitimizing Ishaq and its stages by the Caliphate of Baghdad, which can be concluded that this coin was struck during the process of legitimizing the Emirate of emir Ishaq by the Abbasid Caliphate. Since the minting of coins was a sign of gaining power and his legitimacy for the emirate was underway, mentioning the name of the previous emir on the coins could have guaranteed Isaac’s legitimacy at that time.}, keywords = {Ishaq ibn Ahmad,Samarqand,Numismatics,Samanids,Nasr ibn Ahmad}, title_fa = {آغاز امارت اسحاق‌بن‌احمد سامانی (301ه.ق.) در سمرقند با استناد بر شواهد سکه‌شناسی}, abstract_fa = {پس از کشته‌شدن «احمدبن‌اسماعیل» (295-301 ه‍.ق.)، هم‌زمان «اسحاق‌بن‌احمد»، بزرگ خاندان «سامانی» و «نصربن‌احمد» (301-331 ه‍.ق.)، فرزند خردسال «امیراحمد» به ادعای امارت برخاستند که درنهایت به نزاع و پیروزی نصر خردسال انجامید. از آنجایی‌که کتب تاریخی مطالب پراکنده و متفاوتی در این باب داشته، علم سکه‌شناسی می‌تواند اطلاعات ارزشمندی را برای رفع این تفاقضات در اختیار محققین قرار دهد؛ پس پایه و مبنای اصلی این مقاله را داده‌های سکه‌شناختی، به‌ویژه فَلسی شاخص از «امیراسحاق» تشکیل می‌دهد که نام امیر درگذشته، «اسماعیل‌بن‌احمد» (279-295ه‍.ق.) را نیز بر خود جای داده و به تاریخ 301ه‍.ق. در شهر سمرقند به ضرب رسیده‌ است. پرسش‌های اصلی این پژوهش عبارتنداز: 1. چگونه می‌توان با استفاده از سکه مسین امیراسحاق (ضرب سمرقند به سال 301ه‍.ق.) بخشی از تاریخ آن عصر را بازسازی نمود؟ 2. نام امیر درگذشته، اسماعیل به چه علت بر این نوع سکه نقر گردیده و در مشروعیت‌یافتن اسحاق چه نقشی داشته است؟ این مقاله بر آن است تا علاوه‌بر معرفی این سکۀ شاخص که برای نخستین‌بار انجام می‌گردد، با رویکرد باستان‌شناسی ادراکی و رهیافت تاریخی به بازسازی و مشخص ساختن علل برخی از حوادث با همراهی داده‌های سکه‌شناختی در کنار متون تاریخی بپردازد. برآیند اصلی این پژوهش، مسألۀ مشروعیت یافتن امیراسحاق از جانب خلافت بغداد بود که می‌توان نتیجه یافت، این سکه در خلال فرآیند مشروعیت‌یابی امارت اسحاق از جانب خلافت عباسی، به ضرب رسیده و از آنجا که ضرب سکه نشانی از قدرت‌یافتن محسوب می‌شده و مشروعیت وی برای امارت نیز در دست اقدام بوده، آوردن نام امیر ماضی بر سکه‌ها، می‌توانسته مشروعیت اسحاق را در آن مدت تضمین سازد.}, keywords_fa = {اسحاق بن احمد,سمرقند,سکه شناسی,سامانیان,نصربن احمد}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3858.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3858_1f4d50a99ad3c6926fb397b47b4cf0f4.pdf} } @article { author = {beik mohammadi, Nasrin and Salehi Kakhki, Ahmad and Zaree, Mohammad Ebrahim}, title = {Semiotics and the Origins of the Motif of Cow in the Neyshabur Pottery Relying on Historical Texts}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {189-212}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.18799.1923}, abstract = {Abstract “Symbol” is a collection of signs, indications, and words that denote a higher meaning and concept than its appearance. In other words, symbols are used to express concepts that roots of many of them can be found in the history of predecessors and myths. Artwork is one of the most suitable platforms for the emergence of the symbol. In the meantime, “pottery” is one of the most important art works in early Islamic centuries, which it contains many symbols among the “cows”, and can be traced its implications in the myths of historical and Islamic periods. The aim of this study, semiotics of cow with regard to social conditions, religious and the idea and beliefs of the people of the early Islamic centuries through analysis of historical documents. Hence, following the semiotics of cow, the following question is raised: What is the origin of the cow symbol on the Neyshabur pottery? The research method is historical-analytical and based on library studies. In the process of research, we first began to collect statistical samples from museums, designing motifs with CorelDraw software; and in the following, library studies have been conducted to identify the subject matter of the cow in historical documents. The achievement of studying the cow symbol and its conception in the pottery of Neyshabur suggests that, considering the importance of cow in livelihoods of people in different historical periods and using of: meat, skin, milk, fats (for domestic heating and cooking) along with its efficiency in portage and plowing, can be imagen such icons as: power and strength, fertility and fecundity, which these symbols can be traced from prehistoric times to the aforementioned period in different artistic works and have common concepts. In addition to the above mentioned concept, other symbols, such as the combination of cattle with humans, the composition of cows with birds, are found in Neyshabur’s pottery with astronomical and religious concepts and their origin is specific to Islamic beliefs. Keywords: Symbol, Samanids, Pottery, Neyshabur, Cow, Astronomy.   Introduction A symbol is a set of hints and words that indicate a higher meaning than it appears. In other words, symbols are used to express concepts, the roots of many which can be traced back to the history of ancestors and myths. (Hall, 2001,14). It can be acknowledged that one of the most complex tasks in studying the works of art of the past is to study the meanings and concepts of symbols that originate from the beliefs of the people of that perid. Artwork is one of the most suitable substrates for the emergence of symbols. Pottery can be considered as one of the most important works of art of the first centuries of Islam, which is the manifestation of the beliefs of the people of that period. One of the pottery of the first Islamic centuries is the pottery of Neishabour related to the Samanid rule. Many scholars attribute the origin of the motifs of this period to the absolute influences of Sassanid art. Applying all pottery pattern of this period to the Sassanids is a superficial work and far from a correct understanding of thr social and religious situation of this period. However, the effects of previous periods should not be ignored. One of the motifs used on Neishabour pottery is the symbolic motifs of cow, which are very diverse and mysterious. Necessity of Research: The necessity of the leading research arises from the fact the sofar no detailed and comprehensive study has been done for the origin and interpretation of the cow symbol in a separate study. Therefore, the author’s goal in the leading research of cow symbolism from prehistoric times to the Sassanid period is to consider the belifes of the people by analyzing historical documents. The important issue rasied in this research is that the concept and meaning of the symbol of the cow in the pottery of Neishabour should only be considered a reflection of pre-Islamic symbols and bekiefs or its meaning should be sought in the beliefs and opinions of its creators and commissioners according to their social status and religion. Research Question: With the problem raised, this research seeks to answer the following question, what is the origin of the concepts of cow motive on Neishabour pottery? And assuming: the origin of some of the symbols of the cow in the first centuries of Islam can be traced to Per-Islamic myths and ideas, and some of the symbols are specific to the beliefs of the people of this period; In the following, the symbol of the cow on the pottery of Neishabour will be studied and analyzed. Research Method: The research method is historical-analytical and based on library studies, in the process of conducting research, first, statistical samples were collected from museums, were designed with (Corel draw) software, in the following, library studies for the origin and analysis of cow themes among historical written documents will be discussed.   Identified Traces Analysis and symbolism of cow motifs in Neishabour pottery: The variety of cow motifs used in Neishabour pottery indicates its importance among the people of the first centuries of Islam. In this study, to examine and describe the vessels and origins of the patterns of 6 samples of pottery that have the patterns of cow in terms of content; there are decorated with leading themes: the symbol of the cow with the theme of creation and life, the symbom of the combination of the cow with man, the symbol of the cow with the bird the symbom of the cow as a means of cultivation.   Conclusion The interpret and derive the symbolic motifs of Neishabour pottery with the question raised, what is the origin of the concepts of the motive of the cow on Neishabour pottery? And with the hypothesis of the origin of some cow motifs of the first Islamic centuries can be searched in pre-Islamic myths and ideas and some symbols are specific to the beliefs of the people of this period. The result of research confirmed the hyothesis with the following reseans. Human have benefited from the functions of cow since they domesticated cow due to their livelihoods in agriculture and animal husbandry. The use of cow in matters such as plowing and threshing made it important in these communities 6 such functions of cows in works of art of different historical periods have bern obtained from archaeological excavations. Such symbols are often interpreted as power and blessing. There are also special celebrations and rituals for growing and harvesting crops in ancient calendars that can be traced from prehistoric times to the present day, which do not belong to the religion of a particular community and can be one of the common symboms continued in different periods, some symbols are simply rooted in religion and superstition. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined creatures of cow and human of Neishabour pottery are completely different in terms of visual and conceptual form with the combined samples of cow and human and they cannot be applied to Pre-Islamic influences, but derived from belifes of the people of this era. Also, animal a combination of cow and bird, is a symbol that has not been seen in worjs of art and is specific to the ideas of the first centuries of Islam and belongs to Neishabour society.}, keywords = {Symbol,Samanids,Pottery,Neyshabur,Cow,Astronomy}, title_fa = {نمادشناسی و منشأیابی مضمون نقش گاو در سفالینه های نیشابور با اتکا بر متون تاریخی}, abstract_fa = {«نماد‌شناسی» کوششی برای آگاهی‌یافتن از رمز و رازهایی است که معمولاً به‌صورت شکل، اشاره، علامت به تصویر کشیده شده‌اند و ترکیب مفهمومی چندگانه را به‌همراه دارد؛ درواقع «نماد» زبان پنهان و نشانه‌های متنوع از: نجوم، مذهب، طلسم و جادو، وقایع مختلف، باورهای عامیانه را با خود به‌همراه دارد. این نشانه‌ها می‌تواند به تنهایی و یا پیوسته در کنار هم قرار گرفته و مفهوم چندگانه را بازگو کنند. «سفال» یکی از مهم‌ترین آثار هنری سده‌های نخستین دوران اسلامی، حاوی نمادهای بسیاری، از جمله «گاو» است که می‌توان مفاهیم پنهان بسیاری از آن ریشه‌یابی کرد. هدف از پژوهش پیشِ‌رو، نمادشناسی مضمون نقشِ گاو با مد‌نظر داشتن اوضاع اجتماعی، مذهبی و عقاید و باورهای مردم سده‌های نخستین اسلامی با واکاوی اسناد تاریخی است؛ از این‌رو، در پی منشأیابی نماد گاو، پرسش پیشِ‌رو مطرح می‌شود؛ منشأ مفاهیم نقشِ گاو برروی سفالینه‌های نیشابور چیست؟ بر این‌اساس، مفروض است که منشأ مفاهیم نقشِ گاو سفالینه‌های نیشابور ریشه در باورهای عامیانه مرتبط با مفاهیم نجومی، مذهبی و جشن بوده است. روش پژوهش، با رویکرد تاریخی-تحلیلی و مبتنی‌بر مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای انجام گرفت؛ در روند انجام پژوهش، ابتدا اقدام به جمع‌آوری نمونه‌های آماری از موزه‌ها، و طراحی نقوش با نرم‌افزار «کورل‌دراو» شد؛ و در ادامه‌ به مطالعات کتابخانه‌ای در جهت منشأیابی مضمون گاو در اسناد تاریخی پرداخته شده است. دستاورد مطالعۀ نماد گاو و ریشه‌یابی مفهوم آن در سفالینه‌هایِ نیشابور، گویای آن است که، با توجه به نقش پر اهمیت گاو در معیشت مردم در ادوار مختلف تاریخی و استفاده‌هایِ فراوانی همانند: گوشت، لبنیات، پوست، شخم‌زدن زمین و بارکشی، می‌توان نمادهایی چون: قدرت و نیرومندی، باروری و حاصلخیزی را متصور شد، که این نماد از دوران پیش‌ازتاریخ تا دوران اسلامی در آثار مختلف هنری قابل پیگیری است و دارای مفاهیم مشترکی هستند؛ هم‌چنین علاوه‌بر مفهوم ذکر شده‌، نمادهای دیگری ازجمله: ترکیب گاو با انسان، ترکیب گاو با پرنده، در سفالینه‌های نیشابور دارای مفاهیم نجومی و مذهبی هستند و منشأ آن‌ها مختص عقاید‌ و باورهای مردم دوران اسلامی بوده است.}, keywords_fa = {نماد,سامانیان,سفال,نیشابور,گاو,نجوم,مذهبی,جشن}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3859.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3859_ed4cd1a9d67fa5fb5d47824f6ad3bb9a.pdf} } @article { author = {sattarnezhad, saeid and Naseri Somei, Hosein and maroufi aghdam, esmaiel}, title = {Investigating and Analyzing the Nature of the Troglodyte Architectureof the Imamzadeh Masum in Maragheh}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {213-234}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.19002.1936}, abstract = {Abstract After the discovery of handicrafts in Iran in recent decades, the nature and use of these works has always been discussed. A very faint and vague trace of the era of the emergence of these relics, has made it difficult for researchers and enthusiasts of rock art to be accurate and absolute chronology and use. On the other hand, the rocky and cave nature of these neighborhoods has led most scholars to attribute them to the cult of Mehr. However, recent studies on the rocky outcrop of the village of Varjavi (known as the Imamzadeh of the Infallibles or the Temple of Mehr), which is somewhat richer in terms of archaeological data, provide more reasons for attributing these works to the Islamic period. However, in-depth and accurate research requires archaeological and scientific speculation. In this research, based on spatial analysis and comparative data, in order to clarify the chronology and use of the present building, an attempt has been made to provide points and archaeological knowledge that has not been paid much attention before. According to the authors, according to these points, a more accurate date and use for this work can be presented and it can be examined from new angles and with an analysts’ point of view. According to this study according to studies and comparisons, the initial use of the Varjavi complex of a Buddhist temple belonging to the patriarchal period is suggested,which after the religious reforms of Ghazan Khan becomes a monastery. Accordingly, attributing this area to the ritual of love is far from the mind. Finally although the chronology of other rock shrines needs independent research, in terms of dating and the relative use of the handicraft spaces of the Infallible Imamzadeh of Maragheh, it may be helpful for these works. Research questions and hypotheses. Keywords: Handicraft Collection of Imamzadeh Masoom, Handicrafts Architecture, Chronology, Use, Buddhist Temple.   Introduction In the northwestern region of Iran, a number of Troglodyte Architecture temples have been identified and introduced so far. One of the largest rock shrines in the region is the shrine of Imamzadeh Masoom Maraghei. This complex was first introduced as the Mehri Templ e in the 1950s. Basically, the distinctive feature of the Mithraic temples in Europe is the fact that any architectural space created in Iran with this style and context has been introduced as a Mehri temple, while there is no other evidence in Mithraism. Roman artifacts found have not been identified.  shrine of Imamzadeh Masoom is no exception to this rule. According to the theories presented, the date of creation of the complex is between a Mehri temple, a Zoroastrian fire temple, a monastery and an Islamic mosque, and even a floating shrine, and experts and scholars have mentioned different dates for this building. In this article, an attempt has been made to present an archaeological cognition with a new and more detailed view of the Imamzadeh Masoum collection and relying on spatial analysis and comparative data, and a series of corrections should be made in the previous writings; Therefore, the correct understanding of this collection and the interpretation of the time of its creation in the chronological framework and the analysis of the use of its spaces can be a suitable field of study for the interpretation of  shrines in neighboring areas that have been studied or researched in the future. Research Question & Hypotheses: This research seeks to answer two basic questions related to the collection of the Troglodyte Architecture Imamzadeh Masoom building: What was the relative chronology and time of formation of the collection of works of  Varjavi Maragheh? 2) What is the use of the spaces in this collection? The hypotheses raised in line with the above questions are: The time of creation of this collection of handicrafts based on the principles of relative chronology, which is done comparatively, is related to the patriarchal period that there is evidence of this claim in the collection of Imamzadeh Masum The direction of conducting the research has been studied and its use as a gathering place and place of worship for Buddhist s living in Maragheh city and the scientific complex of the observatory. Research Method: In this research, in the first place, an attempt will be made to introduce the collection with an archaeological approach and in a descriptive method, citing the collected and documented data as well as library information, and then with analytical methods and A comparative chronology and its use should be presented in a comparative approach along with the space archeology approach.   Identified Traces The village of Varjavi, which is called Var-Övi in the native language (Turkish), is located in the province of East Azerbaijan, 6 km southeast of the city of Maragheh. This Troglodyte Architecture complex is located in the geographical coordinates of 609704.50 meters east and 4132468.63 meters north and under the historical cemetery of Varjavi village. This collection of rocks was first registered with the registration number 788 with the name of Imamzadeh Mullah Masoom Maraghei and again in 1977 with the name of Mehri shrine and with the registration number 3/1556 in the list of national monuments. With the coming to power of the Ilkhanids in the 7th century AH and their domination of the city of Maragheh, under their political-religious support, new motivations for the development and prosperity of the city began and they were a positive reflection of these activities to achieve long-term goals. They used their political-religious. Hulagu and the successors of the Buddhist religion gained spiritual and scientific support by building shrines for Buddhist and Christian religions. Ghazan Khan’s change of religious policy led to the unfinished and destroyed many Buddhist shrines in the region. Religious ideas after Ghazan Khan caused the shrine of  Imamzadeh Masoom to change its use and in the next period to be in a haze of ambiguity in terms of function and antiquity. According to the latest written documents, different functions and names have been attributed to this collection during the Qajar period, which are certainly fake letters. Architecturally, a comparison of the Imamzadeh Masoum handicraft with a collection of this kind shows that this building can be measured with many Buddhist rock temples in terms of map; Also, some architectural and decorative elements of Imamzadeh Masoum collection have been influenced by a number of buildings of the patriarchal period. The shrine of Imamzadeh Masoom became an Islamic monastery after the religious reforms of Ghazan Khan, which changed during the eighth century AH; And especially the Safavid period has caused the abandonment of Sufi beliefs and monastic customs. So that in the Safavid period, the shrine was proposed as the tomb of the Infallible Imamzadeh of Maragheh and its followers, and today it has a special sanctity with the names of the saints and the Imamzadeh of the Infallible Imam.   Conclusion The result obtained from this research is only the result of examining the visual evidence in  collection, spatial analysis with reference to the structures in the spaces and structural study in the spatial-historical area (historical-political context) of  Imamzadeh Masoum collection; It is also written data; Therefore, in order to discover and read the accumulated underground spaces, to study the size of the complex and to date it more accurately, field operations are needed, so to achieve this purpose, scientific archaeological excavations are suggested.}, keywords = {Handicraft Collection of Imamzadeh Masoom,Handicrafts Architecture,Chronology,Use,Buddhist temple}, title_fa = {بررسی و تحلیل ماهیت کاربری معماری دستکند اِمامزاده مَعصوم شهرستان مراغه}, abstract_fa = {پس از کشف آثار دستکند در ایران در چند دهۀ‌ اخیر، ماهیت و کاربری این آثار همواره مورد بحث بوده است. ردپای بسیار کم‌رنگ و مبهم از عصر پدید آمدن این آثار به‌جای مانده، از آن‌روی امکان گاهنگاری و کاربری دقیق و مطلق برای پژوهشگران و علاقه‌مندان آثار صخره‌ای دشوار کرده است؛ از سویی دیگر، ماهیت صخره‌ای و غار بودن این محل‌ها بیشتر پژوهشگران را بر آن داشته که آن‌ها را به آئین مهرپرستی نسبت دهند. به‌هرروی، مطالعات اخیر دربارۀ محوطۀ صخره‌ای روستای «ورائوی» مراغه (موسوم به «اِمامزاده مُلامَعصوم» یا «معبد مِهر») که تاحدودی از نظر داده‌های باستان‌شناختی غنی‌تر است، دلایل بیشتری برای انتساب این آثار به دورۀ اسلامی ارائه می‌دهد؛ هرچند که پژوهش‌های ژرف و دقیق، به گمانه‌زنی‌های باستان‌شناختی و علمی نیاز دارد. در این پژوهش سعی شده، با تکیه‌بر تحلیل‌های فضایی و داده‌های مقایسه‌ای، برای روشن‌تر شدن گاهنگاری و کاربری بنای حاضر به نکاتی پرداخته و شناختی باستان‌شناسانه ارائه شود که پیش از این مورد توجه چندانی قرار نگرفته است. پژوهش حاضر به‌روش توصیفی و سپس با روش‌های تحلیلی و تطبیقی به‌دنبال پاسخ به پرسش‌های ذیل است؛ 1) گاهنگاری نسبی و زمان شکل‌گیری مجموعۀ آثار دستکند وَرجوی مراغه چه بوده است؟ ۲) کاربری فضاهای این مجموعه چیست؟ فرضیه‌های مطرح شده در راستای پرسش‌های فوق عبارتنداز: زمان ایجاد این مجموعه دستکند براساس مبانی گاهنگاری نسبی که به‌صورت تطبیقی انجام می‌گیرد، کاربری اولیۀ مجموعه دستکند وَرجُوی یک معبد بودایی متعلق به دورۀ ایلخانی پیشنهاد می‌شود که بعد از اصلاحات دینی «غازان‌خان»، تبدیل به خانقاه می‌شود؛ بر همین‌اساس منسوب دانستن این محوطه به آئین مهرپرستی دور از ذهن است. درنهایت، اگرچه گاهنگاری دیگر نیایشگاه‌های صخره‌ای نیازمند پژوهش مستقل است، به‌نظر تاریخ‌گذاری و کاربری نسبی فضاهای دستکند امامزاده مَعصوم مراغه‌ای بتوان برای این آثار راهگشا باشد.}, keywords_fa = {مجموعۀ دستکند اِمامزاده مَعصوم,معماری دستکند,گاهنگاری,کاربری,معبد بودایی}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3860.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3860_471042064038eb0cde0ad7db92658543.pdf} } @article { author = {Azizi, Hamid and mirdehghan, seyed fazlollah and Mahjoor, Firoz}, title = {Investigation of Mirror Works on the Qajar Houses of the Historical Context in Yazd}, journal = {pazhoheshha-ye Bastan shenasi Iran}, volume = {10}, number = {27}, pages = {235-255}, year = {2021}, publisher = {Bu Ali Sina University}, issn = {2345-5225}, eissn = {2345-5500}, doi = {10.22084/nbsh.2019.14829.1658}, abstract = {Abstract The people of Iran have always paid great attention to fine arts, architecture and beautification of buildings. Throughout the ages, Iranian architects have used many techniques to beautify both the interior and exterior of buildings, using locally-available building materials. The result of this endeavor has produced masterpieces of Iranian architecture. When you look at the ancient buildings of Iranian architecture you can see a different type of decoration in the inner and outer part of the places. Of course theses decoration should not only been considered as a decorative arts but they have some functional important aspects that even made them necessary for buildings. Mirror work   is   one of the arts used extensively to usually decorate the interior part of a building using small or large pieces of mirror. Various studies have been conducted on the mirror work until now. While studying the history of the mirror work and its evolution trend from the Safavid Era to the contemporary era, Semsar (Semsar 1963 and Semsar 1997) attributes the oldest evidence of using mirrors in the buildings to about mid-16th century and the Safavid Era. According to this study, the most common motifs in the mirror work are “Geometric designs”. In another article, Mishmast Nehi and Esfahani (2007, 43-52) examined the word “mirror” in the history of Iranian literature and pointed out to the evolution of mirror work and its gradual changes from the European composition to the purely Iranian composition (i.e. combination of mirror work and Geometric designs). Also in this study, mirror work techniques from the Safavid Era to the contemporary period have been studied.  According to the mentioned studies, it can be acknowledged that in most cases, the evolution of this art and its motifs and techniques have been studied. Although some studies have been conducted on the history and decorative aspects of the mirror work, little attention has been paid to the functional aspects of this art, particularly in the residential houses until now. Keywords: City of Yazd, Mirror Work, Residential Architecture, Qajar Period. Introduction It seems that mirror work, like other Iranian architectural inventions, created by Iranian architectures in Safavid Era and reached its climax at Qajar period in constructing some halls like Mirror hall of Golestan Palace and especially in constructing religious and holy monuments. Also it should be noted that there is some evidence of using mirror in building before Safavid era, like the use of mirror in the tile work of Sultan compelex of Bondarabad that probably back to the Timurid Era.    It seems that this art in addition to some decorative, aspects has some functional aspects as well. If we want to say something about the decorative aspects of this art, It results in myriad reflections of light through these pieces of mirror, which produce a dazzling display of sparkling light. This kind of deliberate decorations, lead to a bright and highly shining atmosphere created upon consecutive reflections of light in numerous mirror pieces. This art made the spaces of the buildings so nice that had impressive effect on the spirit of the settlers.  The mirror reflects the sky, water and every color and is a symbol of light and life. Mirror work artists used a variety of designs and motifs in the mirroring decorations of the Qajar houses in Yazd, including geometric, plant, animal and inscription motifs. For example, although animal motif, is rooted in Islamic culture, but also influenced the culture of other nations like India, because most owners of the homes are Yazdi merchants and had extensive business connections with other regions, particularly India.   Discussion Because of the development of this art in the Qajar Era, we can see the use of this art in different buildings like historical houses. Historical texture of Yazd City is one of the most renowned in Iran and the world. In the course of its historical genesis, this city has witnessed specific cultural, political, and economic conditions. One of the most important historical periods of Yazd’s texture dates back to the Qajar Era, when the merchants played a considerable role for their positions. Yazd City in the Qajar Era enjoyed so much economic prosperity that we cannot find any similar example in any other historical era of this city. Although the factors such as the development of the world trade and the strategic and commercial situation of Iran caused the entrance of the cities like Yazd into the domain of the world trade and set the scene for the prosperity of it, the extensive presence of the Zoroastrians there and their relationship with Parsis has been the chief reason for the economic prosperity of this city in the Qajar Era.   There is no doubt that the promotion of the merchants ‘social status in Yazd during Qajar Era can be considered as one of the main results of the commercial thriving of Yazd in that time; in other words, the status that belonged to the class of Khans in the social organization of Iran during Qajar Era was transferred to the merchants for their vivid role in the economic prosperity of Yazd.  There were a lot of merchants with aristocratic houses in the Qajar era that had mirror work decoration in the interior parts of some rooms. This study tried to investigate the history and different aspects of this art in the historical houses of Yazd city and so these questions have been raised: 1. Which techniques of mirror work are used in Qajarid houses and which motifs are included? 2. How is the spatial distribution of mirror rooms and what are the functional and social aspects of this art?   Conclusion  Before starting to decorated with mirrors, a designer first designed on paper--then he transferred these designs onto walls, ceilings and columns using special needles. After that, pieces of mirror are glued, one by one, onto the surface of walls, ceilings, etc. According to the Results mirror work has been used in three ways: mirror work on the plaster, stucco on the mirrors and paintings on mirrors and motifs are included plant, geometric, animal and inscription motifs. According to the obtained results from twelve houses, it was concluded that most of the houses, the mirror room was in the winter sections (north and west), indicating the high importance of this space and its important role in the cold seasons such as winter and partly autumn; because, for the relative cloudiness of the sky and the air in the seasons like winter and autumn and the role of mirrors in the reflection of light, mirrors could play an important role in the brightness and light increase in the room, affecting the mood of the residing people. Thus, it can be concluded that mirrors had functional aspects such as light reflection and affecting the morale of people, especially in the winter section besides the decorative dimensions. In addition, it seems that mirror rooms had some social aspect that could really show the social hierarchy of the Islamic society of Qajar Era. }, keywords = {City of Yazd,Mirror Work,Residential Architecture,Qajar Period}, title_fa = {پژوهشی بر هنر آینه‌کاری در خانه‌های قاجاری بافت تاریخی شهر یزد}, abstract_fa = {آینه‌کاری یکی از هنرهای ظریف و پرکار وابسته به معماری است که از کنار هم گذاشتن قطعات کوچک و بزرگ آینه به‌وجود می‌آید. آینه‌کاری معمولاً در بخش‌های درونی بناهای مختف، ازجمله: اماکن متبرکه، کاخ‌ها و هم‌چنین منازل مسکونی مورد استفاده قرار گرفته که علاوه‌بر بُعد تزئینی دارای جنبه‌های مهم کاربردی نیز می‌باشد. اگرچه ردپای استفاده از این هنر را باید در بناهای مختلف دورۀ صفوی و یا حتی قبل از آن، پی‌گرفت؛ اماتوسعه و اوج این هنر را می‌توان در بناهای مختلف دورۀ قاجار مشاهده نمود. یزد یکی از شهرهایی است که به‌واسطۀ پابرجایی و ماندگاری بافت تاریخی آن می‌تواند در ارتباط با جنبه‌های مختلف هنر آینه‌کاری در خانه‌های دورۀ قاجار مورد مطالعه قرار گیرد. این پژوهش به‌دنبال آن است، تا به بررسی و شناسایی تکنیک‌ها و نقوش آینه‌کاری شده در این خانه‌ها پرداخته؛ و هم‌چنین جنبه‌های کاربردی این هنر در فضاهای مختلف آینه‌کاری شده را نیز، مورد مطالعه و تجزیه تحلیل قرار دهد. بر این‌اساس خانه‌های آینه‌کاری شدۀ شهر یزد شناسایی و فضاهای آینه‌کاری شدۀ آن‌ها مورد مطالعه و تجزیه تحلیل قرار گرفت. به‌نظر می‌رسد فضاهای آینه‌کاری شدۀ این خانه‌ها علاوه‌بر تزئینی بودن، دارای جنبه‌های کاربردی و حتی اجتماعی نیز می‌باشند. با توجه به نتایج به‌دست آمده می‌توان این‌چنین اذعان نمود که: که درمجموع، استفادۀ هم‌زمان از دو تکنیک گچ‌بری برروی آینه و آینه‌کاری برروی گچ، با توجه به درصد (58%)، متداول‌ترین تکنیک در خانه‌های شهر یزد بوده است؛ هم‌چنین در ارتباط با نقوش؛ اشکال منظم هندسی با 90% و نقوش ختایی با 75%، پرکاربردترین‌؛ و نقش کاسه‌بشقابی با (3/8%)؛ کم‌کاربردترین نقوش را در خانه‌های شهر یزد به خود اختصاص داده‌اند. اتاق‌ آینه در 7/91% خانه‌ها در بخش‌های زمستان‌نشین خانه (شمالی و غربی) قرار داشته است که دارای کاربری‌های متعددی هم‌چون استفاده از آن‌ها در فصول سرد سال و هم‌چنین اختصاص دادن آن‌ها به افرادی با شأن و منزلت اجتماعی بالا و یا خویشاوندان نزدیک صاحب‌خانه به‌هنگام برگزاری مراسم‌های مختلف ازقبیل جشن و سرور و یا عزاداری بوده‌اند.}, keywords_fa = {شهر یزد,آینهکاری,خانه,دورۀ قاجار}, url = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3861.html}, eprint = {https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_3861_0bee73d6e9ae060cbe127ac871c23014.pdf} }