per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
7
24
10.22084/nbsh.2018.13417.1586
2506
مطالعات زغال شناسی در غار علی تپه ی مازندران: درآمدی بر منابع گیاهی در دوران فراپارینه سنگی در البرز شرقی
Charcoal Studies at Ali Tappeh Cave (Mazandaran): An Introduction to the Herbal Sources in the Epipaleolithic Period in the Eastern Alborz
زهره شیرازی
zohrehshirazi2003@yahoo.com
1
گیاه باستان شناس، پایگاه میراث جهانی شهر سوخته
شناخت دورهی فراپارینهسنگی در بخشهای مختلف فلات ایران، بهویژه نواحی شمالی آن، از اهمیت بنیادین برخوردار است. شمال فلات ایران بهدلیل دارا بودن عوامل زیستمحیطی مساعد و مناسب، همچون منابع آبی فصلی و دائمی، دشتهای حاصلخیز، شرایط جوی مطلوب و مرطوب، از دیرباز محیطی مناسب برای استقرارهای انسانی بوده و بدونشک پتانسیلهای زیستمحیطی بالای این منطقه نقش مهمی در شکلگیری این استقرارها و پیدایش و تکامل کشاورزی از گذشته تا به امروز ایفا مینماید. بررسیهای باستانشناسی در استانهای گلستان و مازندران منجر به شناسایی محوطههای بازِ فراپارینهسنگی زیادی نگردید، اما چند غار باستانی از جمله غارهای کیآرام، هوتو، کمربند، کمیشان و علیتپه شناسایی شد که اطلاعات بهدست آمده از آنها کمک زیادی به درک فرآیند گذار از دورهی فراپارینهسنگی به نوسنگی و نیز تکامل نوسنگیشدن در فلات ایران مینماید. برخلاف مطالعات باستانشناسی زیادی که در شمال ایران انجام گرفته است، این بخش از فلات ایران از نظر مطالعات گیاهباستانشناسی تاکنون ناشناخته مانده است. پرسش اصلی در این زمینه، آن است که ساکنان غار علیتپه از چه منابع گیاهی بهعنوان سوخت استفاده میکردهاند؟ بههمین دلیل بهمنظور دستیابی به اطلاعاتی دربارهی پوشش گیاهی در شمال ایران و بهویژه در نواحی البرز شرقی و نوع منابع گیاهی بهرهبرداری شده توسط انسان در دوران فراپارینهسنگی، در این مقاله به بررسی و مطالعه میکروسکوپی زغالهای چوبی که از کاوشهای باستانشناختی غار علیتپه واقع در ساحل جنوبی شرقی دریای خزر بهسرپرستی مکبرنی در سال 1964 م. انجام شده است، پرداخته میشود. بر اساس این مطالعات گونههای گیاهی شناسایی شده پیرامون غار علیتپه در این دوران، شامل درختانی مانند: بید، انگور، نارون، بادام/ آلو، بلوط و گونههایی از تیرههای اسفناجیان، نخودیان، سرویان، عناب و ورسک متعلق به ساختارهای گیاهی استپ -جنگلی، گیاهان استپی، گیاهان آبدوست، گیاهان گرمسیری و گیاهان کوهستانی بوده است. این تنوع در گونههای گیاهی شاهدی بر استفاده از چوب این درختان بهعنوان منبع سوخت در زندگی روزمرهی ساکنان غار علیتپه بوده است.
Abstract
In the northern part of the Iranian plateau, the archaeology of Epipaleolithic and Neolithic period be in a fundamentally important position. Mountain ranges and intermountain plains are two main geographical elements playing a key role in the environmental dynamism of the northern Iran. Dense forests and alpine pastures are both present in the mountains. The north Iranian forests, also famous as the Hyrcanian or Caspian forests (in the Irano-Turanian region), are located in the southern margin of the Caspian Sea and in the northern piedmont of Alborz from Astara in the west to Gildaghi in the East. The climate of this region is humid largely influenced by the Caspian Sea and the distribution and abundance of forest trees in this region is due to climatic variations, elevation and the relative amounts of annual rainfall. Juniper and Caucasian oak are found in the mountainous region between 2000m and 2500m altitude. On the western and central parts of the coastal strip with an elevation between 500m and 700m, there are forests of Querceto-Buxetosum with trees such as chestnut-leaved oak and boxwood. At the lower elevations, there are native-type trees like Persian ironwood, Caucasian wingnut, Caucasian alder, Persian silk, Caspian locust and Persian maple. Today, there is an obvious contrast between the mountains and open plains of the northern Iran due to anthropogenic intervention. The mountain piedmonts are covered with trees such as oriental beech, Persian ironwood and chestnut-leaved oak but the plains are usually bare of trees that are caused by human exploitation as well as agricultural activities. Pollen evidence indicates also a decrease in Caspian forests as a result of human activities during the past.
Keywords: Archaeobotany, Herbal Community, Epipaleolithic, The Eastern Alborz, Ali Tappeh Cave.
Introduction & Method
Regarding to the investigations of Carlton Coon and Charles McBurney, several Epipaleolithic open-air sites including Ali Tappeh was identified. Some other Epipaleolithic sites have recently been identified in adjacent regions including Central Asia (Dam Dam Cheshmeh) and southeastern Anatolia (Körtik Tepe). Moreover, eastern Chia Sabz and Chogha Golan sites in western Iran offered some fresh data on the PPN (Pre-pottery Neolithic) shedding more lights on the transitional phase from Epipaleolithic to the Neolithic. The current paper aims to present the results of a study on charcoal samples gathered during the archeological excavations at Ali Tappeh cave located in the south of the Caspian Sea coast, undertaken by Charles McBurney in 1964. It should be mentioned that charcoal or anthracological studies have not taken place in this part of Iran so far and the following results could be effective in reconstructing the vegetation covering as well as the exploitation of wood by hunter-gatherers during Epipaleolithic period in the eastern Alborz. The comparison of the vegetation of the past with that of modern times could also be useful for a better understanding of human interactions and environmental change. Situated at a steep point in the piedmont of Alborz, Ali Tappeh cave is located about 13 km from the sea. Recent calibrated dating indicates that the earliest occupation phase (Epipaleolitic) in Ali Tappeh Cave started about 11,300 BP (BM-2726: 11,240±210 BP; BM-2727: 11,300±190 BP) while the end of occupation is estimated at about 10,180±110 BP. This dating is in direct correlation with the Mesolithic/Transitional Neolithic phase (10,875±630) in Kamarband Cave and close to Mesolithic with the seals (11,740±825 BP) in Hotu Cave. A total of 166 pieces of charcoal from the excavations of 1964 have been studied. These samples were acquired from 4 trenches and 15 archeological layers. Samples were gathered by dry sieving through superimposed sieves, from large (7.5mm), through medium, to fine (2.5mm) respectively. Analysis and identification of these materials were conducted at the French archaeobotanical laboratory of Maison de l’Archéologie et de l’Éthnologie René Ginouvès at Nanterre. In order to analyse these materials, a reflected-light microscope (Nikon Eclipse L150) allowing magnifications from 50 to 1000 times was used. Identification of species was based on the anatomical structure of the wood preserved in the charcoal. Three sections (transverse, tangential and longitudinal) from selected samples were prepared and then identified by comparison with the reference collection available in the laboratory or with an anatomical reference atlas. The charcoal fragments were small in size but relatively well preserved. Photography of the samples has been undertaken at Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris using scanning electron microscope (SEM) that is provided the high-quality images.
Identified Traces
Charcoal studies of Ali Tappeh Cave indicate the presence of various species including oak, plum/almond and conifer (steppe–forest community, 43%), elm, willow and vine (hygrophilous community, 39%), Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae and Rhamnaceae (steppe community, 7%) and Ericaceae (alpine community, 9%) growing more or less around the site. The presence of plum/almond and elm at Ali Tappeh is significant and demonstrates its existence in the northern piedmont of eastern Alborz in the Epipaleolithic period used as feul. The same preference could be proposed for the Epipaleolithic people of Ali Tappeh Cave due to the high frequency of elm among the identified samples. The Significant presence of elm and oak at that time indicates a humid and moderate environment in this region. The presence of vine among the identified taxa in the Epipaleolithic period is striking. The remains of wild vine (seeds and pollen) is attested from at least 10000 BC in its natural habitats around lakes Ghab, Van and Urmia. Grape residues have also been found inside jars at Tepe Haji Firuz (6000 BC). In the late Neolithic (5000 BC), vine pollen has been reported from Zaribar Lake, outside its natural habitat. A Few seeds of cultivated vine have been found at Kurban Höyük in southern Anatolia. In the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age, the remains of cultivated vine in the form of seeds, charcoals and products have been reported from a dozen sites such as Godin Tepe in the western part of the Iranian Plateau, Tal-e Malyan in the south, Tepe Hisar in the north east, Anau in southern Turkmenia as well as some Indo-Iranian borderland sites including Tepe Yahya, Konar Sandal, Shahr-i Sokhta and Mehrgarh in the Kechi Plain. In the south-east of Anatolia, preliminary anthracological studies carried out on the samples found at Körtic Tepe have resulted in identification of 14 species belonging to two distinct vegetal community. These include a steppe-forest community consisting of species such as almond, hackberry, pistachio, oak and buckthorn, and a riparian community comprising tamarisk, willow/poplar, vine, alder, ash and maple. The presence of these communities supported by carpological and palynological data indicate that the site was situated along the flanks of an oak forest and a forest corridor on an ancient bed of the Batman Chay River in the early Holocene.
Conclusion
It should also be pointed out that anthracological studies at Dam Dam Cheshmeh in western Turkmenistan show the same presence of juniper and buckthorn in the Epipaleolithic period. Today, Turkmen juniper can be found in the piedmont of western Turkmenia (at Bolshoi Balkhan altitudes), and buckthorn grows in the western part of Turkmenia (Bolshoi Balkhan) and the piedmont of Kopet-Dagh. In Iran, buckthorn is dispersed through the forests of northern Iran and occasionally in the central steppes. These results must be considered as preliminary and future endeavors should be concentrated on the study of new material coming from sites such as the Hotu, Kamarband and Ki-Aram caves in the same region.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2506_552f1b206b1751a7f4b0348f4193bcf1.pdf
گیاهباستانشناسی
منابع گیاهی
فراپارینهسنگی
البرز شرقی
غار علیتپه
Archaeobotany
Herbal Community
Epipaleolithic
The Eastern Alborz
Ali Tappeh Cave
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
25
44
10.22084/nbsh.2018.15386.1691
2507
سیر تطور فرهنگی منطقه ی قره داغ در خلال هزاره های ششم تاچهارم قبل از میلاد: براساس داده های بررسی هوراند*
The Cultural Evolution of Qara Dagh Region During the Sixth to Fourth Millenniums B.C.: Based on New Results from the New Archaeological Surveys of Hourand
سحر بختیاری
bakhtiari_sahar@yahoo.com
1
روح الله شیرازی
rouhollah.shirazi@yahoo.fr
2
بهروز عمرانی
behruz.omrani@gmail.com
3
فریبا موسی پور نگاری
negari293@yahoo.co.uk
4
دانشجوی دکترای باستان شناسی دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان
استادیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه سیستان وبلوچستان و رئیس پژوهشکده باستان شناسی، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری
سرپرست پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری.
استادیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه سیستان وبلوچستان
ناحیهی هوراند که در بخش شرقی شمالغرب ایران واقعشده، هرچند فرهنگهای مختلف پیشازتاریخی را درخود جایداده، اما جایگاهِ توالی فرهنگی آن در گاهنگاری حوزهی شمالغرب ایران چندان شناخته شده نیست. از آنجاییکه این ناحیه بهعنوان پل ارتباطی بین منتهیالیه شرقی و غربی در شمالغرب ایران محسوب میشود، میتواند نقش مهمی را در تبیین فرهنگهای هزارهی ششم تا چهارم قبلازمیلاد ایفا کند و گاهنگاری نسبتاً جدیدی را ارائه دهد. برای دستیابی به گاهنگاری نسبی ناحیهی مورد مطالعه و پیبردن به روند جریانات فرهنگی ناحیهی قرهداغ در دورهی مسوسنگ، پرسشهای ذیل مطرح گردید؛ 1- وضعیت توالی گاهنگاری این حوزه در دورهی نوسنگی تا پایان مسوسنگ چگونه بوده است؟ فرضیهی اصلی در ارتباط با این پرسش، وجود دورههای نوسنگی، دالما، پیزدلی و مسوسنگ جدید 2 و 3 در حوزهی هوراند است. 2- تعاملات فرهنگی درون و برونمنطقهای در دورههای مورد نظر از چه ویژگیهایی برخوردار بوده است؟ در مقالهی حاضر، تلاش بر این است که با مطالعهی توصیفی-تحلیلی یافتههای سفالی به وضعیت نسبتاً روشنی از افقهای فرهنگی و جدول گاهنگاری منطقه در دورهی نوسنگی و مسوسنگ دستیافت. بهعنوان نتیجه نهایی میتوان وضعیت توالی فرهنگی و گاهنگاری در بخش شرقی شمالغرب ایران را بدینصورت ترسیم نمود: دورهی انتقالی نوسنگی متأخر به مسوسنگ قدیم (5400-5000 ق.م.)، مسوسنگ قدیم/دالما (5000-4500 ق.م.)، مسوسنگ جدید 1/پیزدلی (4500-4200 ق.م.) و مسوسنگ جدید 2-3 (4200-3600/3700 ق.م.). بر این اساس در مییابیم که در این حوزه، توالی گاهنگاری بدون وقفهای از اواخر دورهی نوسنگی تا پایان دورهی مسوسنگ جدید 2 و 3 جریان داشته است. بهتدریج در طول هزارهی چهارم در شمال و جنوب، فرهنگ مسوسنگ جدید 2 و 3 بهدلیل گسترش فرهنگ کورا-ارس تحتتأثیر قرارگرفته و سرانجام پس از یک دورهی همزیستی، فرهنگ کورا-ارس جایگزین این فرهنگ شده است.
Abstract
The northwest region of Iran has a special place in Iranian prehistoric studies for reason of its proximity to the most important cultural centers such as Caucasus, Minor Asia, Zagros, Mesopotamia as well as its placement on the routes to the eastern and central parts of Iran. The lack of long-term archaeological investigations has caused many problems and complexities in the chronological and cultural sequences at this region. On the one hand, the chronological table of northwestern Iran relies on the chronology proposed for the Lake Urmia Basin which due to its geographical character, cannot be generalized to the whole parts of the northwest. From the other hand, the eastern part of the east Azerbaijan province remained as an obscure region in the chronological framework of the Iranian archaeology. Although this area has a suitable environmental condition, but our knowledge about its various cultural sequences and relationship with the neighboring areas is still very rare. For example, there is no information about the earliest human settlements in the region as well as the cultural continuity or discontinuity in different periods. The period between the end of Hajifirouz until the beginning of the Kura-Aras culture in the chronological table of the northwestern of Iran is one of the most important but very obscure periods. The past activities in this area, focused on excavations at Hasanlu, Dalma and Pisdeli sites, have been attempting to provide a chronology for the Chalcolithic period of the area and correction of the Hasanlu’s chronological table. In total, the results of these studies led to the recognition and correlation of Hasanlu VIII (Pisdeli-middle and late chalcolithic), Hasanlu IX (Dalma-early chalcolithic) and Hasanlu X (Neolithic) in the whole chronological sphere of this region. This chronological table was the main and the only source of information which was later revised. Moreover, recent excavations in the Kul Tepe of Jolfa and Davagoz at Khoy, with radiocarbon dating, have shed new lights on the Chalcolithic of the northwestern Iran. However, these studies do not include the eastern part of the northwest and currently a comprehensive picture of the cultural evolution at this region is missing. Also, there are basic questions regarding the landscape, regional relative chronology, cultural trends, cultural nature, and regional and trans-regional interactions in the eastern part of the Urmia Lake in this period.
Keywords: Qara Dagh, Hourand Basin, Chronology, Neolithic, Chalcolithic.
Introduction & Method
Hourand County is a main cradle of the prehistoric cultures in the northwestern part of Iran. But it has not been considered as a key zone in the chronological sphere of the northwest due to the lack of archaeological invetigations. Since this area is a bridge between the eastern and western part of the Western Iran, it can play an important role in defining the cultures of the sixth to fourth millenniums B.C. and provide a new relatively chronology for the eastern part of the northwestern Iran. In order to establish a relative dating for the studied area and to understand the process of cultural trends at Qara Dagh area during the chalcolithic period, some questions were raised. In the present article, it is attempted to study the pottery found during the new surveys at Hourand in a comparative-typological approach. This approach will help us to provide a relative chronology of the cultural horizons at Hourand, to complete and revise the chronological table of the northwest, to study the cultural interactions with other regions during the sixth to the fourth millennium B.C. and also to solve other obscure points such as the cultural place of the region during the late Neolithic until the Early Chalcolithic period. Based on the studies done on the pottery of Hourand (in terms of form, technique and decoration), it is assumed that they overlap with some other pottery traditions of Hasanlu, Kultepe of Jolfa, Davagoz at khoy, Bostanabad, Lavin Tepe, Kohne Tepe Pasgasi, Idir Tepe and Ghosha Tepe. Some of these sites have been excavated in recent years and now there are new C14 datings that provide a new foundation for the chronological table of the northwestern Iran during this period. As regard to the archeological activities in the sites listed in our article, a new revised table has been proposed that could be a great help in updating the sequences of the chronological table of the northwest of Iran.
Identified Traces
Basically, the Hourand Region is a new area in the eastern part of Urmia Lake. This region is influenced greatly by the cultures of the Uramia Lake. Based on the archaeological evidence derived from Hourand, the influence of Dalma’s culture is seen in the fifth millennium B.C. It shows the interactions and convergence between this region and the next culture of Uramia Lake known as Dalma. But Dalma culture has not made major changes in the Hourand culture. In other words, in the earliest phases of Hourand culture, the characteristic features of the late Neolithic have been recognized so that it is impossible to identify a limit between these two periods in Hourand. However, the end of the Neolithic in Hourand was estimated in the first quarter of the fifth millennium BC. In this regard, the results of the chronology of the neighboring region in Davagoz (where the time span of the Neolithic to the Chalcolitic is estimated at 5400-5000 B.C.), can also be used to complete the Neolithic of the eastern part of the Hourand region. Thus, it is possible to fill the gap between the culture of Hajifirouz and Dalma in the southern region of Urmia Lake. The Hourand area yielded also important cultural evidence from late Neolithic to the beginning of the Kura-Aras culture which can help to complete the chronology of the eastern part of the northwestern Iran. Based on available information and C14 dating from recent excavations in the northwestern Iran, there is a new opportunity to revise the sixth to the fourth millennium B.C. chronology. The comparative studies of pottery and the results of relative chronology indicate that the earliest cultural sequences in Hourand is the transition from the late Neolithic to the early Chalcolithic. the study of variations of the Hourand’s pottery during the Chalcolithic period shows the technical similarities to the pottery of other sites of northwestern Iran and suggests that this region has extensively trans-regional relations and interactions during the transitional period of the late Neolithic/early chalcolithic to the late chalcolithic period with Urmia lake, northern Iran, Caucasus and the Zagros region. Based on the study of the material culture of Hourand and neighboring regions, the prehistoric chronological table of the region was clarified. Thus, the chronology of the eastern part of the northwest can be classified as follows: transitional period of the late Neolithic/early chalcolithic (5400-5000 B.C.), early Chalcolithic/Dalma (5000-4500BC), middle chalcolithic/late Chalcolithic1/Pisdeli (4500-4200BC) late Chalcolithic 2-3 (4200-3700/3600BC). Accordingly, we find that in the eastern part of northwest, there has been a chronological sequence that continued without any interruption from the late Neolithic to the late chalcolithic 2-3. Gradually, during the fourth millennium B.C., the late Chalcolithic was influenced by the expansion of a new culture (Kura-Aras) that coexisted together for a while and then replaced totally by the Kura-Aras culture.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2507_6e6fe4858999a47ae194f395ade905d4.pdf
منطقه ی قره داغ
حوزه ی هوراند
گاهنگاری
نوسنگی
مس وسنگ
سفال
Qara Dagh
Hourand Basin
Chronology
Neolithic
Chalcolithic
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
45
62
10.22084/nbsh.2018.14839.1654
2508
مطالعات آزمایشگاهی تعدادی از مهره های آبی و سبز به کار رفته در زیور آلات پیش از تاریخ موزه ملی ایران
Labratorial Studies on the Blue and Green Beads Used in the Prehistoric Ornaments of National Museum of Iran
رویا بهادری
r.bahadori@richt.ir
1
داوود آقا علی گل
daghaaligol@aeoi.org.ir
2
استادیار پژوهشکده حفاظت و مرمت آثار تاریخی-فرهنگی، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری
کارشناس ارشد فیزیک پژوهشگاه علوم و فنون هسته ای، پژوهشکده فیزیک و شتابگرها، آزمایشگاه واندوگراف
استفاده از مهرههای رنگی در زیورآلات پیشازتاریخ بسیار متداول بوده و مطالعات بسیار زیادی بر روی آنالیز عنصری و شناسایی ساختار این مهرهها در جهان صورت گرفته است. با توجه به تعداد زیاد مهرههای یافت شده در کاوشهای باستانشناسی، بهخصوص در گورستانهای قبلازمیلاد ایران، انجام این پژوهشها اهمیت زیادی دارد. بهمنظور شناسایی مواد اولیهی بهکار رفته در مهرههای پیشازتاریخ ایران، از هشت مهرهی آبی، آبی تیره و سبز بهکار رفته در سه زیور بهدست آمده از تپه حصار دامغان (هزارهی سوم قبلازمیلاد) و تپه نصفی گیلان (هزاره اول قبلازمیلاد) که متعلق به موزه ملی ایران بودند، نمونهبرداری شد. پرسش اصلی این پژوهش، شناسایی نوع مواد و ترکیبات بهکار رفته در این مهرهها است. آیا از سنگهای نیمهقیمتی، مثل لاجورد و فیروزه در ساخت این مهرهها استفاده شده یا از مواد سنتزی، مثل آبی مصری و شیشه بهرهبرداری شده است. برای پاسخ به این پرسشها، از روشهای آنالیز دستگاهی مختلف، مثل پراش سنجی پرتو ایکس (XRD)، طیفسنجی زیر قرمز تبدیل فوریه (FTIR)، میکروسکوپ نوری پلاریزان (PLM) و میکرو پیکسی (Micro-PIXE) استفاده شده است. نتایج FTIR و میکروپیکسی نشان میدهد که مهرههای بهکار رفته در زیور متعلق به تپه حصار دامغان از جنس سنگ لاجورد است که سنگی نیمهقیمتی بوده و با توجه به بالا بودن عناصر منیزیم و کلسیم در آن، این نمونهدارای کانی دیوپسید (CaMgSi2O6) قابلتوجهی است. اما نتایج XRD هفت نمونه از مهرههای بهکار رفته در دو زیور تپه نصفی گیلان، نشان میدهد که این نمونهها فاقد ساختمان بلوری هستند و جنس این مهرهها با توجه به آنالیز عنصری با روش میکروپیکسی شیشهی نوع سیلیکا، سودا و آهک است که بهعلت بالا بودن درصد پتاسیم و منیزیم، سودای استفاده شده در آن از خاکستر گیاهان بهدست آمده است. علاوهبر این، مشخص شد که علت رنگی بودن مهرههای شیشهای بهدلیل وجود ترکیبات مس و آهن با درصدهای متفاوت است. همچنین بررسی میکروسکوپی نشان داد که در هفت مهرهی شیشهای بهکار رفته در زیورهای تپه نصفی، چهار نمونهی آبی مات بوده و سه نمونه سبز و آبی تیرهی شفاف هستند و نتایج آنالیز میکرو پیکسی نشان داد که شیشههای مات دارای مقدار قابلتوجهی آنتیموان (Sb) هستند، اما مهرههای شفاف آنتیموان ندارند؛ بنابراین این نتایج نشان میدهد که دانش استفاده از ترکیبات آنتیموان برای مات کردن شیشهها در هزارهی اول پیشازتاریخ وجود داشته است.
Abstract
In this work, eight samples in blue, dark blue and green colors that used in three ornaments were analyzed by multi-analytical techniques. One of these artifacts was obtained from the Tepe Hissar, Damghan dated to 3rd millennium BC and two other ones were excavated in the Tepe Nesfi, Gilan dated to first millennium BC and these ornaments belong to the National Museum of Iran. The aims of this study were the identification and characterization of the raw materials, opacifier and colorant agents used in the bead’s samples. Determination and measurement of each of these factors respond to questions raised about the technology and manufacturing recipe, type of the glass and investigation of trade and exchange of beads in prehistoric times. Techniques such as XRD, FTIR, Micro-PIXE and Polarized Light Microscopic (PLM) were applied to characterize the samples. FTIR and micro-PIXE analysis of the blue bead was used in ornaments of Tepe Hesar showed that lapis lazuli used to make the beads. It is a semi-precious stone, and due to the high levels of magnesium and calcium in it, this sample has a considerable mineral content of diopside (CaMgSi2O6). The result of XRD spectra and PLM image of the seven samples of two necklaces of Tepe Nesfi showed that these samples lacked a crystalline structure, indicating the glass structure of the specimens. Elemental composition of the samples of Tepe Nesfi by micro-PIXE show that the all analyzed samples are soda-lime-silica glasses, which is the ash obtained from the plants are considered as the soda source, due to the high potassium and magnesium content. In addition, the results indicated that in these glass beads copper and iron compounds with different weight percentages were used as a colorant agents. Furthermore, antimony (Sb) compounds were used as opacifier in blue beads, but in the dark blue and green glass beads that are translucent glass do not detect any antimony compounds.
Keywords: Bead, Ornament, Lapis Lazul, Micro-PIXE, FTIR, PLM, XRD.
Introduction & Method
The use of colored beads in prehistoric ornaments is very common and many studies have been done on elemental analysis, characterization and identification of the structure of beads in the world with different modern techniques. However, archaeological excavation reports in Iran indicated that the large number of beads found in excavations in many archeological sites, especially in the prehistoric cemeteries. On the other hand, the review of researches on historical and prehistorical beads have been excavated in Iran, shows that comprehensive research has not yet been carried using different modern techniques on these kinds of objects.
In the majority of the archeological excavation, the discovered objects are often ornamental items like necklace, bracelet, earring, pendant, hairpin, cloth pin, etc. Most of the ornamental items have been unearthed from prehistoric graveyards because the prehistoric people believed that a man will begin a new life after death and needs provisions for his next life. The use of colored beads in historical ornament is of particular importance, and there are many studies on elemental analysis and characterization of this kind of objects in the world. Due to the large number of beads found in archeological excavations, especially from prehistoric graveyards of Iran, these studies have a high priority and their results are of great help to historians and archaeologists. In this work, eight beads in blue, dark blue and green colors were used in three ornaments analyzed by multi-analytical techniques. One of these artifacts was obtained from the Tepe Hissar, Damghan dated to 3rd millennium BC and two other ones were excavated in the Tepe Nesfi, Gilan dated to first millennium BC. Tepe Hissar is one of the important prehistoric sites in northeastern Iran, about 2 km south of the city of Damghan in the Semnan province. Tepe Nesfi is an ancient site near Roudbar in Gilan, the northwestern part of Iran. These ornaments belong to the National Museum of Iran. The archeologist in international museums applied different non-destructive techniques to study of ancient materials. In this work, different techniques such as X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Proton-induced X-ray Emission in micron scale (Micro-PIXE) and also polarized light microscopic (PLM) were applied to characterize the samples. The aims of this study are to recognize and characterize the raw materials, opacifier and colorant agents were used in the samples of beads.
Identified Traces
FTIR and micro-PIXE techniques show that lapis lazuli used to make of blue colored beads in the necklace were recovered in Tepe Hissar Damghan. The micro-PIXE results show that Si, Mg and Al are the main constituents of blue beads. Other elements such as Ca, Na, K, and S were detected in the analyzed sample in minor contents. Also, two characteristic absorption bands in 997 and 464 cm-1 in the FTIR spectrum confirm the presence of lapis lazuli. FTIR and elemental analysis of the blue sample of Tepe Hesar showed that lapis lazuli used to make the beads. It is a semi-precious stone, and due to the high levels of magnesium and calcium in it, this sample has a considerable mineral content of diopside (CaMgSi2O6). The main ‘true blue’ mineral is lazurite, an aluminosilicate [(Na, Ca)8[(SO4, S, Cl) (AlSiO4)6]) belonging to the sodalite group, associated with some other minerals diopside (CaMgSi2O6), quartz (SiO2), calcite (CaCO3), pyrite (FeS2), to form the lapis lazuli rock. lazurite was the main source of blue for jewelry in the past. Lapis lazuli was brought from Badakhshan in northeastern Afghanistan, indicating that there were a trade and exchange relationships between Badakhshan and Mesopotamia in long distances (about 2,400 km). Furthermore, the XRD spectra and PLM images do not show any crystalline structure in seven analyzed samples from two necklaces in Tepe Nesfi. Also, micro-PIXE analysis shows that the main compositions of these samples are SiO2 (about 65wt%), Na2O (about 10wt%) and CaO (about 7wt%). Therefore, all these samples are Silica- Soda- Lime glass. However, the amounts of magnesium oxide and potassium oxide in all analyzed samples are more than 2.5wt%, and it is clear that the ashes obtained from halophytic plants are considered as supplying source for soda. In addition, the results indicate that in these glass beads copper and iron compounds with different percentages were used as a colorant agent. Moreover, the results show that antimony (Sb) compounds were used as opacifiers in blue beads, but in the dark blue and green glass beads that are translucent glass do not detect any antimony compounds.
Conclusion
In this study, eight samples of blue, dark blue and green beads used in three ornaments obtained from excavations of Tepe Hesar Damgahan and Tepe Nesfi, Gilan, which are kept at the National Museum of Iran, are analysed by the instrumental methods such as micro-PIXE, XRD, FTIR and PLM. The results of these studies showed that dark blue beads, from tepe Hesar Damgahan necklaces were made of lapis lazuli. It is a semi-precious stone. The seven samples of two necklace of Tepe Nesfi showed that these samples lacked a crystalline structure, indicating the glass structure of the specimens. Micro-PIXE show that the all analyzed samples are soda-lime silica glasses, which is the ash obtained from the plants are considered as the soda source, due to the high potassium and magnesium content. In addition, the results indicated that in these glass beads were used copper and iron compounds with different percentages as a colorant agent. Furthermore antimony (Sb) compounds were used as opacifier in blue beads, but in the dark blue and green glass beads that are translucent glass do not detect any antimony compounds.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2508_5c71d02794c220190c72b07f8df9be7a.pdf
مهره
زیورآلات
لاجورد
Micro-PIXE
XRD
FTIR
Bead
Ornament
Lapis Lazul
Micro-PIXE
FTIR
PLM
XRD
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
63
82
10.22084/nbsh.2018.15734.1713
2509
طبقه بندی و تحلیل باستانشناسانه اشیاء سرخدم لری
Classification and Archaeological Analysis of the Surkh Dum-i-Luri’s Object
مریم دولتی
maryam.dolati@alumni.ut.ac.ir
1
کاظم ملازاده
mollazad@yahoo.com
2
دانشجوی دکترای باستان شناسی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
دانشیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
محوطهی سرخدم لری در 10 کیلومتری جنوبشرق شهر کوهدشت در استان لرستان واقع شده است. این محوطه در سال 1317 ه.ش. و در جریان بررسی هیأت هلمز بهسرپرستی اریک اشمیت شناسایی و مورد کاوش قرار گرفت. براساس دادههای باستانشناسی بهدست آمده، محوطه دارای 3 لایهی استقراری است؛ دورهی اصلی استقراری در این محوطه (لایهی 2) شامل مجموعه معماری بزرگی است که «معبد» نامیده شده است. بههنگام کاوش بر سطح کف فضاهای معماری، زیر کف و داخل تعدادی از دیوارها، در مجموع حدود 1804 شئ کشف و ثبت شد. فراوانی اشیاء بهدست آمده و تنوع فوقالعادهی آنها بستر بسیار مناسبی برای مطالعهی جامع اشیاء مزبور و ارتباط آنها با بنای مکشوف را فراهم ساخت. با وجود فراوانی اشیای بهدست آمده، تاکنون این اشیاء بهصورت علمی معرفی و مطالعه نشدهاند؛ لذا با توجه به اهمیت موضوع، در این پژوهش تلاش شده گونهشناسی و تحلیل علمی در این ارتباط صورت گیرد. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد توصیفی و با تکیه به اطلاعات کتابخانهای و بررسی میدانی صورت گرفته و درپی پاسخ به پرسشهای پیشِرو است؛ آیا ساختمان محوطهی سرخدُم لری معبد است؟ آیا اشیای بهدست آمده ماهیت آئینی و نذری دارند؟ از نظر گونهشناسی و جنس اشیاء بهدست آمده مفهوم خاصی را بهنمایش میگذارند؟ مطالعهی صورت گرفته نشان میدهد که اشیاء سرخدم لری از نظر گونهشناسی شامل انواع: زیورآلات، مُهرها، سنجاقها، ابزارآلات، ظروف، پیکرکها، جنگافزارها و اشیای متفرقهی دیگر میشود. از نظر آماری نیز زیورآلات بیشترین حضور را داشته و از نظر ماده مورد استفاده برای ساخت، مفرغ بیشترین حجم را به خود اختصاص میدهد. همچنین مطالعهی صورت گرفته بر روی جامعهی آماری و توزیع و پراکندگی اشیاء در داخل بنا، نشان میدهد که اشیاء مورد بحث، ماهیت نذری داشته و بنای بهدست آمده معبد مهمی برای طبقات مختلف جامعه بهشمار میآمده است و تاریخی از 1200 تا 700 ق.م. را پوشش میدادند.
Abstract
Surkh Dum-i-luri is located in 10 kilometers of southeast of Koohdasht city in Luristan province. In 1938, this area was explored and excavated through the Holmes investigation commission supervised by Schmidt. According to the archaeological discoveries, Surkh Dum has three stratigraphic layers. The main period of settlement in this site (layer 2) consists of a great architectural collection named temple. During the excavation of the surface floor of the architectural places, they discovered 1804 objects under the floor and in the walls. Regarding to the number of discovered objects and their different variety, generally, there is an appropriate opportunity to study the relation between the discovered building and the mentioned objects. Despite of their large number, these objects have not been classified and introduced yet. This study has been done by descriptive attitudes and relying on library data and archaeological survey. According to the topological results, Surkh Dum-i- luri objects consist of ornaments, seals, pins, tools, vessels, figures, weapons and miscellaneous objects. Ornaments and bronze are the most abundant elements, in terms of number and used material to make, respectively. Furthermore, study on the statistical population and pattern of these distribution show that these objects are votive and this place has an important role as a temple. Excavation of Surkh Dum-i-luri in Luristan by Schmidt shows the developments.
Keywords: Surkh Dum-i-Luri’s, Luristan Bronzes, Luristan Iron Age, Luristan Millenniums B.C.
Introduction & Method
One of the most important historical and cultural periods of Iran is the Iron Age, that during this period, significant historical, social and technological developments have occurred. The Luristan region, along with other parts of the western parts of Iran, has also been affected by these developments. Excavation of Surkh Dumi-i- Luri in Luristan by Schmidt represent the mentioned evolution. Surkh Dum has three layers; the main building level uncovered at Surkh Dum-i-Luri has been labelled as level 2. Over most of the area excavated, a many-roomed building was exposed, and named temple by the excavator. As his conclusion would seem to be confirmed by the various inscribed objects found here, dedicated to the goddess Ninlil, up to considerable height above the floors, the walls were built of stone. This study was not applied for many reasons. Despite archaeological data and also historical data, after 80 years still there are serious ambiguities about the historical identity of this collection and its creators. The most important questions of the present research include: 1) Is the building of Surkh Dum-i-luri a temple? 2) Do the obtained objects have a nature of ritual? 3) In terms of typology and material, do the objects represent a special meaning?
The method of research
The current research is based on the descriptive and analytical attitudes, relying on the library sources and field investigation had tried to answer the important questions of this article.
The Background of research
Surkh Dum-i-luri is an extensive site, covered with traces of boulder walls, on the slope of a towering mountain. One month before Schmidt arrived in the site, the commercial diggers had started to digging a particular area, in which a number of bronzes, pins, fragments of bronze vessels and other aircrafts had turned up. The unauthorized excavations were stopped by the authorities, who called Schmidt’s attention to the spot. As a result, he decided to excavate this site. The excavation, which lasted from June 7 to June 25, 1938, was carried out with thirty workers, including a few brought from Tepe Hissar and Perspolis. After Schmidt, in 2009, this area was explored and excavated by Kamyar Abdi.
Architectural findings
Room 1 was the largest as the central room of the temple. It had a partly stone-paved floor at a level varying from 6.55 m to 6.68 m, and a stone door socket was still in place in the recess that framed the exit to corridor 9. Along the southwestern wall were appointments which suggest that cooking was carried on here. Most of this wall was recessed and the bottom of recess was filled with a bench 30 cm high that may have served as a kitchen range. At the extreme right of this bench there was a long narrow depression plastered with two coats of mud, each 1 cm thick. This may have been the oven that belonged to the kitchen range. In the center of room 1 was a feature built of mud brick and mud mortar, which the excavator labeled altar. In its center was a roughly cylindrical hole, about 50 cm in diameter and filled with black ash and animal bones. The mud brick feature rested on the stone pavement of the room, in which a large flat stone had been set partly, though not completely, corresponding to the hole in the feature. The exterior faces of the feature had a first coating of grayish mud 4 to 5 cm thick, over which a finishing coat, which and burned and turned dark gray, accounted for one half of the accumulation of mud plaster. An altar of such unusual shape and construction would be without any previous record. Considering the stratigraphy, the best assumption seems to be that the level 3b building was settled about 1350 B.C. on account of the latest objects under the main floor, however, the temple excavated at Surkh Dum-i- Luri cannot be dated before 800 B.C. and therefore belongs to the end of Iron Age II.
Typology
Surkh Dum-i- luri objects consist of ornaments, seals, pins, tools, vessels, figures, weapons and miscellaneous objects. Ornaments and bronze are the most abundant elements, in terms of number and used material to make, respectively. A significant number of these objects has unique motifs. Among them there are several objects with the source of Mesopotamia and Elamite and various artistic methods of Luristan which include few inscribed objects that translated by Van Loon.According to the number and distribution of objects found from the inside of building, among the walls, and due to the architectural features of the building, Holmes team declared that, this building supposed to be an important temple considered by people and the rulers of this region at least during the seventh and ninth century. During this period, people donated gifts to the temple according to their economic condition and social position. These gifts were placed anywhere on the floor or between the wall gaps without any order. They were contrary to some previous or next period’s temples that they had storerooms for keeping of objects.
Conclusion
This irregularity of objects was buried them on the floor or between the wall gaps to the creation of a new floor. Objects were preserved because of the respect and sanctity of the temple and their vows. Variety of typology, stylistics, material and value of the objects show that the pilgrims include both ordinary people and the rulers who gave gifts to the temple based on their wealth and nature of their votive objects. Some of these objects, especially disc pins, seem to have ritual nature and others don’t have the ritual’s nature but given to the temple as a vow. In this geographical and historical period, there was a ceremony held in the outdoor or inside the temple and people put given objects on the floor or in the wall gaps without any regularity. Since these vows belonged to Gods, hence, they were not captured by temple servants and, over time, these objects were buried due to the creation of a new floor inside the temple or sediment accumulation in the outdoor of the temple.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2509_ea6622c81093771302527427427f4a65.pdf
معبد سرخ دم لری
مفرغ های لرستان
عصر آهن لرستان
هزاره ی اول لرستان
Surkh Dum-i-Luri’s
Luristan Bronzes
Luristan Iron Age
Luristan Millenniums B.C
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
83
102
10.22084/nbsh.2018.15682.1710
2510
محوطهها و استقرارهای پارتی شمال و شمال غربی استان لرستان.
Parthian Sites and Settlement in North and North Western of Lorestan Province
موسی سبزی
mousa_sabzi@yahoo.com
1
علیرضا هژبری نوبری
hejebri@modares.ac.ir
2
اسماعیل همتی ازندریانی
hemati30@yahoo.com
3
محمد بهرامی
m_bahrami79@yahoo.com
4
استادیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه لرستان
استاد گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس
دکترای باستان شناسی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
دکتری باستان شناسی
شهرستانهای سلسله و دلفان در شمال و شمالغربی استان لرستان، از نظر فراوانی و پراکندگی محوطهها و بقایای مربوط به دورهی پارتی دارای اهمیت ویژهای هستند. منطقهی مورد مطالعه در حدفاصل کوههای سفیدکوه و گرین واقعشده است که بخشی از زاگرسمرکزی بهحساب میآید و سیمای محیطی آن شامل درهها، دشتهای میانکوهی و کوهستانی با مساحتی بالغبر 4000 کیلومترمربع است. در نتیجه بررسی باستانشناختی و براساس دادههای سطحی درمجموع تعداد 519 اثر و مکان باستانی از دورهی پارینهسنگی تا دورهی اسلامی متأخر در این منطقه شناسایی شد که تعداد 307 محوطه از آنها دارای بقایایی از دورهی پارتی بودند. تاریخگذاری این محوطهها عموماً براساس دادههای سفالی (کلینکی، منقوش، لعابدار و سادهی معمولی) انجامگرفته است و نتایج بهدست آمده از بررسیهای باستانشناختی به افزایش استقرارهای پارتی و نیز شیوههای گوناگون معیشتی آنها اشاره دارد که با کاوش در محوطههای کلیدی میتوان مدارک بسیار مهمی را برای بازسازی معیشت اقتصادی و شیوهی زندگی ساکنان آنها بهدست آورد. روش پژوهش در این مقاله بهصورت میدانی، شاملِ بررسی سیستماتیک منطقهی مورد مطالعه در نمونهبرداری مواد فرهنگی، و همچنین در مطالعات کتابخانهای استفاده از گزارشها، کتب و مقالات منتشر شده در زمینهی استقرارهای دورهی اشکانی است. علاوهبر این، در این مقاله سعی شده است به پرسشهایی از قبیل؛ نحوهی پراکنش استقرارها در دورهی پارتی در این مناطق چگونه بوده است؟ دلایل افزایش استقرارهای پارتی نسبت به دورههای قبل و بعد از آن در این مناطق چه میتواند باشد؟ علت فقدان استقرارگاههای بزرگ مربوط به دورهی پارتی در این مناطق را چگونه میتوان توجیه کرد؟ پاسخ داده شود. با مطالعات انجامشده در طی بررسی مشخص گردید پارتیان در این مناطق حضوری مستمر و پُررنگ داشتهاند و بیشتر استقرارهای مربوط به این دوره بهشکل واحدهای روستایی نسبتاً کوچک بودهاند و شواهدی از مراکز شهری شناسایی نشد گرچه فقدان اینگونه استقرارها را میتوان باوجود استقرارگاههای بزرگتری در سایر مناطق زاگرسمرکزی توجیه نمود. افزایش محوطهها در دورهی پارتی در این منطقه هم میتواند نشانگر تغییرات جمعیتی یا تغییر الگوی پراکنش استقرارها نسبت به دورههای قبل و حتی بعد از این دوره باشد.
Abstract
Selseleh and Delfan counties located in the North and North West of Lorestan are very important with having Sites and remains of Parthian period. Abundance and dispersion of these Sites is the demonstrative of this area in Parthian period. The studied area is located in the divide of Sefidkouh and Garrein which is a part of central Zagros and its environment appearance includes Valleys, Mountain plains and mountainous with a land – measurement amount to 4000 Km square. According to Archaeological studies and surface data there have been found about 519 ancient monument and sites from Paleolithic to recent Islamic period in this area which 307 of them had remains of Parthian period. Although a number of temporary Sites are probably nameless. Dating of These Sites is generally accomplished based on the surface data (Clinky- painted – glazed and simple) and acquired results from archaeological studies allude to Parthian settlements and their different living methods that it can be acquired very important documents to reconstructing economic and living methods of their aboriginal according to digging in the main Sites. In addition, in the present paper, it has been attempted to address several questions including: how have the settlements been distributed during the Parthian period in these regions? What could have been the reasons for the increase of Parthian settlements compared to the previous and later periods in these areas? How can the lack of large-scale settlements of the Parthian period in these regions be explained? Dispersion appearance of these ancient Sites also indicates that the most of the settlements in this area have been in the form of relatively small rural units. Although in this area there are not any evidences of urban centers – but acquired results from the study demonstrates the continual and effective presence of Parthians in the area.
Keywords: Archaeological Survey, Parthian, Selseleh and Delfan, North and North Western Lorestan.
Introduction & Method
North and northwest of Lorestan are considered among the highland areas of this province, in most parts of which archaeological activities have not still been accomplished, although some areas of this region have frequently been considered by archaeologists, and in this regard they are considered among the less known regions or sometimes unknown regions. Undoubtedly, due to having rich environmental potentials, the study region has had abundant capacities for the settlement of human communities from the past time, including the Parthian period to this date, and according to high environmental potentials and the importance of neighboring areas, it has been of great importance in archaeological research. Almost all the Parthian-related sites in the study region lack the architectural remains and monuments, and apart from pottery pieces, no other remains have been observed, which is why the dating of these sites has been conducted based on pottery data. In general, it can be argued that the pottery of the study region in the Parthian period has been influenced by known patterns which have been common in the western part of the country. The most important point is that settlements of the Parthian period in this region are relatively dense, and it is interesting to note that today, like the Parthian period, one can see the density of settlements in this region.
Finally, it should be stated that according to the surveys performed, the density of the sites are mostly seen in intermountain plains of Aleshtar and Nourabad, which are among the most important intermountain plains of the Zagros Mountain Range. These are relatively small plains and are very cold during the winter season, and on the other hand, these plains have limited natural resources due to their small sizes, and it is unlikely that all the sites have been residential throughout the year, and therefore, a large number of them should be classified as temporary settlements. In general, during the Parthian period in the study region, the number of sites and population have significantly increased compared to the previous periods. And in this period, apart from the regions which had been inhabited before the Parthian period, other settlements were formed in other parts of the region, and the present study seeks to answer the following questions: 1- How have the settlements been distributed during the Parthian period in these region? 2- What could have been the reasons for the increase of Parthian settlements compared to the previous and later periods in these areas? 3- How can the lack of large-scale settlements of the Parthian period in these regions be explained?
Discussion
The investigated works in the study region can be divided into ancient sites and mounds, nomadic sites, cemeteries, caves, shrines, roads, castles, bridges, buildings and stone structures that in general, based on the samples (including coins, pottery and stone tools) obtained from the surface of the mounds and sites, they belong to different periods ranging from the Paleolithic era to the present time; however, during the survey no evidence representing the remnants of the cities, dams, cisterns, etc. was observed. It should be noted that most of the identified Parthian sites in the region are less than three hectares, which should be considered as small villages, though this can be indicative of the lack of planning and organizing the population of the region’s inhabitants. In terms of environmental landscape, the study region includes valleys, intermountain plains, (extending along the north-west-south-east direction) and mountains. In the archaeological literature, this region is part of Pishkouh district of Lorestan province, which has abundant potentials in archaeological studies. Due to its suitable natural features, such as rich water resources and favorable agricultural lands, lush meadows, as well as its special connecting position it is considered as one of the most important regions of western Iran. The average total height of the settlements identified in this period relative to high seas is about 1702 meters, and the average area of these settlements is about 1.4 hectares, while the average distance between the sites and the existing water resources is about 218 meters. It is noteworthy that from a total of 307 identified Parthian sites, 19.54% of them exclusively belonged to the Parthian period, 27.68% had the works and remains of the Parthian period and the preceding periods, 22.42% had works and remains belonging to the Parthian period and the subsequent periods, and 30.29% of the total sites had remains belonging to pre-Parthian eras, Parthian and post-Parthian periods. It should be reminded that most of the sites identified during the survey in mountainous areas are regarded as seasonal settlements.
Conclusion
Due to the unique characteristics of their natural resources and factors, the cities of Selseleh and Delfan have traditionally paved the way for various human activities, such as agriculture and livestock, which have led to formation and prosperity of many settlements and monuments in these areas, so that according to surface archaeological evidence, the continuity of settlements from the Paleolithic Era to the present time is seen. Therefore, during our survey, a total of 519 works (remains) were identified, from among which 307 sites had remains related to the Parthian period. In general it can be stated that the increase of Parthian sites in this region may have been due to population growth (because population growth sometimes causes people to use areas that are not environmentally desirable and then they inhabit in them), the long-standing (about 500 years) Parthian rule, the multiplicity of seasonal movements, productivity, and easy access to resources, and finally the stability of the region in terms of political, economic, and physical status. Also, the lack of large and central sites in this region during the study period probably indicates an administrative vacancy in the region, although the absence of such settlements can be explained by the presence of larger settlements in other areas such as Kermanshah, Nahavand, Harsin and Malayer
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2510_45f0a9aa2c67b9c9b3a73fd5ea9d591d.pdf
بررسی باستان شناختی
پارتی
سلسله و دلفان
شمال و شمال غربی لرستان
Archaeological survey
Parthian
Selseleh and Delfan
North and North Western Lorestan
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
103
122
10.22084/nbsh.2017.13117.1578
2511
مکان یابی شهر باستانی شاپورخواست بر اساس شواهد باستان شناختی و منابع مکتوب تاریخی
Location of the Ancient City of Shapurkhast Based on the Archaeological Evidences and the Written Historical Resources
مهتاب اسلامی نسب
mahtabeslami@ut.ac.ir
1
بهروز افخمی
bafkhami@uma.ac.ir
2
حبیب شهبازی شیران
habibshahbazi35@gmail.com
3
رضا رضالو
r_rezaloo@uma.ac.ir
4
دانشجوی دکترای باستان شناسی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی.
اســـــتادیار گـــــروه باســتان شــناسی دانـــشگاه محقق اردبیلی
اســـــتادیار گـــــروه باســتان شــناسی دانـــشگاه محقق اردبیلی
دانـــشیار گــــــروه باســـتان شـــناسی دانـــشگاه محقق اردبیلی.
مطالعات باستانشناختی شهرهای کهن، نقش بسزایی در شناخت چگونگی شکلگیری، توسعه، سقوط و اضمحلالشان در ادوار مختلف تاریخی دارد. در این میان مطالعه بر روی یافتن مکان دقیق شهرهای باستانی، از زمینههای مورد علاقهی پژوهشگران است. شهر باستانی شاپورخواست از شهرهای دوران اسلامی در غرب ایران بوده و بنیان آن منسوب به زمان شاپور اول ساسانی است که در اوایل دوران اسلامی گسترش یافت. نام این شهر در متون قرون 3 تا 8 ه.ق. بهصورت مختلفی آمده و در این متون، موقعیت آن در منطقهی جبال یا کوههای لر بر سر راه همدان به خوزستان قید شده است. با توجه به اینکه این شهر که یکی از شهرهای مهم غرب کشور در ادوار ساسانی-اسلامی بهویژه قرن 4ه.ق. بوده، بسیار مهجور واقع گشته و مطالعات اندکی از منظر باستانشناختی بر روی آن صورت پذیرفته، ضرورت بررسی و تحقیق بر روی آن احساس میشود. پرسش اصلی این پژوهش، مکانیابی دقیق این شهر و بررسی میزان تطابق دادههای باستانشناختی با منابع تاریخی است. به استناد منابع مکتوب و بر اساس دادههای حاصل از یک فصل کاوش در محوطهی پامنار در جنوبشرقی شهر امروزی خرمآباد در سالهای 86-1385 بهوسیلهی اداره میراثفرهنگی استان لرستان، نتایجی درخصوص شهر شاپورخواست بهدست آمد: 1. موجودیت شهر پیش از دوران اسلامی و رونق و اهمیت آن در دورهی ساسانی و اوایل دوران اسلامی بهویژه قرن 4 ه.ق.؛ 2. انطباق موقعیت جغرافیایی شاپورخواست عصر اسلامی با محلههای قاضیآباد، کوی فلسطین و اطراف منارهی آجری در جنوبشرقی شهر خرمآباد امروزی در درهی خرمآباد؛ 3. افول شهر در دورهی ایلخانی و به احتمال قرون 7 یا 8 ه.ق.؛ لذا در این مقاله سعی شده است تا دادههای حاصل از کاوش باستانشناختی در درهی خرمآباد و منابع مکتوب قرون 3 تا 8 ه.ق.، جهت مکانیابی دقیق این شهر مورد سنجش و تحلیل قرار گیرد.
Abstract The ancient city of Shapurkhast has been one of the Islamic cities on the western of Iran that has been attributed to the Sasanian period and developed at early Islamic era. According to the historical sources (the 3rd to 8th A.H), it has been constructed by Shapur I the Great and is located on the ancient routes of Hamedan to Khuzestan. The present research analyzes the data derived from the historical resources and archaeological evidences in order to study and determine the location of this ancient city and investigate the factors in settling in the area. Since there has not been much research about the city from the formation to the fall, and available research are relatively old and so new comprehensive research has not been done on the city with archaeological viewpoint and also some reports about it have not published, we will try to use the archaeological evidences, the written sources and the historical maps aiming to provide suitable information about this unknown city. The results of this study imply that 1. Shapurkhast has been an Islamic city that its foundation has been made at pre-Islamic periods. It was an important city at Sasanian period and the summit of the development and prosperity of it has been the 4th A.H that it had a key role at the western of Iran as the capital of Al-e Hasnuye and its Castle had been as royal property treasury of Badr-Ibn-E Hasnuye based on historic sources. 2. Islamic city of Shapurkhast is located at the place of current Khorram Abad valley (Qazi Abad, kouy-E- Felestin districts and around of Minaret at the southeast of Khorram Abad city). 3. It seems that Shapurkhast has been abandoned at the 7th or 8th A.H at Ilkhanid era and modern Khorram Abad began to function as the central town of the region. Keywords: Location, City of Shapurkhast, KhorramAbad Valley, Archaeological Evidences, Historical Sources. Introduction & Method Archaeological studies of the ancient cities play a significant role in understanding the formation, development and fall of cities in the different historical periods. The investigation on finding the exact location of the ancient cities is one of the interest’s fields of researchers. This study deals with the formation, development and peak situation and then the fall of Shapurkhast city. The information about Sassanid- Islamic cities are rare, in comparison with the large number of the cities have survived from these periods, investigating on Shapurkhast as one of presumably Sassanid- Early Islamic cities could complete the information and the details about urbanism of Sassanid- Islamic periods. Moreover, this city has been one of the important cities at the Sasanian and Islamic periods especially at 4th century A.H, so it is necessary that it be investigated. A review of preliminary literature shows that the past studies are primarily focused on locating city only with concise and short introduction. In addition, the history of city is thought to belonged to the Sassanid era. The most important question in this research is that where was this city exactly located and is it possible to locate Shapurkhast to the place of modern Khorram Abad city? By developoing of Khorram Abad, deposits of Shapurkhast are remained underneath the urban fabric. Remnants of the old city have been found at the southern and southeastern parts of the modern city especially from the excavations carried out in 2007. In addition, these remains are observable in the aerial photo of modern Khorram Abad in 1956. Having appropriate environmental conditions and also lying at the middle of west to east and north to south communication routes, the south plain of Khorram Abad has potentially provided suitable living conditions for human population. The Environmental and ecological conditions are the most important factors for the collapse of this city. Historical texts The historical texts in this research are divided into 3 categories: 1. Resources of the 3rd and 4th AH/ 10th AD-, 2. Resources of the 5th and 6th AH/ 11th and 12th AD, 3. Resources of the 7th and 8th AH/ 13th and 14th AD-. The oldest source that has mentioned Shapurkhast is Al-Buldan of Ibn al-Faqih (290 AH/ 903 AD) (Ibn al-Faqih Hamadani, 1970: 25). Hamza al-Isfahani (first half of the 4th century AH/ 10th AD), in mentioning the news of the kings of Iran, wrote the cities built by Shapur, the son of Ardeshir, Sassanid Dynasty. There is no mention of the city in any of the texts of the 5th century AH/ 11th AD, but its name again appears in the texts in the sixth century AH/ 12th AD. The written information from the city of Shapurkhast is devided into four categories: A. The informations that refer to the location of the city and its distances to other cities in ancient routes. B. Information about the history of construction of the city. C. Based on these texts, it is possible to understand the period of the fall and destruction of the city, because its name disappears after the 8th century AH/ 14th AD, and in spite of the fact that it was an extended city in the past, it became a village during this period and gradually declined. c. With the study of historical texts, it is clear that the majority of the texts referring to the city of Shapurkhast were related to the 4th century AH/ 10th AD. d. Based on these texts, it is possible to understand the period of the fall and destruction of the city. The archaeological evidences 1. Survey in 2000 and 2016: In a survey which was carried out by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Lorestan in Khorram Abad gorge in 2000, and its results were held in two volumes at the Document Center of the organization, a total of 45 archaeological sites were identified in the gorge. Based on the information obtained from this survey as well as a survey carried out by the authors in Khorram Abad gorge in 2016, these sites were classified and studied. 2. Excavation in 2007: In the excavation of Pa-Menar site in the southeast of Khorram Abad, which was under the supervision of Jalal Adeli in 2007, the remnants of Islamic era of Shapurkhast were discovered. This area was at the east of Brick Minaret. The remnants date back to the 3rd, 5th and 6th centuries AH/ 10th, 11th and 12th AD. Conclusion It is clear from the historical sources that Shapurkhast has been a city in the western Iran in a region named “Jebal” or “Lor Mountains” where matches with our studied location, Khorram Abad valley, based on distances indicated in the historical sources. Archaeological findings are the evidences for locating the city as well. We can locate the traces of Shapurkhast in the Islamic period located at the southeastern of Khorram Abad in Qazi Abad, Kooy-e- Felestin and around Brick Minaret and these quarters are parts of this ancient city. the location of the city before the Islamic era needs more research. So, we have not reached the pre-Islamic layers at excavated area.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2511_1629115fe55955826d9eb9900272003e.pdf
مکان یابی
شهر شاپورخواست
دره ی خرم آباد
شواهد باستان شناختی
متون تاریخی
Location
City of Shapurkhast
KhorramAbad Valley
Archaeological Evidences
Historical Sources
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
123
140
10.22084/nbsh.2018.15372.1688
2512
دربندِ کُولا؛ آوردگاه راهبردی اسپهبدان تبرستان در برابر اعراب
Darband-e Kūlā; The Strategic Battlefield of the Spahbeds of Tabarestān vs. the Arabs
سامان توفیق
espahbadkhorshid@gmail.com
1
بهمن فیروزمندی
dr.firouzmandi@gmail.com
2
محمد مرتضایی
m_mortezayi2008@yahoo.com
3
دکترای باستان شناسی و مدیر پروژه غار-دژ اسپهبد خورشید مازندران
استاد گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه تهران
دانشیار پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری
در اقلیم کوهستانی ایران زمین، داشتن تنگ یا دربند، بهویژه در هنگام مواجهه با لشکریان انبوه، امتیازی ویژه و حتی برگ برنده محسوب میشد. «دربند» یا «تنگ» به معبری باریک اطلاق میشد، که از میان دو کوه با دیوارههای بلند بگذرد و با ایجاد بند دفاعی و استقرار تیراندازان و سربازان در بالا در دو سوی تنگ، از آن پاسداری میشد. از نامیترین و راهبردیترین دربندهای تاریخسازِ ایران، میتوان به دربندِ کولا در تبرستان اشاره کرد، که دروازهی ورود به کوهستان قارِن و شَروین بود و در پایان دورهی ساسانی و سدههای نخست چیرگی اعراب، آوردگاه و کانون کشمکشهای اسپهبدان تبرستان با سپاهیان اموی و عباسی گردید. اینک اما جایگاه دربندِ کولا بر ما آشکار نیست و در دهههای گذشته، کوشش پژوهشگران و نظریات پراکنده برای روشن نمودن موضع این جاینام، راه بهجایی نبرد. مهمترین پرسش این پژوهش این است که دربندِ کولا کجاست؟ بنابراین هدف بنیادی این پژوهش، شناسایی این جایگاه گمشده در هزارتوی تاریخ است، که با بهرهگیری از بررسی میدانی، مطالعات جغرافیای تاریخی و با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی از میان گزینههای احتمالی انجام پذیرفت. با توجه به فقدان منابع در مورد دربندِ کولا، نگارندگان با کنکاش در متون تاریخی بهزحمت سطور مرتبط با این جاینام را یافته و در رسیدن به جایگاه این دربند از آن بهره جستند. همچنین با بررسیهای میدانی، دربندهای کهن و راهبردی در پهنهی البرز شرقی در بخشی که در حوزهی مازندران است، شناسایی شد، تا با مطابقت با نشانههای داده شده از متون تاریخی، امکان تطبیق با دربندِ کولا بررسی گردد و پردهی ابهام در مورد جایگاه این دربند برداشته گردد.
Abstract
In the mountainous terrain of Iran, having the “Strait” or “Canyon”, especially when faced with massive troops, a special privilege and even a winning key. “Canyon” or “Strait” was meant to be a passageway which passed through two mounts with a long wall and was protected by the creation of a defensive strand and troops on tight sides.Among the most famous & strategic straits in the history of Iran,can be referred to the Darband-e Kūlā (Kūlā Strait),which was the gateway to the Qārēn & Sharwin mountains and at the end of the Sassanid era and the first centuries of Arab domination,which was the battlefield and the focus of the conflicts between Spahbeds of Tabarestān against the Umayyad and Abbasid troops.But now Darband-e Kūlā`s place,is not obvious to us and in the past decades,the efforts of the researchers and his dispersed views to clarify the position of this toponym,have failed. The most important question of this research is where is Darband-e Kūlā?So the fundamental purpose of this research is to identify this lost position in the during the history,using field survey method,historical geographic studies and descriptive-analytic methods was conducted among possible options.Due to the lack of resources about the Darband-e Kūlā, authors by inquiring into historical texts, with difficulty found the related lines with this toponym and they used it to reach the location of this Strait. Also, with field surveys, an old and strategic straits was identified in the East side of Alborz Mountaians in the Māzandarān Province, to be consistent with the indications given in the historical texts, compatibility to Darband-e Kūlā be investigated and to uncover the ambiguity about the position of this occupation.
Keywords: Tabarestān, Savādkūh, Darband-e Kūlā, Spahbed Vandād Hūrmazd.
Introduction & Method
Darband or Straight; It was called a narrow hill Passing through two mountains with high walls and was protected by the establishment of a defensive dike and the deployment of the shooters and soldiers on top of the tight sides. These straits by preventing the arrival of the troops into the territory of Tabarestān, played a fundamental role in protecting the separation and independence of this part of Iran in different periods, Especially for two centuries after the Invasion of Arabs to Irānshahr. The most important Straight of Tabarestān was a Darband named “Kūlā”, which was the Spāhbedan Tabarestān Bastion in front of numerous Arab armies, and many years ago, researchers of geographic history and archaeologists were looking for the right place. The place of the Darband-e Kūlā is controversial. The main question of the research is: where is Darband-e Kūlā? And the main hypothesis: It is possible to locate Darband-e Kūlā ‘s place in the vicinity of the Spahbed Khūrshid Cave-Fortress.
Sub Suggestions:
1. Is the Darband-e Kūlā the same Tang-e Latteh strait near Sari?
2. Is Darband-e Kūlā the same as in Kevā in Hezārjarib?
3. Is Darband-e Kūlā the same passageway that is adjacent to the Sar Tangeh of Ārēm in Savādkūh?
Sub-assumptions:
2- Darband-e Kūlā is the same as Tang-e Latteh Strait near Sari.
3. Darband-e Kūlā is the same as in the Kevā in Hezārjarib.
4. Darband-e Kūlā is the same passage that is located in Sar Tangeh, Ārēm Savādkūh.
Research Method
This article is in the category of historical geography research, which is based on Archaeological surveys;(identification, Investigation, documentation) and the collection and scrutiny of historical and geographical texts and with a descriptive-analytic approach.
Appellation and Historical Background of Darband-e Kūla
The first and most frequent references to Kūla and Darband-e Kūla are in the book “History of Ṭabarestān”, which was written by “Ibn Isfandyār Kateb” in 613 A.H. Often referred to as, ‘Kūla’, ‘Darband-I Kūlā’, ‘Maslaheh Kūlā’, ‘Sar tangeh Kūla’ and the name of ‘Bākālijār-e kūla’ or’ Kūlāvij’ who attributes people to Kūlā. In the history of Ṭabarestān, in the description of the revolt of Spahbed Khūrshid it is written; “Spahbed Khūrshid; placed all his loved ones, Descendants, Wives, Nobles and other Dependants, with Treasures, in the Taq [Fortress], on the top of Darband-e Kūlā at the road to Ᾱrēm, which in this time (7th century), called `Aisha Kargili Dez, …” (Ibn Isfandyār, 1320: 176). Also in next pages in the description of the battle of Spahbed Vandād Hūrmazd with the Arab commander who’s named Firāsha [Farrāsheh]: “… And [Firāsha] came to the Ᾱrēm with a massive army, Vandād Hūrmazd had said that; no one would go their way and let them be brave and not count on us, and he himself retired to Kūlā, near which, at Gawāzūnū [Kawāzūno], he constructed two great dykes (dar-band); one above and one below, tight and Firm…” (Ibid: 185), (Ibn Isfandyār, 1905: 128).
Conclusion
Ibn Rasteh considers the base of Spahbed Vandād Hūrmazd in Tabarestān near Damāvand (ibn rasteh, 1365: 178) And Ibn Isfandyār considers his head to be Lapūr (Ibn Esfandiar, 1320: 197). So Ᾱrēm should be in the same range from Savādkūh to Damāvand. On the one hand, with the Archaeological Surveys by Sāmān Tofiq, it became clear that the “Aisha Kargili Dez” is the same as the “Spahbad Khūrshid Cave-Fortress” and in the historical texts it is called “The Tāq” (Tofiq, 1395: 17). At 10 Kilometers from the Pol-e Sefid to the Veresk, the eastern side of the Savādkūh road, Tehran, in the region where the road of Khatirkūh is separated from the above road, the mountainous and strategic remains are left out. This route, which in the past passes through the Doāb Tangeh and the bottom of the Ṭāq Fortress (the Ispahbad Khūrshid Cave-Fortress), After the passing of the maze and the straits of Taqi Yāghi and Naqi Yāghi, reaches a very narrow Abyss, it width is in size to pass a horse and the Sūlā river (Kabir Rūd) is adjacent to this road, in the past, the river destroyed the route with its flood, On the body of the mountain Still remains, the remnants of the stone-plaster`s path and scaffolding. Nearly 2 km, this horrible strait stretches out, until we arrive to Sar Tangeh, where is another Strait in here. At this Point, without any doubt the name of Sar Tangeh Ārim (Ᾱrēm), which is at the beginning of the way Ᾱrēm-Kangelū, is the same as the head of Darband-e Kūlā. The existence of two Strait in the ‘Sar Tangeh’ and ‘Ben Tangeh’ on the top and the bottom; it is an affirmation of Ibn Isfandyār’s narratives of the construction of two Dykes by Spahbed Vandād Hūrmazd, and it seems that this region was named “Kawāzūno” at the era of Ibn Isfandyār. This passage is in fact the same as Darband-e Kūla, and the defeat of the Abbāsid army Caliphs was commanded by Farrāsheh, in the same Strait by hand of Vandād Hūrmazd Qāren Spahbed of Tabarestān.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2512_c3f3230ef2d153020630dd820a44cc8f.pdf
تبرستان
سوادکوه
دربندِ کولا
اِسپَهبَدونداد هورمزد
Tabarestān
Savādkūh
Darband-e Kūlā
Spahbed Vandād Hūrmazd
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
141
156
10.22084/nbsh.2017.13398.1585
2513
ساختارهای اجتماعی، مهمترین عامل شکل گیری برجهای خرقان (نگاه موردی؛ چرایی نبودن القاب برای سازندگان برجها)
Social Structures, The Important Factor of Formation of Kharghan Towers (Casestudy of Lack of Title for Tower’s Builders)
حمید افشار
afsharhamid@chmail.ir
1
هیأت علمی بنیاد ایران شناسی
برجهای خرقان دو یادگار ارزشمند از دورهی سلجوقیان است. اصالت معماری، نقاشیهای دیواری، وجود کتیبههای تاریخی و طرحهای بدیع آجرکاری از خصوصیاتی است که برجهای خرقان را بهعنوان یک شاخص معماری آرامگاهی عصر سلجوقی نمایان ساخته است. طرحهای بینظیر و متعدد آجرکاری و معماری با صلابت برجها که آنها را بهصورت شاخصی از دوران سلجوقی درآورده از سویی و شکلگیری این برجها در ناحیهی دور افتاده و نبودن القاب برای بانیان آنها از سویی دیگر، به صورت مسألهی ابهام برانگیز درآمده است. این ابهامات اگر چه از نظر محققان داخلی و غربی دور نمانده اما تاکنون هیچ راهبرد و فرضیهی مناسبی جهت پاسخ به آن ارائه نشده است. در واقع ابهامات موجود، نتیجهی طبیعی فرضیهی محققان غربی است که بانیان بنا را افرادی تُرک تبار و از سران نظامی منطقه و وابسته به حکومت دانستهاند وبا پیشفرض حمایت از تولید آثار هنری توسط افرادی وابسته به حکومت؛ پاسخی برای نبودن القاب در کنار نام بانیان برجها ارائه نکردهاند. این درحالی است که طبق مستندات تاریخی و متون موجود از دورهی سلجوقی شخصی مانند خواجه نظامالملک از ازدیاد اعطاء القاب دیوانی در دوران خود زبان به گلایه گشوده است. در این مقاله ساختارهای اجتماعی حاکمبر دوران سلجوقی بهعنوان یکی از مهمترین عوامل تأثیرگذار بر موضوع شکلگیری آثار هنری مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و با توجه به ساختارهای حاکمبر دورهی سلجوقی و شکلگیری طبقات جدید اجتماعی که عمدتاً بهواسطهی گسترش روابط تجاری صورت گرفته، بانیان برجها را از طبقهی متوسط روبه رشد جامعه معرفی میکند که توانایی و تمکن مالی حمایت از ساخت چنین بنایی را داشتهاند و با توجه به عدم وابستگی به حکومت و دربار نیازی به داشتن القاب دیوانی برای آنها متصور نبوده است.
Abstract
Kharghan towers are two precious heritages of Saljuk dynasty. Nobel architecture, wall paintings, historic inscriptions and several fabioulos brick works are their special featurs that have made these towers as a distinguished tomb architecture of Saljuk age. Several unique brick work and glorious architecture that have made these heritages distinguished marks of saljuk era along with building towers in an abandoned area and lack of names of the founders of these buildings, has made them an ambiguous question. Although this ambiguity has not been neglected by western scholars, no approach and theory have been suggested to solve this qustion. It seems inorder to suggest a new solution. The previous theories must be doubted. In fact, these current ambiguities are the natural consequece of western scholar’s theory who believed that founders of buildings are turkish and mililtary commanders of the region who affiliated with governement and another theory is that these towers are the result of supporting artistic works founded by people who were affilated with governement but none of these theories has answered the question that why there is no name for the founders of these monuments. However, according to the historical texts and evidences, dated back to seljuk era, it is clear that a distinguished person, Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk, had always criticized the act of giving too much governement titles. In this paper, the dominant social structure of Saljuk age has been studied as one of the most important influential factors in forming of the art works. Due to this Factor and the formation of new social class which was evolved as a reason of development of the commercial relations, the founders of these tower were introduced as a member of the developing mid-level of society who were able to financial supporting of these towers and according to their indenpendency from the contemporaneous governement, their builders did not need to have the governemental titles and position.
Keywords: Seljuk, Tittles, Social Structure, Architecture.
Intorudction & Method
The most important uncertainties about the Kharqan towers are the lack of titles and common definitions and prevarications in front of the names of the owners of the tombs. This point is a scumbag because it is not justifiable, the head of the Turkish race for the great had his name to build such magnificent, costly and prolific buildings, but their name was simple and without any title and glory under the name of the architect to build up. Although this is not the case, however, there has been no hypothesis about the uncertainty. Stern said it: “it is safe to say that this assumption cannot be a definite reason for the lack of titles. However, this issue remains vague” (Stronakh, 74:1349). This article is intended to overcome this ambiguity and the author intends to present an approach based on the social conditions of the Seljuk era not only on the issue of why the title is not referred to but also about the theory of the formation of towers in the Kharqan area.
This research has been carried out by an interpretive-historical method based on library resources and field research. The information of this research which has been interpreted based on field research and the collection of historical documents collected with the inference of thought has provided a new hypothesis in the field of research.
Research Questions
The main question of the research is the lack of title for the names of Kharqan tower builders and the underlying question of the formation of magnificent towers in the remote area of Kharqan which has been addressed in this paper through some field and library research and focused on analysis and reasoning.
Research Hypotheses
Changes in social structures and the emergence of new social classes, often traders and the ability to replenish the order for the construction of works of art and magnificent memorials have served as the ordering of the construction of towers of Kharqan. This new class due to the small percentage of dependence on the government and military commanders (and probably native in the place) does not need to have a titular title, hence their name without mentioning the title below is the constructive name of the building.
Identified Trace
According to Stern and Hillenbrand, the building was built as a tomb and to commemorate the names of two breeders and owners of the pastures in that area. Consequently, it is far from the mind that the two-ordinary people from the lower classes of the society who do not have any nicknames (neither carnal nor even informal) are unable to finance the financing of these two tall, decorative towers, which are somewhat excellence in the architecture of the Seljuk era have. Also, in none of the Seljuk monastery`s tombstones, especially the monumental buildings of this era which have historical inscriptions, the lack of titles has not been observed. The author searches for an understanding of this subject in the social conditions prevailing in the Seljuk period. In fact, the lack of titles for the builders of the towers, if their builders are considered to be two descendants of the region is rightly ambiguous. But it seems essential to ignore the previous hypothesis. The materials presented about the role and importance of social structures and the formation of new classes that were leading their trades and their support for the production of works of art, the need to review the views of Western scholars and their inadequate understanding of the social conditions governing the Seljuk era. Accordingly, if we assume that the founders of the building are likely to be from the growing middle class who through the existence of a business have an upward trend in their class and have the ability to replenish financially enough to build the towers have earned. Many of the uncertainties surrounding the formation of towers in this area, and in particular the lack of official titles will be resolved by the founders.
Conclusion
Kharqan towers were built during Nizam al-Mulk’s office and while according to the textbook of the policy book (Siasat-Name), khaje has complained about much of the titles of the language, there is no sign of the builders of these two important buildings. The absence of the title is a questionable issue in the few years, the supporters of the production of artwork, often the court or individuals and families attributed to the court. According to Western scholars, the owners of these two buildings should have been distinguished from prominent military leaders and Turk descendants. Therefore, the lack of title was not justifiable to them. But with a proper understanding of the social conditions of the Seljuk era and given the political and social changes of that era, we find that new classes have been created in the community that has enough financial ability to order works and buildings. Thus, the lack of titles for building supporters is not ambiguous and questionable due to this view.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2513_0f559cd2ee64f40ab4dddacf076969db.pdf
سلجوقیان
القاب
ساختار اجتماعی
معماری
طبقات اجتماعی
Seljuk
Tittles
Social Structure
Architecture
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
157
174
10.22084/nbsh.2018.14416.1634
2514
تأملی دوباره بر دوره بندی ساخت مسجد جامع شهر یزد براساس اسناد مکتوب و یافته های باستان شناسی (از ابتدا تا قرن ششم هـجری قمری)*
Re-thinking About the Construction Periodization of the Jameh Mosque of Yazd Based on the Written Documents and Archaeological Data (From the Beginning to the 6th Century AH)
محمدابراهیم زارعی
mohamadezarei@yahoo.com
1
سید فضل اله میردهقان
ashkezar1363@gmail.com
2
حمید عزیزی بندرآبادی
hamidazizi@ut.ac.ir
3
ابراهیم کاظم نژنداصل
4
دانشیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
اســـــتادیار گـــــروه ایران شناسی دانشگاه بوعلی سینا.
دانشجوی دکترای باستان شناسی دانشگاه تهران.
کارشناس ارشد باستان شناسی اداره کل میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان یزد.
مسجد جامع شهر یزد، یکی از بناهای مهم تاریخی کشور میباشد که در طی دورهی هزارساله توسط حکومتهای مختلف گسترش یافته است. متون محلی یزد به شکلگیری این مسجد در طول دورههای مختلف اشاره دارند که در هر دوره بخشهایی تکمیل یا به آن اضافه شده است. ماکسیم سیرو، یکی از اولین کسانی است که تحقیقات جامعی را دربارهی این بنا انجام میدهد که منبعی برای پژوهشگران بعدی میشود؛ او چهار دوره برای شکلگیری بنای اولیهی مسجد جامع ارائه میکند که با گفتههای متون و دادههای باستانشناسی تناقض دارد. لذا این پژوهش سعی دارد به بازنگری در دورهبندی تاریخی ساخت این بنا بپردازد. برای تحقق این هدف، در ابتدا به مطالعات کتابخانهای و گردآوری اطلاعات تاریخی لازم بهویژه از متون محلی یزد پرداخته شده و سپس دادههای حاصل از کاوشهای باستانشناسی در کنار متون تاریخی مورد تجزیه تحلیل قرار گرفت. مهمترین سؤالات مطرحشده عبارتند از: 1. آیا میتوان وجود آتشکده در محل فعلی مسجد جامع را اثبات کرد؟ 2. با توجه به دادههای موجود، ساخت مسجد جامع یزد به چه دورهای باز میگردد؟ نتایج بهدست آمده از کاوشهای باستانشناسی نشان میدهد که هیچگونه شواهدی مبنیبر وجود آتشکده در شالودهی بنای مسجد جامع یزد وجود ندارد؛ همچنین میتوان سه دورهی ساخت را برای این بنا در نظر گرفت؛ در دورهی اول، علاءالدوله کالنجار به ساخت مسجدی اقدام میکند که در متون یزد هم از آن بهعنوان «مسجد جامع عتیق» و هم «مسجد جامع قدیم» یاد شده است. در دورهی دوم، علاءالدوله گرشاسب الحاقاتی را به مسجد ساختهشده توسط علاءالدوله کالنجار اضافه میکند؛ همین امر سبب شده متون محلی، وی را نیز بهعنوان یکی از سازندگان مسجد معرفی کنند. در دورهی سوم، جماعتخانهی دختران در کنار مسجد قدیم یا عتیق ساخته میشود و بانیان نیز بقعهای را در کنار آن جهت مدفن خود بنا میکنند که مدفن آنها امروزه نیز موجود است.
Abstract
Yazd Jameh Mosque is one of the most important historical buildings of the country. The local texts of Yazd refer to the formation of this mosque during different periods, that some sections are completed or added to which in each period. Maxime Siroux is one of the first individuals carried out a comprehensive research on this building. He presents four periods for formation of the first mosque building that contradicts the statements of archaeological texts and data. Therefore, this research attempts to review the historical period of construction of this building. In order to achieve this purpose, library studies and collection of the historical information, especially from the local texts were addressed and then the data resulted from the archaeological excavations were analyzed along with historical texts. The most important questions are: 1. Is it possible to prove the presence of a fire temple in the mosque place? 2. Given the available data, which period the Yazd Jameh Mosque returns to? The results of archaeological excavations show that there is no evidence that there has been a fire temple in the basement of building of the Jameh mosque of Yazd; three construction periods can also be considered for this building; In the first period, Aladdoleh Kalanjar tried to build a mosque that is mentioned in the Yazd texts as the both ancient (Atiq) mosque and the old mosque. In the second period, Aladdoleh Garshasb added some extensions to the mosque constructed by Aladdoleh; this led him to be introduced as one of the constructors in the local texts. In the third part, a condominium for girls was built alongside the old or the ancient mosque, and the constructors also built a monument next to which for their burial, which is also available today.
Keywords: Jameh Mosque of Yazd, The Mosque Dateline, Local Texts and Resources, Archeological Evidences, Poetry.
Introduction & Method
Jameh Mosque of Yazd is one of the most important historical buildings of Yazd city. There are many ambiguities about the situation and the early periods of construction of it, as there are contradictions, in some aspects, in the local texts in this regard. The repairs made in the 1330s are another factor provoking the existing ambiguities, that no detailed report on which is presented, in addition that some parts of the mosque were eliminated completely, which seemed to be older than the rest. This research attempts to review the periodization of construction of the first buildings of the Jameh Mosque by the historical-analytical-descriptive method. Therefore, the following questions have been raised: 1. Is it possible to prove the presence of a fire temple in the mosque place? 2. Given the archeological evidences and the local texts in Yazd as well, which period the the Yazd Jameh Mosque early construction returns to? One of the comprehensive researches about the Jameh Mosque in Yazd is the Maxime Siroux’s treatise, due to the destruction of the early mosque’s buildings, it can be a great help in understanding the mentioned works. He proposed four periods for construction of the early Jameh mosque buildings in Yazd. According to his periodization, in the first period there was a fire temple of the Sassanid period at the current position of the mosque and in the Gonbad Khane section, which was completely destroyed in the first century AH and after the arrival of the Muslims. He expresses this view according to the oral tradition commonly used by people. In the second period, a mosque with a Boomosllim plan is built in this current position. He stated that its revolution and construction dates back to the era of Laith Saffari. The mosque extended during Kakuyids, which can be considered as the mosque’s third construction period. In the forth proposed period, daughters of Faramarz ibn Ali Garshasb built a condominium next to the Kakuyid mosque and created a monument beside which for their burial that until the 9th century AH. But this period cannot be accepted according to the evidence and the statements of local texts as well.
The process of formation of the Jameh mosque with respect to the historical texts
According to local texts, the first ruler of Kakuyids is Aladdoleh Kalanjar. He had four colonels who built the Jumea (Friday) Mosque in the city; the writer mentions the mosque building as well, but introduces the Aladdoleh Kalanjar as the mosque constructor. Except the old Jumea (Friday) Mosque, local texts of Yazd address another mosque that was built by Aladdoleh Garshasb ebne Faramarz enbe sultan Aladdoleh Kalanjar which was known as the ancient (Atiq) mosque. This mosque was persistent and used by the people until the Safavid period. The writer also points to the three doors to enter the mosque. He also notes that the ancient mosque and the new mosque, later established by Sayed Roknaldin, were connected to each other. Here, some points are worth mentioning:
1. As the writer points out, the ancient mosque had three doors, each of which was known as a name.
2. With the careful observation in the local texts, it can be seen that the both ancient and old Jameh mosques refer to the same building. Mostofi Bafqi attributes the construction of the old Juma mosque to Aladdoleh Garshasb, but he points out that this mosque is also famous for the ancient (Atiq) mosque. In another place, he stated Aladdoleh Kalanjar as the constructor of the same ancient Jameh mosque. In addition to attributing the construction of the mosque to Aladdoleh Garshasb, the writer refers to the construction of a monument that is located next to the old Jameh mosque and introduces Aladdoleh Kalanjar as the mosque’s constructor. He made the same statements for the mosque constructed by Aladdoleh Garshasb, which is also known as the Atiq mosque according to him. On the Southwest front of the summer nave (shabestan), there is an area where the graves of girls are evident. Next to these graves, the remnants of this condominium can still be seen. Also, there is no evidence of Sassanid period in the archaeological remains.
Conclusion
The mosque of Yazd, due to its great importance, has always been of interest to the researchers, each of which somehow wants to study of one of its features. Among which, some of them have studied the history of its construction and have made many speculations about which; But their periodization can not be accepted. Because of the archaeological excavations, there was no evidence on the existence of a fire temple. Therefore, the following periodization can be suggested for the early buildings of Yazd Jameh Mosque:
The first period: In the first period, Aladdoleh Kalanjar attempts to build a mosque, possibly by his colonels; Because Ja’fari refers to the construction of the mosque by them.
Second period: The second period is a period that Aladdoleh Garshasb added some extensions to the mosque (probably between 504 and 527 AH) and expanded it; because his extensions are made in a masque that Aladdoleh Kalanjar is introduced as the constructor of which according to the the constructor’s text.
Third period: In 536 AH, the girls’ condominium was built next to the old or the ancient mosque, and the constructors also built a monument alongside which for their burial, where their graves are still in the vicinity of the newly built nave (shabestan).
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2514_298089fd0f06c81e79f2bfdc7cc24d63.pdf
مسجد جامع یزد
تاریخ گذاری مسجد
متون و منابع محلی
شواهد باستان شناسی
سفال
Jameh Mosque of Yazd
The Mosque Dateline
Local Texts and Resources
Archeological Evidences
Poetry
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
175
192
10.22084/nbsh.2018.12883.1563
2515
زیبایی شناسی و ارزش های نمادین کتیبه های مسجد جامع یزد
Aesthetics and Symbolic Values of the Inscriptions of Jam-e Mosque of Yazd
کریم حاجی زاده باستانی
karbastani@yahoo.com
1
استادیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی
کتیبههای دورهی اسلامی، منابع ارزشمندی از تفکرات مذهبی، سیاسی و اجتماعی معماران و هنرمندان دورهی اسلامی است؛ بهگونهای که اطلاعات ارزشمندی از اوضاع مذهبی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی زمانهی خویش را بازگو میکنند. مسجد جامع یزد، یکی از بناهای باشکوه دورهی اسلامی ایران است که در طول دورههای مختلف اسلامی محل هنرنمایی هنرمندان این دیار بوده است. در مقالهی حاضر، کتیبههای این مسجد از نظر زیباییشناسی و نمادگرایی بررسی شدهاند. نقوش تزئیناتی کتیبهها شناسایی و با استفاده از نرمافزار استخراج شده و به تحلیل مفاهیم نمادین آنها پرداخته شده است. هدفی که پژوهش حاضر در پی آن است میتواند در قالب پرسش زیر مطرح شود؛ روش ترکیب نقوش برای بیان مفاهیم نمادین چگونه بوده و این نقوش بیانگر چه مفاهیمی هستند؟ مطالعه بر روی این کتیبهها نشان میدهد که بسیار زیباطراحی شدهاند، بهگونهای که در درون خود، مفاهیم ارزشمندی از تفکرات دینی را پنهان ساخته و آنها را با زبان نمادین بیان کردهاند. در بیشتر کتیبهها، از یک شیوهی مشترک و خاصی برای فضاسازی استفاده شده، بهصورتی که شبکهای از نقوش هندسی ایجاد شده که خود توسط نقوش اسلیمی در اندازههای گوناگون محصور شدهاند. در بین نقوش تزئینی کتیبهای این مسجد، نقش شمسهای و همچنین نقش دایره از جایگاه ویژهای برخوردارند. تلفیق اشکال هندسی بههمراه انواع مختلف شمسهها، فضای معنوی خاصی را تداعی میکنند و هنرمند با بهکار بردن ترکیب آنها، در حال بیان مفاهیم اعتقادی دینی و مذهبی خویش است. در برخی موارد سبک خاصی در ایجاد کتیبهها دیده میشود که از جملهی آنها میتوان به علاقهی هنرمندان به ایجاد شبکهای از نقوش هندسی در مرکز نقشها اشاره کرد، که اسامی چون «علی» و «محمد» در آنها جای گرفتهاند. کتیبههای سردر شرقی نمونهای از این نقوش است. مفاهیم خاصی در بهکار بردن اشکال نقوش هندسی و میزان تکرار آنها دیده میشود که بهعنوان مثال، میتوان به کاربرد شمسههای هشتپر و تکرار هشتبار نقوش مختلف هندسی اشاره نمود، که به احتمال بیانگر برخی اعتقادات مذهبی از جمله وجود هشت بهشت یا وجود هشت فرشته حامل عرش الهی هستند.
Abstract
The Islamic period inscriptions are valuable sources for religious, political, and social thoughts of Islamic periodical architects and artists, in a way that provides valuable information about religious, social and cultural situations of their time. Yazd Mosque is one of the magnificent monuments of the Islamic period of Iran that has been the virtuousness place for the artists of this country during various Islamic periods. In the present article, the inscriptions of this mosque are examined for aesthetics and symbolism. Decorative motifs of inscriptions were identified and extracted using software and analyzed their symbolic concepts. The study on these inscriptions shows that they have been well favored, so that within themselves they conceal valuable concepts of religious thought and express them with symbolic language. In most of the inscriptions, a common and special way for making space is used, as a grid of geometric patterns that are themselves enclosed by various abstract motifs in different size. Among the decorative motifs of the inscription in this mosque, the Shamseh and circle motifs have particular importance. The combination of geometric shapes along with various types of Shamseh arouses a particular spiritual environment, and the artist, using their combination, expresses their religious beliefs. In some cases, there is a particular style in the creation of inscriptions, including the artist’s interest in creating a network of geometric patterns in the center of the motifs, that Ali and Mohammad names have been accommodated with them. The east portal inscriptions are a sample of these designs. There are certain concepts in applying the forms of geometric designs and their frequency, for example, can be pointed to using of eight blades Shamseh and eight time repeat of different geometric patterns, which probably express certain religious beliefs, including the existence of eight Paradise or the presence of the eight angels carrying the Divine Throne.
Keywords: Jam-e Mosque of Yazd, Aesthetics, Symbolism, Abstract Motifs, Geometric patterns.
Introduction & Method
The Islamic art attempts to create an environment in which human can regain his original natural worthiness. Undoubtedly, nothing can adequately reflect the mission of arts and craftsmanship in the form of decorations in architecture. Because if the form is interesting to architects and archaeologists and designers, it may not be understandable to the public, but it is the same decoration that attracts the viewer at first sight. Inscriptions, in addition to be beautiful and show the creativity of artists in creation of concinnity, they reflect the cultural, religious and social conditions of their time. In general, decorations play a major role in expressing Islamic inceptions. Creation of such works can only take place through faith in God; for this reason, the artists are created such works with utilizing all the elements of art and inspiration, and fully aware of the meanings and concepts of what they create, utilize the science of geometry and mathematics, and with such a supernatural view of nature. The basic characteristic of these forms is codification, the creation of unity and symbolic expression. Yazad Jam-e masque has been considered as the oldest architectural example imitated from it in the religious architecture of the Yazd area. The form of this mosque is composed of a dome place and a tall and long seraglio; another feature of it is the wide application of the universal arches (temples arch) in the seraglio, which are associated with the decor of the mosaic tile that is emphasized to indication of the type of architecture of this mosque. In this paper has been mentioned to inscriptions used in this mosque includes methods, concepts of inscriptions, materials and decorations. Also, in analyzing geometric, vegetative and abstract designs of inscriptions, their aesthetics and symbolism are noticed. Questions that can be asked about this can be made in the following ways: 1. what is the composition of different geometric, plant, and inscription designs for the expression of a symbolic concept? 2.What are the symbolic concepts in the drafts and themes of the inscriptions mentioned? The initial information was collected through library studies and its secondary information was compiled by field studies. Images were photographed and extracted using AutoCAD software. In this research, descriptive-analytical approach has been used to achieve the desired goals. The inscriptions used in this mosque have been identified and studied by the method of interpretive-analytical research in terms of symbolism.
Identified Traces
The aesthetics and symbolism in Islamic art are inextricably linked to each other, and each one looks incomplete without another. Because, the beauty of any art is to the deep meanings and implications of it. Such profound meanings in Islamic art are expressed in the symbolic language of ornamentation. The first founder of the Yazd Mosque was Ala al-Dawlah, a member of the Al-e Boyah dynasty, who had been in Yazd during the Seljuk era. One of the most prominent features of the Yazd Mosque is the combination of engraving inscriptions with different geometric and vegetative patterns. The use of divine names, the names of the infallible Imams (AS) and Quranic verses are very important in these inscriptions. Square and rectangular frames, the amount of carving, the relation with other decorative elements, the location of the inscription, the accuracy of the implementation and use of a larger and important nicer against the smaller traits in the inscriptions, according to other designs are the manifestation features of the decor in this mosque. The types of inscriptions used in this mosque, like other places, include bricks, stone and tiles. The brick inscriptions of this mosque are the most significant inscriptions with small and carved surfaces. The general features of the inscriptions of this mosque that contain symbolic concepts are: The use of the eight-blade star, most closely resembling the appearance of the sun; The use of the number eight, which is the longest symbol of the sun throughout Asia, Europe, is Africa; The use of the circle’s motifs, the most complete form of geometry, in Islamic art, is the image and symbol of perfection; Writing Ali’s name and repeating it 12 times has been a sign of the Shiite beliefs of the artists and architects of this mosque; The combination of the square and the circle symbolically symbolizes the earth and the sky and Use Swastika motifs.
Conclusion
Decorative inscriptions of the mosque of Yazd can be considered as an important source of religious and religious thoughts by the artists of this mosque during different periods. The abstract designs in the wall of the brickworks have features that include the diversity and formality of the abstract motifs in the form of bricks, abstract motifs with general motions and away from the rules of decor, vegetable motifs And natural to the reality, the combination of aesthetic designs with the geometric and definitive patterns that the motifs have played, the difference in the levels of carving in relation to other designs, the accuracy of the execution and location of motifs, the singularity and the uniqueness of some of this Motifs Geometric designs in the walls of the mosque have the highest percentage and have been implemented in various forms. The use of a combination of geometric designs with Herbal designs has given a special effect to the inscriptions. In some cases, there is a particular style in the creation of inscriptions, including the artist’s interest in creating a network of geometric designs in the center of the roles. There are special concepts in applying geometric shapes and their frequency, for example, we can use eight-dimensional and eight-dimensional replicas of different geometric patterns.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2515_85bc10e446f99888378c1ec7bf51927d.pdf
مسجد جامع یزد
زیبایی شناسی
نمادشناسی
نقوش اسلیمی
نقوش هندسی
Jam-e Mosque of Yazd
Aesthetics
Symbolism
Abstract Motifs
Geometric patterns
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
193
212
10.22084/nbsh.2018.15134.1670
2516
استفاده از فناوریهای نوین نمونه سازی در بازسازی بخش های مفقود سفالینه های باستان شناسی
The Use of New Prototyping Technology to Reconstruct Missing Parts of the Archaeological Pottery
مهدی رازانی
mehdi_razani@yahoo.com
1
محمد علی حدادیان
a.haddadian@tabriziau.ac.ir
2
صفر پور عباس
pourabbas.s@gmail.com
3
استادیار گروه مرمت آثار تاریخی دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز
عضو هیأت علمی، دانشکده طراحی اسلامی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز
دکترای مهندسی مکانیک
امروزه فناوریهای نوین، منجر به درک بهتر آثار باستانی و حفاظت بیخطر آنها گشتهاند؛ هدف این تحقیق، تشریح فرآیند جدید و بومی شدهی استفاده از فناوریهای نمونهسازی سریع، شامل: اسکنر و چاپگر سهبُعدی برای بازسازی بخشهای مفقود آثار سفالین و امکان سنجی بهکارگیری آنها در بازسازی دیگر اشیای باستانی است. پرسشهای تحقیق عبارتنداز: 1- چگونه میتوان از فناوریهای نمونهسازی نوین در بازسازی بخشهای مفقود آثار سفالین تاریخی استفاده نمود؟ 2- بازسازی سفالهای تاریخی با روشهای نوین نمونهسازی چه مزایا و معایبی نسبت به روشهای معمول دارد؟ در همین راستا بر اساس روش تحقیق تجربی-آزمایشگاهی فناوریهای نوین نمونهسازی در قالب آزمونهای موردی روی نمونه سفالی خاکستری پیشازتاریخی مربوط به کاوشهای باستانشناسی کولتپه در هادیشهر جلفا(ی) آذربایجان شرقی انجام گرفت و در ادامه با تحلیل دادههای حاصل از همسنجی تجهیزات بهمنظور دستیابی به اهداف تحقیق مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفتند. بخشهای مفقود نمونه مطالعاتی این تحقیق بر اساس تحلیل نرمافزاری تصاویر اسکن سهبُعدی 20% محاسبه و برای انجام بازسازی بخش مفقود در ابتدا با کمک اسکنر لیزری اقدام به تهیهی تصاویر سهبُعدی از سطح نمونه گردید؛ سپس با استفاده از نرمافزار تصاویر سهبُعدی تبدیل به دادههای قابل استفاده در چاپگر سهبُعدی شد. در ادامهی نمونهسازی تجربی، جهت یافتن نمونه مناسب انجام گرفت؛ پس از تحلیل نمونههای بازسازی شده و همسنجی سیستمها، از نظر ظرافت بدنهی چاپ شده و همچنین قابلیت دستگاهی برای ساخت قطعهای هماهنگ و بدون عیب جهت بخشهای مفقود، اقدام به چاپ سهبُعدی قطعات مفقود گردید و در نهایت نیز بخشهای چاپ شده متناسب با بخشهای مفقود به بدنهی سفال اصیل وصالی شد. نتایج تحقیق نشان داد استفاده از فناوریهای مدلسازی نوین باعث درک بهتر آثار سفالین از لحاظ شکلی برای بررسیهای باستانشناسی و مطالعات موزهای میگردد؛ همچنین استفاده از این فناوریها موجب کاهش رفتارهای تماسی حفاظتی از آثار گردیده و اقدامی مفید در جهت حفاظت غیر تماسی و کمخطر است.
Abstract
The pottery and ceramic objects have an important role in the archaeology and Archaeometry they are the principal alphabet of archaeology in Iran and Middle East, because of the main chronological map in this area is based on the pottery, normally archaeologist finds potteries in their excavation from the Neolithic to the Islamic period and depends on the age of a site they may possibility access to the various kinds, hand-made pottery, unglazed and glazed pottery, etc. Despite the aesthetic values archaeologist use the historic pottery in such actions like dating of the site, recognizing the sources of raw materials, as well as the identification of past technologies (methods of making and decoration, estimate the oxidation or reduction atmospheres when pottery fired in the past, etc.) On the other hand, many historical potteries are damaged and eventually destroyed by the three most important factors. 1) physical damage (Including: impact damage with mechanical forces and thermal shocks, wear and previous nonstandard reconstruction), 2) decay and superficial crust (Sedimentation and deposition of foreign materials from various sources resulting from the use of, dissolving and insoluble salts, residues during burial, spills of contact materials and absorption and etc.) 3) Chemical Deterioration (Including: Dissolution and exhaustion of the material from the process like: leaching, hydrolyze and the chemical effect of biological colonization, finally due to the changing appearance and missing parts in the potteries. repair and restoration of damaged pottery works has a long history and the archaeologist believe that this practical work have a same history to create and making the first pottery objects, nevertheless reconstruction of missing parts have variety of method with different materials (such as the reconstruction of cracks and missing parts with gold leaf in far east countries) and different methods like (some rare restorations made by pottery fragments with the same designs and joining them in the original place). However, generally materials and methods for the reconstruction of ancient pottery have not changed much since about 80 years ago around the world and it based on the construction of the missing parts by reversible materials, such as plaster of Paris, in combination with other filler materials and art pigments.
Keywords: Pottery Objects, Archaeology, Reconstraction, 3D Scanner, 3D Printer.
Introduction & Method
Considering the remarkable progress made in the field of rapid modeling in the industry and the availability of new technologies today is a good platform for the introduction of such technologies in the field of archaeological studies as well as the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage. Such technologies, and indeed the most important ones, are scanners and three-dimensional printers. These technologies can be used to build a copy of objects and sculptures, relief and rock arts, valuable works and decorations in real dimensions (and / or with changing dimensions), as well as to reconstruct missing parts of destroyed works.
The main advantages of using these methods are:
• Reducing contact with sensitive objects and avoiding conventional and time-consuming commonly used contact and to some extent destructive, such as: molding, casting and filtration processes in the rebuilding of archaeological works
• More precision in the implementation of outstanding and complex designs than the traditional method,
• Achieving similar levels of quality to historical cultural effects using a combination of modeling techniques.
• Construction of parts in different dimensions with asymmetric geometric models, so that there is little constraint on the form and geometric shape for construction.
• Ability to evaluate and modify the 3D layout and repeat it in case of dissatisfaction with each section in the shortest possible time.
• The risk of connection to the reconstructed piece is due to the neutral properties
• Reducing the time in making missing parts
Identified Traces
New technology in many cases led to better understanding of ancient archeology objects and also less-destructive methods in conservation, in recent years the rapid prototyping technique (RPT) was increasingly implemented in Engineering, Medical, and Industrial Design and Architecture fields. In this study RPT- including 3D scanning and 3D printing was investigated and implemented in reconstruction of missing part of ancient pottery objects.
The purpose of this research is to use modern prototype technologies such as: 3D scanners and printers for the reconstruction of the missing parts of the pottery works and the feasibility of using the above methods for the restoration of other archaeological objects, According to the purpose of this study a gray ancient pottery was selected from the prehistoric layer of Kul Tepe (Kul Tapeh) of Hadishahr that is an ancient archaeological site in the Jolfa County of Iran, this site in chronological point of view is dated from Late Neolithic/Early Chalcolithic till Achaemenid periods.
The pottery was a bowl with 20% missing part Includes 2 almost big and small triangular pieces. The reconstruction of a pottery work with missing parts of new technology of RPT was considered as this study’s subject. The ordinary methods for reconstructions of missing area in historical objects are molding and casting away from the object gap-filling with plaster and other additive materials, but in this new work the subject was scanned with an optical 3D scanner, it itself and its missing part was simulated in a 3D modeling software and then it was printed by a 3D printer. Finally, with some hand finishing work the new pieces attached to the historic pottery, the whole process was performed with minimum need to make physical contact with the subject, its potential in obtaining less-destructive reconstruction procedure was investigated and its advantages and limitations in comparison to traditional methods were identified. The results shows, implementing RPT in reconstruction of missing part of pottery works can lead to better understanding of ancient archeology objects and none or less-destructive treatment in working with ancient pottery masterpieces.
Conclusion
The reconstruction process can be achieved in very short time and higher accuracy. The printed piece can be an exact match of the masterwork. Several pieces of the missing part or the whole subject can be printed. Soft copy of the subject would be available for future works and can be used in other research centers. The subject can be reprinted with any desired changes in the pottery work original design. Temporary attachment of the printed piece to the masterpiece with preserving the potential of reversibility in the conservation of the object is achieved. The study was subject to the following limitations though: mono color printing of the missing piece, using a polymer as printing material, limited transparency in printing filaments and minor errors in the performance of the 3D scanner itself. As the content of the research goes, with the superiority of the advantages of these methods, we are faced with their disadvantages. And in general it can be said that the process undertaken is acceptable and can be used in the reconstruction of the cultural heritage and in particular the archeological pottery. Whereas the above methods, with the least effective interference, harmless interference, maximum compatibility with the host’s effect on the neutrality of matter and the preservation of the aesthetic aspects of the effect, can lead to a greater understanding of the work for the audience and researchers.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2516_52ef5091fb89e2b70dca559b61bf658e.pdf
آثار سفالین
حفاظت- مرمت
بازسازی
اسکنر سه بُعدی
چابگر سه بُعدی
Pottery Objects
Archaeology
Reconstraction
3D Scanner
3D Printer
per
دانشگاه بوعلی سینا
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
2345-5225
2345-5500
2018-11-22
8
18
213
231
10.22084/nbsh.2018.15355.1687
2517
مطالعه ی سفال دست ساز روستای هولنچکان قصرقند با رویکر د قوم باستان شناسی
The Study of Handmade Pottery of Holonchokan Village of Qasr-e Qand, With an Ethnoarchaeology Approach
محمد حسین رضایی
mohammad.1561@yahoo.com
1
محمد امین سعادت مهر
ma.saadatmehr@gmail.com
2
استادیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه نیشابور
دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد باستان شناسی دانشگاه نیشابور
از جمله هنرهای رایج در استان سیستان و بلوچستان، ساخت سفال بهشیوهی دستساز است که با ورود ابزارهای صنعتی و عدم حمایت فقط تعداد افراد معدودی در این حرفه فعالیت میکنند. هنر سفالگری در روستای هولنچکان شهرستان قصرقند به نوعی تداوم روشهای سنتی و گذشته سفالگری در این سرزمین است. پژوهش حاضر، در پی پاسخ به پرسشهای پیشِرو انجام گرفته است: شاخصهها و ویژگیهای سفالهای روستای هولنچکان1 چیست؟ بهلحاظ تکنیک ساخت و نقوش سفالها چه ارتباطی میان سفالهای روستای هولنچکان و سفالهای پیشازتاریخی منطقه مشاهده میشود؟ رشد تکنولوژی و توسعهی شهرنشینی امروزه چه تأثیری بر صنعت سفالگری در منطقه داشته است؟ روش پژوهش در مقالهی حاضر، براساس دو روش «اتیک» یعنی مشاهدهی عینی پژوهشگر و تفسیر براساس زبان علم و تصورهای ذهنی، و روش «امیک» یعنی مشاهدهی مشارکتی، مصاحبه با مردم روستا و قرارگیری در بستر پویای این جامعه است. در پژوهش حاضر تلاش شده تا با رویکرد قومباستانشناسی، فرآیند ساخت، بُعد ناملموس سازمان تولید و همچنین تداوم تکنیکهای سفالگری بلوچستان از دورهی پیشازتاریخ تا دورهی معاصر بررسی و تفسیر شود. نتایج تحقیق نشان میدهد که طریقهی ساخت یک ظرف بسیار ایستا (بر طبق سنتهای پیشازتاریخی منطقه و بهشیوهی ابتدایی، سفالها ساخته میشوند) است و هر دو سفالگر در روستای هولنچکان از تکنیک مشابه استفاده میکنند. امروزه ساخت سفال در روستای هولنچکان با استفاده از تکنیکها و حتی بعضاً نقوشی مشابه با سفالهای ساخته شده در هزارهی سوم ق.م. در میان محوطههای باستانی منطقه، نشاندهندهی انعطافپذیری قابلتوجه و تداوم در طول زمان است. پیشرفت تکنولوژی در شیوهی و تکنیک ساخت سفالها تأثیری نگذاشته و امروزه سفالها بههمان شیوهی سنتی ساخته میشوند. فقدان تغییر در روش تولید نباید بهعنوان محافظهکاری سفالگران بهحساب آورده شود. جواب این مسئله در بافت اجتماعی- محیطی است که در آن سفال ساخته میشود و مورد استفاده قرار میگیرد.
Abstract
Among the traditional arts in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, it is possible to pottery production in a hand-made manner, with the entry of industrial tools and lack of support, only a limited number of people. The present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the features and characteristics of the pottery in the village of Holonchokan? What is the relationship between the pottery of the village of Holonchokan and the prehistoric pottery of the region in terms of the Manufacturing and motifs? What is the impact of technology development and urbanization on the pottery industry in the region today? The research method in this paper is based on the two methods of “ETHIC”, namely the objective observation of the researcher and the interpretation based on the language of science and mental imagery, and the “EMIC” Interviewing people in the village and placing it in the dynamic context of this community. In the present research, we have tried to study the manufacturing process, the intangible dimension of the organization of production as well as the continuation of pottery techniques in the Baluchistan region of Iran from the prehistoric period to the contemporary period, with the approach of the ethnography and ethnoarchaeology. Ethnographic studies show that the construction of a dish is very static, and both potters use the same technique in the Holonchokan village. Pottery, which is nowadays produced in the Holonchokan village, is made in a handmade and in a primitive manner. Today, the production of pottery in the Holonchokan, using techniques and even some of the paintings similar to those made in the 3rd millennium B.C, is among the ancient sites of the area, showing significant flexibility and continuity over time. The lack of change in production methods, should not be counted as the conservatism of potters. The answer to this is in the socio-environmental context in which the pottery is made and used.
Keywords: Handmade Pottery, Holonchokan, Ethnoarchaeology.
Introduction & Method
Ethnoarchaeology has the responsibility of communicating between past and present data and correcting interpretations. Responses to why and how human behaviors in ancient times are an archaeological task, and a proper understanding of the natural environment will respond to most of the questions about the past. Nowadays, archaeologists are trying to reconstruct human past behaviors, with the help of other sciences, such as ethnography. Ethnoarchaeolgy is one of the strategies that helps the archaeologist to be a bridge between the present and the past. Based on this, by studying the method of pottery product and investigating potter’s artists, one could hope that the answer to the question of why and how human behavior was found in the past. Pottery art in the Holonchokan Village is a kind of continuation of traditional and past pottery practices in this land. The present research seeks to answer the following questions: What are the features and characteristics of the pottery in the village of Holonchokan? What is the relationship between the pottery of the village of Holonchokan and the prehistoric pottery of the region in terms of the Manufacturing and motifs? What is the impact of technology development and urbanization on the pottery industry in the region today? In this research, firstly, with the ethnographic approach, the traditional methods of pottery Product in the Holonchokan Village in Qasr-e Qand County will be studied. The research methodology in this paper is based on the two methods of “ ETHIC “, namely the objective observation of the researcher and the interpretation based on the language of science and mental imagery, and the method of “EMIC”, to wit participation observation, interview with the people of the village and the placement of the dynamic of this society. In this research, we tried to study and interpret the ethnoarchaeology approach, the manufacturing process, the intangible dimension of the production organization as well as the continuation of Baluchistan pottery techniques from the prehistoric period to the contemporary period. The foundation for this research is the recording of pottery, observation and interviewing. In this research, the methodology of potters was closely observed and documented, as well as interviews with potters. In the end, the objects and containers made by these potters in terms of the decoration and product technique with other areas and prehistoric pottery of the area (including pottery of the Shahr-I Sokhta site) were compared and, in this way, between Static communities and dynamic societies.
Identified Traces
In the Holonchokan Village, now two potter works are continuing. In this section, potters are evaluated with two indicators, technique and typology of pottery. The first potter, Norak Reysi, is a woman aged 70-75 whose pottery is technically and synonymous with the exact replication of the ancient pottery patterns of the region. The second potter, Ameneh Reysi, is a woman aged 40-45, who has learned pottery from her mother, a prince (from potters in the region). The technique of pottery product both are similar to each other. it should be noted that only Norak Reysi follows precisely the ancient patterns of the pottery of the area and is more Ameneh Reysi able to designs and New patterns are becoming increasingly noticeable. The pottery workshop in the Holonchokan Village is very simple and elementary. In general, the pottery workshop consists of a work room and a Kiln. Consumables of the Holonchokan Pottery Workshop include water, soil, sandstone (mineral temper), colored stones and palm bases (fueled kiln). The center for water supply, sandstone and palm bases is the Holonchokan Village, but the soil comes from a locality called Chopetak around Holonchokan. Pottery, which is nowadays produced in the Holonchokan Village, is made in a handmade and in a primitive manner. Decoration in Holonchokan pottery is simple, geometric and abstract expression. These designs are painted by women on pottery with a primitive instrument. The base of most designs of Holonchokan pottery is simple lines of different shapes and crosshatching lines and small solid circles. In view of the structure of the motifs, the similarities between the pottery that are nowadays in the Holonchokan Village in the traditional way are made with pottery of prehistoric sites such as the Shahr-I Sokhta of Zabul (Third and second millennia B.C) and the Mundigak Site of Afghanistan.
Conclusion
Studies on contemporary potters present a wide-ranging comparative picture. Potters, on the other hand, basically make their own products for domestic use, including limited exchanges with neighboring villages, or, on the other hand, mass-produced pottery for sale in the region or beyond. Potters often make pottery that they produce, such as cooking, storage and drinking containers. Regarding the connection between the handmade pottery of the Holonchokan Village and the prehistoric pottery of this region, it should be noted that ethnoarchaeology studies showed that the construction of highly static containers (according to prehistoric traditions The area is constructed in the primitive method, pottery), and both potters in the Holonchokan use a similar technique to make pottery, which indicates the considerable flexibility and continuity of this tradition over time. In the end, it should be noted that technological advances in the method and technique of making pottery in the Holonchokan Village did not affect, and today pottery is made in the same way as traditional. But with the advent of urbanization and the growth of technology, as well as the lack of attention, these potteries are less used, and this native and traditional art of handmade pottery is becoming obsolete.
https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_2517_cc87439674b7e77d7bee9e869705ded9.pdf
سفال دست ساز
هولنچکان
قوم باستان شناسی
Handmade Pottery
Holonchokan
Ethnoarchaeology