Bu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822An Introduction to the Newly found Paleolithic Landscape of Boulan in the North of the Eyvanekey Alluvial Fan with a focus on Lithic Techno-TypologyAn Introduction to the Newly found Paleolithic Landscape of Boulan in the North of the Eyvanekey Alluvial Fan with a focus on Lithic Techno-Typology739572410.22084/nb.2024.28685.2642FASeyyed MiladHashemiAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author)0000-0001-5532-2312AsgharNateghiM. A. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0009-0003-8621-5757AliyehAbdollahiM. A. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Tehran Central Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran0009-0006-9636-6761Mir AhmadZavvar Mousavi NiakiM. A. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Marlik Institute of Higher Education, Nowshahr, Iran0009-0004-3518-5436Journal Article20231218The findings gathered from the Northern Iranian Central Desert (NICD) over the past two decades suggest the significance of the region during the Pleistocene, indicating that different and fluctuating environmental conditions governed the region in the past, contrary to the hot and dry conditions of today. From an archaeological perspective, this means that human populations might have been able to live here during milder times. Based on this assumption and the escalating number of Paleolithic localities, the hypothesis of considering the NICD as a significant Pleistocene dispersal corridor was put forward. However, the available information regarding the Pleistocene human populations in the region was limited only to its eastern and western parts. Up until recently, the Pleistocene “plain dwellers” in the more central parts of the NICD (corresponding to the modern-day Alborz, Tehran, and western Semnan provinces) were not known to us. The picture took a turn when Showr-e Qazi, a paleolithic surface lithic scatter, located about 18km southwest of Eyvanekey, came to light. Following this discovery, the authors embarked on a comprehensive investigation of Eyvanekey. Doing so, a systematic intensive pedestrian field survey was conducted in the vicinity of Eyvanekey County to tackle questions regarding the role of the central parts of the NICD for the dispersal of Pleistocene human populations and the degree of connectivity and relatedness of the landscapes, and resultantly, strengthening or weakening the mentioned hypothesis. As a result, extensive Paleolithic surface scatters were recorded using a combined method of proportionate stratified random and adaptive sampling. The lithic assemblage from Boulan, one of these scatters, has been examined here using techno-typological approach. The preliminary results suggest Middle and Upper Paleolithic affinities. In addition, in general terms, the lithic tradition in Boulan is geared toward the expedient and opportunistic end of the spectrum. Lastly, the discovery of extensive Paleolithic localities in the central parts of the NICD provides additional support for the hypothesis of a Northern dispersal corridor.The findings gathered from the Northern Iranian Central Desert (NICD) over the past two decades suggest the significance of the region during the Pleistocene, indicating that different and fluctuating environmental conditions governed the region in the past, contrary to the hot and dry conditions of today. From an archaeological perspective, this means that human populations might have been able to live here during milder times. Based on this assumption and the escalating number of Paleolithic localities, the hypothesis of considering the NICD as a significant Pleistocene dispersal corridor was put forward. However, the available information regarding the Pleistocene human populations in the region was limited only to its eastern and western parts. Up until recently, the Pleistocene “plain dwellers” in the more central parts of the NICD (corresponding to the modern-day Alborz, Tehran, and western Semnan provinces) were not known to us. The picture took a turn when Showr-e Qazi, a paleolithic surface lithic scatter, located about 18km southwest of Eyvanekey, came to light. Following this discovery, the authors embarked on a comprehensive investigation of Eyvanekey. Doing so, a systematic intensive pedestrian field survey was conducted in the vicinity of Eyvanekey County to tackle questions regarding the role of the central parts of the NICD for the dispersal of Pleistocene human populations and the degree of connectivity and relatedness of the landscapes, and resultantly, strengthening or weakening the mentioned hypothesis. As a result, extensive Paleolithic surface scatters were recorded using a combined method of proportionate stratified random and adaptive sampling. The lithic assemblage from Boulan, one of these scatters, has been examined here using techno-typological approach. The preliminary results suggest Middle and Upper Paleolithic affinities. In addition, in general terms, the lithic tradition in Boulan is geared toward the expedient and opportunistic end of the spectrum. Lastly, the discovery of extensive Paleolithic localities in the central parts of the NICD provides additional support for the hypothesis of a Northern dispersal corridor.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5724_e49eb6523da9e1c347bc148ea8ac55d3.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822New Evidence of the Pottery Neolithic in the Eastern Mazandaran Based on Recent Archaeological Field SurveyNew Evidence of the Pottery Neolithic in the Eastern Mazandaran Based on Recent Archaeological Field Survey4167572510.22084/nb.2023.28212.2619FASeyyed KamalAsadi OjaeiPhD Student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran0000-0002-3860-1771RahmatAbbasnejad SerestiAssociate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding Author)0000-0003-1365-8904RogerMatthewsProfessor, Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, UK.0000-0002-8316-4312ChristopherP. ThorntonConsulting Scholar, Asian Section,
University of Pennsylvania Museum, Pennsylvania, USA.0000-0001-7406-5390Journal Article20230823The issue of Neolithization in the eastern Mazandaran region has once again become an attractive topic for archaeologists and researchers after 70 years of silence. Excavations and field surveys have been carried out during these years to examine various hypotheses for the origins of plant and animal domestication in this important crossroads region. However, despite the clarification of some issues, more questions have been raised that remain unanswered. Past field surveys could not fully represent the Neolithic capacities of eastern Mazandaran. Therefore, a field survey program titled “Investigation and Identification of Neolithic Settlements in the Lowlands and Highlands of Eastern Mazandaran” was proposed. In this field program, two main goals were considered: 1) regional connections between sites in the highlands and plains of eastern Mazandaran; and 2) relations with adjacent regions of Northeastern Iran and South Turkmenistan. The first goal sought to provide evidence of an endogenous transition to Neolithic lifeways, while the second examined possible routes for an exogenous origin. In the survey, 53 sites were investigated and pottery collections from previous excavations and field surveys were also reviewed. The result was the identification of 30 Neolithic sites in both the highlands and plains, which increased the number of Neolithic settlements in eastern Mazandaran to 42 sites. Study of the collected pottery indicates that there is a clear connection between the plains and the highlands, which is likely related to seasonal grazing of herding communities. According to the evidence, inter-regional relations with adjacent regions should be searched not through intermontane valleys, but through the lowland Caspian littoral region, especially the Gorgan Plain, which may argue for a Neolithization process based on exogenous factors.The issue of Neolithization in the eastern Mazandaran region has once again become an attractive topic for archaeologists and researchers after 70 years of silence. Excavations and field surveys have been carried out during these years to examine various hypotheses for the origins of plant and animal domestication in this important crossroads region. However, despite the clarification of some issues, more questions have been raised that remain unanswered. Past field surveys could not fully represent the Neolithic capacities of eastern Mazandaran. Therefore, a field survey program titled “Investigation and Identification of Neolithic Settlements in the Lowlands and Highlands of Eastern Mazandaran” was proposed. In this field program, two main goals were considered: 1) regional connections between sites in the highlands and plains of eastern Mazandaran; and 2) relations with adjacent regions of Northeastern Iran and South Turkmenistan. The first goal sought to provide evidence of an endogenous transition to Neolithic lifeways, while the second examined possible routes for an exogenous origin. In the survey, 53 sites were investigated and pottery collections from previous excavations and field surveys were also reviewed. The result was the identification of 30 Neolithic sites in both the highlands and plains, which increased the number of Neolithic settlements in eastern Mazandaran to 42 sites. Study of the collected pottery indicates that there is a clear connection between the plains and the highlands, which is likely related to seasonal grazing of herding communities. According to the evidence, inter-regional relations with adjacent regions should be searched not through intermontane valleys, but through the lowland Caspian littoral region, especially the Gorgan Plain, which may argue for a Neolithization process based on exogenous factors.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5725_2109737282d2c2de4fc5534be26c9bb6.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822Reevaluating the Relative and Absolute Chronological Framework of Neolithic Rural Settlements in the Alvand Mountain Range and Malayer Plain (Insights from C14 Dating of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah)Reevaluating the Relative and Absolute Chronological Framework of Neolithic Rural Settlements in the Alvand Mountain Range and Malayer Plain (Insights from C14 Dating of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah)6995572610.22084/nb.2024.29679.2701FAKhalil-OllahBeik-MohammadiAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran0000-0003-3804-3930Journal Article20240318The interplay between chronology and the reassessment of both relative and absolute dating methods is a fundamental aspect of archaeological research. A significant focus within Iranian archaeology pertains to the central Zagros region, particularly the southern slopes of the Alvand mountain range and the Malayer plain. This area has attracted the attention of international archaeologists since the 1990s and continues to be a subject of study. The Malayer plain stands out as a crucial prehistoric cultural zone within Hamadan province, characterized by the presence of key archaeological sites from various periods, thereby contributing to the scholarly discourse surrounding Central Zagros archaeology. This region possesses absolute dating for certain historical epochs, particularly during the Chalcolithic period. In contrast, earlier historical phases, such as the initial rural settlements, have been documented through relative dating methods. Consequently, establishing an absolute chronology is crucial and serves as the primary objective of this article. This study aims to provide a more definitive chronological framework for the 6th millennium BC within this cultural area by utilizing C14 dating provided by the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, thereby enhancing the reliability of the timeline previously inferred from pottery assemblages. The primary focus of this research is the chronological framework of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah, with a critical examination of the established chronology in the region as delineated by Godin’s sequence. A central inquiry emerges regarding the relative dating of the earliest human settlements in the Malayer plain, particularly through the lens of “pottery traditions.” To address this, it is essential to evaluate how existing theories align with the absolute dating findings that have been reported. As a result, the research suggests that the C14 dating samples collected from the lower layers of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah indicate that the previous relative dating is largely valid, while the new findings show only a slight deviation from the established theories and dates. The research methodology employed in this article is qualitative, utilizing an analytical historical approach complemented by the laboratory technique of C14 dating. The findings reveal the existence of human societies dating back to the sixth millennium BC, specifically within the calibrated timeframe of 5216-4994 BC, which corresponds to the “late Sarab” cultural horizon.The interplay between chronology and the reassessment of both relative and absolute dating methods is a fundamental aspect of archaeological research. A significant focus within Iranian archaeology pertains to the central Zagros region, particularly the southern slopes of the Alvand mountain range and the Malayer plain. This area has attracted the attention of international archaeologists since the 1990s and continues to be a subject of study. The Malayer plain stands out as a crucial prehistoric cultural zone within Hamadan province, characterized by the presence of key archaeological sites from various periods, thereby contributing to the scholarly discourse surrounding Central Zagros archaeology. This region possesses absolute dating for certain historical epochs, particularly during the Chalcolithic period. In contrast, earlier historical phases, such as the initial rural settlements, have been documented through relative dating methods. Consequently, establishing an absolute chronology is crucial and serves as the primary objective of this article. This study aims to provide a more definitive chronological framework for the 6th millennium BC within this cultural area by utilizing C14 dating provided by the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, thereby enhancing the reliability of the timeline previously inferred from pottery assemblages. The primary focus of this research is the chronological framework of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah, with a critical examination of the established chronology in the region as delineated by Godin’s sequence. A central inquiry emerges regarding the relative dating of the earliest human settlements in the Malayer plain, particularly through the lens of “pottery traditions.” To address this, it is essential to evaluate how existing theories align with the absolute dating findings that have been reported. As a result, the research suggests that the C14 dating samples collected from the lower layers of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah indicate that the previous relative dating is largely valid, while the new findings show only a slight deviation from the established theories and dates. The research methodology employed in this article is qualitative, utilizing an analytical historical approach complemented by the laboratory technique of C14 dating. The findings reveal the existence of human societies dating back to the sixth millennium BC, specifically within the calibrated timeframe of 5216-4994 BC, which corresponds to the “late Sarab” cultural horizon.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5726_2c8ed8587468aec2462a3914f154e570.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822Analyzing Animals as A Subject: Economic and Symbolic Role of Animals at Tape Qeshlaq, A Chalcolithic Settlement in the Central Zagros, IranAnalyzing Animals as A Subject: Economic and Symbolic Role of Animals at Tape Qeshlaq, A Chalcolithic Settlement in the Central Zagros, Iran97113572710.22084/nb.2024.28921.2656FAZahraDehghanM.A. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran0009-0005-3038-4214AbbasMotarjemAssociate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran (Corresponding Author)0000-0001-5521-0767Journal Article20240204Tepe Qeshlagh represents a Chalcolithic settlement that was excavated as part of a larger archaeological survey conducted between 2011 and 2013. This study investigates the role of animals during the Chalcolithic period (ca. 5000–3500 BCE) in the Central Zagros region of Iran, utilizing data obtained from the excavations at Tepe Qeshlaq. By examining both organic and inorganic data, the research aims to elucidate the subsistence and non-subsistence dimensions of human-animal interactions, thereby assessing how biological data can enhance the understanding of cultural data. The primary objective of this investigation is to ascertain the environmental conditions of the area through faunal data and to explore the cultural implications of the animal species present for the inhabitants during the Chalcolithic era. Faunal remains from Tepe Qeshlaq have been collected and stored at the Archaeological Laboratory of Bu-Ali Sina University, where they are analyzed according to Stiner’s coding system (2004) and Von den Driesch’s (1976) measurement techniques. Statistical evaluations of the organic data reveal that the faunal assemblage from Tepe Qeshlaq comprises 550 specimens, which include 474 bones, 41 teeth, 22 horns, and 13 shells. The category of large ungulates includes the fragmented remains of Bos taurus (cattle) and equids, specifically wild horses and onagers. Morphological and dental analyses reveal that approximately 70% of the equid remains are attributed to the onager, Equus hemionus, or the Asiatic wild ass. This study examines both the practical and relational dimensions of these animals, emphasizing their economic and symbolic significance at Tepe Qeshlaq. The dominance of goats, sheep, cattle, and onagers as primary livestock underscores the necessity of varied pastoral strategies in response to the environmental challenges characteristic of steppe regions. Furthermore, the essential role of animal bones in tool production is underscored, highlighting their functional utility. The presence of non-organic artifacts, including zoomorphic figurines, horn-shaped tokens, and decorative pottery, reveals additional cultural dimensions of these animals, illustrating their role not only as vital resources but also as cultural symbols that inspired artistic expression and contributed to the social structure of Chalcolithic communities in western Iran.Tepe Qeshlagh represents a Chalcolithic settlement that was excavated as part of a larger archaeological survey conducted between 2011 and 2013. This study investigates the role of animals during the Chalcolithic period (ca. 5000–3500 BCE) in the Central Zagros region of Iran, utilizing data obtained from the excavations at Tepe Qeshlaq. By examining both organic and inorganic data, the research aims to elucidate the subsistence and non-subsistence dimensions of human-animal interactions, thereby assessing how biological data can enhance the understanding of cultural data. The primary objective of this investigation is to ascertain the environmental conditions of the area through faunal data and to explore the cultural implications of the animal species present for the inhabitants during the Chalcolithic era. Faunal remains from Tepe Qeshlaq have been collected and stored at the Archaeological Laboratory of Bu-Ali Sina University, where they are analyzed according to Stiner’s coding system (2004) and Von den Driesch’s (1976) measurement techniques. Statistical evaluations of the organic data reveal that the faunal assemblage from Tepe Qeshlaq comprises 550 specimens, which include 474 bones, 41 teeth, 22 horns, and 13 shells. The category of large ungulates includes the fragmented remains of Bos taurus (cattle) and equids, specifically wild horses and onagers. Morphological and dental analyses reveal that approximately 70% of the equid remains are attributed to the onager, Equus hemionus, or the Asiatic wild ass. This study examines both the practical and relational dimensions of these animals, emphasizing their economic and symbolic significance at Tepe Qeshlaq. The dominance of goats, sheep, cattle, and onagers as primary livestock underscores the necessity of varied pastoral strategies in response to the environmental challenges characteristic of steppe regions. Furthermore, the essential role of animal bones in tool production is underscored, highlighting their functional utility. The presence of non-organic artifacts, including zoomorphic figurines, horn-shaped tokens, and decorative pottery, reveals additional cultural dimensions of these animals, illustrating their role not only as vital resources but also as cultural symbols that inspired artistic expression and contributed to the social structure of Chalcolithic communities in western Iran.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5727_dc363817786ff182b7bc59565d864523.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822The Evaluation of Children’s Labor During Proto Elamite Period in Late 4th Millennium B.C. Iran1The Evaluation of Children’s Labor During Proto Elamite Period in Late 4th Millennium B.C. Iran1115131572810.22084/nb.2024.29383.2683FADonyaEtemadifarPhD Candidate of Prehistoric Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.0000-0003-4229-816xRouhollahYousefi ZoshkAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanities, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran (Corresponding Author).0000-0002-0703-4153Journal Article20240517Children are a big part of any society. But the meaning of childhood is different from one society to another. This leads to specific child-rearing habits, legal status, and general living conditions. Childhood is more than a biological stage in human development, but a social and political concept, and Iran in the late 4th millennium was no exception to this rule. Children’s status has been largely understudied in Proto-literate texts, both in ancient Iran and Mesopotamia. This is not due to a lack of data, while, on the contrary, according to our preliminary estimates, about 50 proto-Elamite texts in a collection of about 1650 written records from all across Iran dating back to about 3300–2800 BC provide insights into the lives of children. But information about them is unevenly distributed across different textual genres and is made more difficult by the lexicon and semantic complexities of the Proto-Elamite writing system. Furthermore, despite the abundance of archaeological data and somehow written texts, we still do not understand many details of how proto-Elamite societies in Iran were organized. Many of the Proto-Elamite tablets from ancient Iran are economic and legal records that are unfairly considered “dull” by some. They originate in the administration archives of pastoral nomads’ households of Khans or elites ruling over the community, where they were complex estates, centers of production and redistribution run by bureaucrats trained in writing and accounting. The article aims to discuss a corpus of clay tablets related to child labor in Proto-Elamite. These clay tablets confirm the presence of children, both male and female, among the workers of Proto-Elamite households and administration institutions. Proto-Elamite texts offer complex patterns of classifying workers according to their gender and age. These tablets describe workers as male or female and then distinguish between adults and children according to their rations. Children are a big part of any society. But the meaning of childhood is different from one society to another. This leads to specific child-rearing habits, legal status, and general living conditions. Childhood is more than a biological stage in human development, but a social and political concept, and Iran in the late 4th millennium was no exception to this rule. Children’s status has been largely understudied in Proto-literate texts, both in ancient Iran and Mesopotamia. This is not due to a lack of data, while, on the contrary, according to our preliminary estimates, about 50 proto-Elamite texts in a collection of about 1650 written records from all across Iran dating back to about 3300–2800 BC provide insights into the lives of children. But information about them is unevenly distributed across different textual genres and is made more difficult by the lexicon and semantic complexities of the Proto-Elamite writing system. Furthermore, despite the abundance of archaeological data and somehow written texts, we still do not understand many details of how proto-Elamite societies in Iran were organized. Many of the Proto-Elamite tablets from ancient Iran are economic and legal records that are unfairly considered “dull” by some. They originate in the administration archives of pastoral nomads’ households of Khans or elites ruling over the community, where they were complex estates, centers of production and redistribution run by bureaucrats trained in writing and accounting. The article aims to discuss a corpus of clay tablets related to child labor in Proto-Elamite. These clay tablets confirm the presence of children, both male and female, among the workers of Proto-Elamite households and administration institutions. Proto-Elamite texts offer complex patterns of classifying workers according to their gender and age. These tablets describe workers as male or female and then distinguish between adults and children according to their rations. https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5728_80b618ebcac7aa97a6dac2ba65cb7e36.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822The Middle Elamite Archive of AnšanThe Middle Elamite Archive of Anšan133157572910.22084/nb.2024.28093.2627FASeyed AboutalebSajjadiyanM. A. Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).LeilaMakvandiAssociate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Architecture and Art, Kashan University, Kashan, Iran.Journal Article20230912Tal-e Malyan as known as ancient Anšan, is located in the Beyza plain of Fars Province. Anšan was a centre of Elamite highland in the eastern of the Susiana plain and a significant cultural center of Elamite. William Sumner’s excavations from 1971 -1978 uncovered an administrative archive written in Middle Elamite language. The archive belongs to the Šutrukid dynasty (1210- 1100 B.C), the last dynasty of Middle Elamite period. The importance of the Anshan’s archive compared to the earlier Elamite archive is that the clay tablets are written in middle Elamite cuneiform, a tradition that was begun gradually from the first middle Elamite dynasty, the Kidinu period (1550- 1400 B.C) in Haft- Tepe archive. The Anšan archive reveals details about construction of a temple and delivering commodities to administration in the city of Anšan by Huteluduš-Inšušinak (1120-1110 B.C), the last Šutrukid king. Text contents are about movement of commodities inside and outside of the Anšan administration office. These commodities mainly included metals such as gold, silver and bronze, which were delivered as raw material to the administration to make statues and objects for temples. The individuals who were participating in administrative procedures included officials, clerks, skilled artisans and labourers. These individuals on their roles in archive and the type of received commodities are classified. The aim of this paper is to analyse the Anšan archive texts in order to present a comprehensive overview of its contents and its administrative framework. Through the examination of this archive, try to gain a deeper understanding of administrative procedures in the Elamite bureaucracy. Tal-e Malyan as known as ancient Anšan, is located in the Beyza plain of Fars Province. Anšan was a centre of Elamite highland in the eastern of the Susiana plain and a significant cultural center of Elamite. William Sumner’s excavations from 1971 -1978 uncovered an administrative archive written in Middle Elamite language. The archive belongs to the Šutrukid dynasty (1210- 1100 B.C), the last dynasty of Middle Elamite period. The importance of the Anshan’s archive compared to the earlier Elamite archive is that the clay tablets are written in middle Elamite cuneiform, a tradition that was begun gradually from the first middle Elamite dynasty, the Kidinu period (1550- 1400 B.C) in Haft- Tepe archive. The Anšan archive reveals details about construction of a temple and delivering commodities to administration in the city of Anšan by Huteluduš-Inšušinak (1120-1110 B.C), the last Šutrukid king. Text contents are about movement of commodities inside and outside of the Anšan administration office. These commodities mainly included metals such as gold, silver and bronze, which were delivered as raw material to the administration to make statues and objects for temples. The individuals who were participating in administrative procedures included officials, clerks, skilled artisans and labourers. These individuals on their roles in archive and the type of received commodities are classified. The aim of this paper is to analyse the Anšan archive texts in order to present a comprehensive overview of its contents and its administrative framework. Through the examination of this archive, try to gain a deeper understanding of administrative procedures in the Elamite bureaucracy. https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5729_024677efb8e4aee2eaeef17b54695bbe.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822Rereading of Neo-Assyrian Pottery in the West and Northwest of IranRereading of Neo-Assyrian Pottery in the West and Northwest of Iran159191573010.22084/nb.2023.27987.2604FAAmirAmirinejadPhD in Archaeology, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran0000-0001-9170-1942FarshidIarvani GhadimAssociate Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran (Corresponding Author)0000-0002-5107-6561Journal Article20230626The Neo-Assyrian Empire, a significant power in the ancient Middle East during the first millennium BC, left behind a legacy of pottery types that serve as crucial archaeological evidence. Previous studies have categorized Assyrian pottery into two main groups: “Standard ware” and “Palace ware.” This research focuses on identifying the characteristics of Neo-Assyrian pottery in the western and northwest regions of Iran. The examination of Neo-Assyrian pottery across the western, central, and eastern territories of the empire has been conducted and contrasted with that of Iron Age sites in the western and northwestern regions of Iran through the utilization of library research methodology. The inquiries that necessitate responses pertain to identifying the characteristics of Neo-Assyrian pottery in the western and northwestern areas of Iran, as well as determining the specific types of Neo-Assyrian pottery discovered in these areas. The findings demonstrate the presence of Neo-Assyrian “Standard ware” in the western, central, and eastern sectors, while “Palace ware” remains absent in the eastern territories. The analysis of Neo-Assyrian “Standard ware” typology and its comparison indicates its prevalence in the west and northwest of Iran. Given the significance of recognizing Neo-Assyrian pottery for scholars studying the Iron Age in these regions, a systematic and comprehensive typological framework for common and distinctive Neo-Assyrian pottery has been established in this study.The Neo-Assyrian Empire, a significant power in the ancient Middle East during the first millennium BC, left behind a legacy of pottery types that serve as crucial archaeological evidence. Previous studies have categorized Assyrian pottery into two main groups: “Standard ware” and “Palace ware.” This research focuses on identifying the characteristics of Neo-Assyrian pottery in the western and northwest regions of Iran. The examination of Neo-Assyrian pottery across the western, central, and eastern territories of the empire has been conducted and contrasted with that of Iron Age sites in the western and northwestern regions of Iran through the utilization of library research methodology. The inquiries that necessitate responses pertain to identifying the characteristics of Neo-Assyrian pottery in the western and northwestern areas of Iran, as well as determining the specific types of Neo-Assyrian pottery discovered in these areas. The findings demonstrate the presence of Neo-Assyrian “Standard ware” in the western, central, and eastern sectors, while “Palace ware” remains absent in the eastern territories. The analysis of Neo-Assyrian “Standard ware” typology and its comparison indicates its prevalence in the west and northwest of Iran. Given the significance of recognizing Neo-Assyrian pottery for scholars studying the Iron Age in these regions, a systematic and comprehensive typological framework for common and distinctive Neo-Assyrian pottery has been established in this study.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5730_3ce257b311e5acf849992f5a675188e8.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822Examining the Settlement Patterns of Historical and Islamic Sites in the Western Margins of the Lut DesertExamining the Settlement Patterns of Historical and Islamic Sites in the Western Margins of the Lut Desert193225573110.22084/nb.2023.27969.2601FAYadollahHeidari BabakamalAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Materials Conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran (Corresponding Author).0000-0002-1682-7104NasirEskandariAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-8461-9000Journal Article20230620The western margins of the Lut Desert have long been a crucial hub for cultural exchange, owing to its distinctive geographical location. Dating back to the third millennium BC, Shahdad stands out as a key site in the archaeological studies of southeastern Iran. In 2011, a focused purposive survey was conducted to unveil the settlement patterns of historical and Islamic sites in the west of the Lut. The study successfully recorded 94 archaeological sites, including sites, architectural structures, cemeteries, troglodytic spaces, and rock art spanning from the 5th millennium BC to the late Islamic centuries. The primary aim of this research is to unravel how environmental and human factors shaped the distribution of these sites over time. The primary focus of the study is to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient sites in the Lut area, as well as the underlying factors shaping this particular pattern. Survey findings revealed that 70 sites were associated with historical and Islamic periods, contrasting with the predominantly prehistoric origins of the others. Furthermore, the research delved into the spatial distribution of historical and Islamic settlements across the cultural landscape of the Lut Desert. It emerged that the Shahdad alluvial fan, stretching along the desert’s western edge from north to northeast, served as a dynamic crossroad facilitating exchange from the historical period to the late Islamic centuries, profoundly impacting the evolution and distribution of settlements in the area.The western margins of the Lut Desert have long been a crucial hub for cultural exchange, owing to its distinctive geographical location. Dating back to the third millennium BC, Shahdad stands out as a key site in the archaeological studies of southeastern Iran. In 2011, a focused purposive survey was conducted to unveil the settlement patterns of historical and Islamic sites in the west of the Lut. The study successfully recorded 94 archaeological sites, including sites, architectural structures, cemeteries, troglodytic spaces, and rock art spanning from the 5th millennium BC to the late Islamic centuries. The primary aim of this research is to unravel how environmental and human factors shaped the distribution of these sites over time. The primary focus of the study is to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of ancient sites in the Lut area, as well as the underlying factors shaping this particular pattern. Survey findings revealed that 70 sites were associated with historical and Islamic periods, contrasting with the predominantly prehistoric origins of the others. Furthermore, the research delved into the spatial distribution of historical and Islamic settlements across the cultural landscape of the Lut Desert. It emerged that the Shahdad alluvial fan, stretching along the desert’s western edge from north to northeast, served as a dynamic crossroad facilitating exchange from the historical period to the late Islamic centuries, profoundly impacting the evolution and distribution of settlements in the area.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5731_164bf317ea19ccfd9e97853edc2389f4.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822Classification, Typology and Chronological Analysis of the Islamic Middle Ages Pottery from Robāt-e Āghāj, Khomeyn CountyClassification, Typology and Chronological Analysis of the Islamic Middle Ages Pottery from Robāt-e Āghāj, Khomeyn County227247573210.22084/nb.2024.28208.2618FAMajidMontazerZohouriAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).0000-0003-0950-6625HosseinSedighianAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Iran0000-0003-0244-2673Journal Article20230822The troglodytic complex of Robāt-e Āghāj, nestled within a 50-meter-tall hill, holds great historical importance in Khomeyn County. The inaugural archaeological excavation season of this site occurred in 2015, unearthing a variety of architectural spaces and archaeological findings. Notably, the most abundant findings at this site consist of diverse unglazed and glazed potsherds belonging to the Islamic era. A diverse array of pottery types has been unearthed from the site, ranging from plain unglazed pieces to those adorned with impressed patterns, as well as pottery featuring incised and excised motifs, molded motifs, monochromatic glazed pottery, blue-and-white porcelain, lusterware, and enamelware. The significance of addressing these findings lies in the fact that all these types are linked to the Islamic Middle Ages, suggesting that they were crafted and employed during that specific era. Through the current research, a comparative source on medieval pottery in Markazi Province and Iran can be established. The primary focus of this study revolves around the comparative chronology of these pottery items and their potential production centers. Employing a descriptive-comparative method, data collection involves field surveys and desk research. The findings indicate that the majority of the potsherds discovered likely dates back to the 6th and 7th centuries AH. Furthermore, similarities were observed between these artifacts and those from production centers like Zolfabād, Moshkoye, Kāshān, and Ray, suggesting a possible exportation to Khomeyn, as archaeological studies have confirmed this claim. These similarities were also noted in historical sites such as troglodytic complexes at Tahyaq-e Khomeyn, Sāmen-e Malāyer, and Arzānfud in Hamadān.The troglodytic complex of Robāt-e Āghāj, nestled within a 50-meter-tall hill, holds great historical importance in Khomeyn County. The inaugural archaeological excavation season of this site occurred in 2015, unearthing a variety of architectural spaces and archaeological findings. Notably, the most abundant findings at this site consist of diverse unglazed and glazed potsherds belonging to the Islamic era. A diverse array of pottery types has been unearthed from the site, ranging from plain unglazed pieces to those adorned with impressed patterns, as well as pottery featuring incised and excised motifs, molded motifs, monochromatic glazed pottery, blue-and-white porcelain, lusterware, and enamelware. The significance of addressing these findings lies in the fact that all these types are linked to the Islamic Middle Ages, suggesting that they were crafted and employed during that specific era. Through the current research, a comparative source on medieval pottery in Markazi Province and Iran can be established. The primary focus of this study revolves around the comparative chronology of these pottery items and their potential production centers. Employing a descriptive-comparative method, data collection involves field surveys and desk research. The findings indicate that the majority of the potsherds discovered likely dates back to the 6th and 7th centuries AH. Furthermore, similarities were observed between these artifacts and those from production centers like Zolfabād, Moshkoye, Kāshān, and Ray, suggesting a possible exportation to Khomeyn, as archaeological studies have confirmed this claim. These similarities were also noted in historical sites such as troglodytic complexes at Tahyaq-e Khomeyn, Sāmen-e Malāyer, and Arzānfud in Hamadān.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5732_c19af480c40e343bbac3e2c01967b09f.pdfBu Ali Sina UniversityArchaeological Research of Iran2345-5225144120240822Investigating the Development of State Economy under the Ilkhanid Dynasty by Employing John Hicks’ Theory of “Economic History”Investigating the Development of State Economy under the Ilkhanid Dynasty by Employing John Hicks’ Theory of “Economic History”249287573310.22084/nb.2024.29198.2670FAFarzadFeyziPh.D. in Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardebil, Iran0000-0002-8690-9543HamidKhanaliAssistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding Author)0009-0003-9855-852XJournal Article20231111The examination of the economy under the Ilkhanid Dynasty encounters certain limitations when relying on economic theories and archaeological data simultaneously. By considering the perspectives of the adherents of the “Historical School” in general and John Hicks’ theory of “Economic History” in particular, this study categorizes the economy of historical period and the Mongols into three general phases: the “customary economy”, the “military economy,” and the “command economy.” This categorization is further explored through a descriptive-analytical approach and the utilization of a library method to address the following inquiries: What political-military events of the Ilkhanid period coincide with the aforementioned phases? And how do these stages manifest in various aspects of this period? The findings of this research reveal the presence of all stages of this theory during the establishment of the Ilkhanid economy, and their alignment with political and economic developments. In the customary economy, population growth and the emergence of social classes disrupt the natural order and equilibrium. The military economy phase (615–658 AH, 1218–1260 AD) was characterized by a distinct lack of political aims in the creation of new administrations in conquered lands, an incapacity to enforce tribal ways of life, and the prevalence of autocracy at the pinnacle of the power hierarchy. During the period of the feudalistic command economy (658–694 AH, 1259–1294 AD), a notable aspect was the Mongols’ positive outlook on urban lifestyle, despite their significant regard for the Ilkhanate-style horde. Additionally, this era witnessed the emergence of commercial activities alongside a stagnant agricultural sector. During the bureaucratic command economy phase (694–736 AH, 1259–1335 AD), economic concerns took precedence over military considerations. This was evident through the emphasis placed on the development of economy-related architecture and the formation of economic unions among Genghis’s Uluses. The impact of the bureaucratic command economy can be seen in the architectural styles, coinage, and artistic creations of this particular period.The examination of the economy under the Ilkhanid Dynasty encounters certain limitations when relying on economic theories and archaeological data simultaneously. By considering the perspectives of the adherents of the “Historical School” in general and John Hicks’ theory of “Economic History” in particular, this study categorizes the economy of historical period and the Mongols into three general phases: the “customary economy”, the “military economy,” and the “command economy.” This categorization is further explored through a descriptive-analytical approach and the utilization of a library method to address the following inquiries: What political-military events of the Ilkhanid period coincide with the aforementioned phases? And how do these stages manifest in various aspects of this period? The findings of this research reveal the presence of all stages of this theory during the establishment of the Ilkhanid economy, and their alignment with political and economic developments. In the customary economy, population growth and the emergence of social classes disrupt the natural order and equilibrium. The military economy phase (615–658 AH, 1218–1260 AD) was characterized by a distinct lack of political aims in the creation of new administrations in conquered lands, an incapacity to enforce tribal ways of life, and the prevalence of autocracy at the pinnacle of the power hierarchy. During the period of the feudalistic command economy (658–694 AH, 1259–1294 AD), a notable aspect was the Mongols’ positive outlook on urban lifestyle, despite their significant regard for the Ilkhanate-style horde. Additionally, this era witnessed the emergence of commercial activities alongside a stagnant agricultural sector. During the bureaucratic command economy phase (694–736 AH, 1259–1335 AD), economic concerns took precedence over military considerations. This was evident through the emphasis placed on the development of economy-related architecture and the formation of economic unions among Genghis’s Uluses. The impact of the bureaucratic command economy can be seen in the architectural styles, coinage, and artistic creations of this particular period.https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_5733_0a988fc2992add2d3233e19c7aadfdea.pdf