پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

سبک‌شناسی سفال‌های سبک اردبیل: مطالعۀ موردی سفال‌های سبک اردبیل، موزۀ باستان‌شناسی بقعۀ شیخ صفی‌الدین اردبیلی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
اردشیر جوانمردزاده 1
مژگان رستمی 2
فردین عینی 2
1 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران. (نویسندۀ مسئول).
2 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
10.22084/nb.2025.28285.2626
چکیده
منطقۀ شمال‌غرب ایران به‌دلیل موقعیت استراتژیک و اهمیت خاص خود، وجود فرهنگ‌های مختلف بشری در ادوار گذشته از پیش‌ازتاریخ تا دوران معاصر، نقش مهمی در ارتباطات فرهنگی خاور نزدیک ایفا کرده است. سفال به‌عنوان یکی از عوامل انتقال مفاهیم، که نتیجۀ تغییر و تحولات دوران گذشته ظاهر شده و به‌وسیلۀ اشکال و تزئینات غنی خود، گویاتر از همۀ ساخته‌های بشری، مفاهیم هنری هر دوره را بیان می‌کند. تحولات علاوه‌بر موارد تکنیکی ساخت، نقوش، جنس و رنگ ایجاد شده و میزان خلاقیت هنری صنعتگران بر آثار سفالین مشاهده نمود. هدف از پژوهش حاضر سبک‌شناسی سفال‌های سبک اردبیل موزۀ باستان‌شناسی بقعۀ شیخ صفی‌الدین اردبیلی بوده است؛ از این‌رو، نوشتار حاضر به روش مطالعات میدانی-موزه‌ای (مستندنگاری، عکاسی، طراحی) و توصیفی-تحلیلی (کتابخانه‌ای) است. سفال‌های مورد پژوهش جزو اشیاء توقیف شده‌ای است که به موزۀ باستان‌شناسی بقعۀ شیخ صفی‌الدین اردبیلی انتقال‌یافته است. به‌دلیل بی‌شمار بودن این نوع اشیاء در سایر موزه‌ها و مجموعه‌ها قابل تفکیک بودند، اما ازلحاظ تاریخی و یا موقعیت مکانی مشخص رعایت نشده است؛ درنتیجه به مطالعات تطبیقی، با سایر نمونه‌های مشابه موجود در موزۀ ملی، محوطه‌های باستانی ایران و مناطق همجوار پرداخته شده است. مباحث سفال سبک اردبیل، یکی از اساسی‌ترین موضوعات سفال شمال‌غرب ایران است. اغلب این نوع سفال‌ها از طریق حفاری‌های غیرمجاز و قاچاق به‌دست آمده و نمونه‌های یافت‌شده از کاوش علمی اندک هستند. سفال‌ها ازلحاظ شکل، شامل: کوزه، پیاله و آبخوری‌ها، به‌صورت دهانۀ شبدری، دسته‌دار، لوله‌دار، آبریز، و پایه‌دار‌می‌باشند. رنگ اکثرا سفال‌ها قرمز متمایل به نارنجی و رنگ نخودی و تزئینات هندسی شامل: نقوش مثلثی، هاشور، تزئینات برجستۀ دکمه‌ای و ... است. محدودۀ زمانی سفال‌های موردمطالعه از لحاظ نقش از دوران پیش‌ازتاریخ تا اواخر اشکانی و ازلحاظ فرم از اواخر هزارۀ اول پیش‌ازمیلاد (عصر آهن III) تا دوران تاریخی (اواخر اشکانی) درنظر گرفته شده است.
کلیدواژه‌ها
شمال‌غرب ایران
سفال سبک اردبیل
موزۀ بقعۀ شیخ صفی‌الدین اردبیلی
باستان‌شناسی دورۀ اشکانی
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Stylistics of Pottery in the Ardabil Style: A Case Study of Ardabil-Style Pottery from the Archaeological Museum of the Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili Mausoleum

نویسندگان English

Ardeshir Javanmardzadeh 1
Mozhgan Rostami 2
Fardin Eyni 2
1 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran (Corresponding Author).
2 Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
چکیده English

Among archaeological materials, pottery provides valuable evidence for reconstructing cultural, technological, and artistic developments. Changes in vessel forms, manufacturing techniques, fabrics, tempers, colors, and decorative motifs can contribute significantly to the identification of cultural and chronological patterns and provide insights into the technological skills and artistic practices of pottery producers. This study examines the stylistic characteristics and chronological development of Ardabil-style pottery preserved in the Archaeological Museum of the Sheikh Safi al-Din Ardabili Mausoleum. The research employs a field- and museum-based method, descriptive–analytical and library-based research. The pottery assemblage examined consists primarily of confiscated archaeological objects transferred to the museum. Since the provenance and precise archaeological contexts of many of these objects were not documented, comparative analysis was undertaken using comparable specimens preserved in the National Museum of Iran, as well as materials recovered from archaeological sites in Iran and neighbouring regions. The study of Ardabil-style pottery represents an important aspect of the archaeology of northwestern Iran. Most known examples have entered museum collections through illicit excavations, whereas specimensrecovered through controlled archaeological excavations remain relativelylimited. The assemblage includes a variety of vessel forms, including jugs, cups and drinking vessels, vessels with trefoil-shaped rims, handled vessels, spouted vessels, drainage elements, and bases. The predominant colors are red, orange, and pale green, while the decorative repertoire consists mainly of geometric motifs, including triangular patterns, hatching, and buttonlikeornaments. Based on stylistic and comparative evidence, the pottery examined in this study can be broadly dated from the prehistoric period to the Late Parthian period, with the principal chronological range extending from the Late First Millennium BCE (Iron Age III) to the Late Parthian period. The results contribute to a better understanding of the formal,decorative, and chronological characteristics of Ardabil-style pottery and its place within the archaeological traditions of northwestern Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Northwest Iran
Ardabil-Style Pottery
Archaeological Museum of the Sheikh Safi Al-Din Ardabili Mausoleum
Parthian-Period Archaeology
- Ajurlou, B., (2007). “The Neolithic Process of Azerbaijan”. PhD thesis in Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran. (In Persian).
- Bahşaliyev, V., (1997). Nahçıvan Arkeolojisi. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, İstanbul.
- Burney, C. A., (1962). The Excavation at Yanik Tepe, Azarbaijan: Third Preliminary Report, Iraq, 26: 54-61. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199761
- Burney, C. A., (1962). The Excavations at Yanik Tepe, Azerbaijan 1961, Second Preliminary Report. Iraq, 24 (2): 134-152. https://doi.org/10.2307/4199724
- Burney, C. A.,(1979). Meshkinshahr Survey. Iran, 155-156.
- Christensen, A., (1998). Iran under the Sassanids. translated by Rashid Yasemi, 5th edition, Tehran: Book World. (In Persian).
- Darvishzadeh, A., (1991). Geology of Iran. Tabriz: Nia. (In Persian).
- Dyakonov, I. M., (2007). History of Media. translated by Karim Keshavarz, first edition, Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Press. (In Persian).
- Robert, H. & Dyson, JR., (1963). Archaeological Scrap Glimpses History at Ziwiye. Expedition, 5 (3): 32-37.
- Dyakonov, Dyson, R.H., (1965). Problems of protohis toric iran as seen from Hassnlu. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 24: 193-217. (In Persian).
- Robert, H. & Dyson, JR., (1965). Problems in the Relative chronology of Iran, 6000- 2000 B.CE. in: Chronologies in Old World Archaeology, Chicago. https://doi.org/10.1086/371815
- Robert, H. & Dyson, JR., (1999). Triangle-Festoon Ware Reconsidered. Iranica Antiqua 34: 115-144. https://doi.org/10.2143/IA.34.0.519109
- Ebrahimi, Q., (2012). “Study and process of the formation of Iron Age Mountain settlements in eastern Urmia”. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran. (In Persian).
- Fagan, B., (2011). Beginnings: An Introduction to Archaeology (Principles, Foundations, and Methods). Translated by Gholamali Shamlou, Tehran: Samt. (In Persian).
- Feizkhah, M. & Aliyoun, S., (2009).  Archaeology of Azerbaijan: From the Urartian Period to the Beginning of Parthian. Compiled by a group of authors, Tabriz: Akhtar. (In Persian).
- Ghirshman, R., (1954). Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique en Iran. XXXVI. Village perse Achemenide Paris.
- Girshman, R., (1989). Iran from the Beginning to Islam. translated by Mohammad Moein, 7th edition, Tehran: Scientific & Cultural. (In Persian).
- Ghandgar, J., Esmaeili, H. & Rahmatpour, M., (2004). Archaeological Excavation of Zahhak Castle in Hashtroud. Proceedings of the International Conference on Iranian Archaeology, Northwest Region, edited by Masoud Azarnoush, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization, 193–228. (In Persian).
- Haerinck, E., (1978). Painted pottery of the Ardebil style in Azerbaydjan. Iranica Antiqua, V (13): 75-91.
- Haerinck, E., (1997). Iranian Pottery in the Parthian Period. translated by Hamideh Chobak, first edition, Tehran: National Cultural Heritage Organization. (In Persian).
- Hamlin, C., (1975). The Early Second Millennium Ceramic Assemblage of Dinkhah Tape. Iran, vol. XIII: 111-127.
- Khatib-Shahidi, H., (2004). New research in Hasanlu and revision of its upper layers. Proceedings of the International Conference on Iranian Archaeology, Northwest Region, edited by Masoud Azarnoosh, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization: 71–80. (In Persian).
- Khatib Shahidi, H. & Abedi, A., (2011). “Preliminary report of the first season of excavation at the Hadi Shahr Kul Tepe site”. Archives of the East Azerbaijan Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization. (In Persian).
- Kambakhsh Fard, S., (1998). Parthian burial pithos. first edition, Tehran: University Publishing Centre. (In Persian).
- Kazem Nezhand Asl, H. & Naghshineh, A. S., (2016). Evaluation of Pea Pottery from Settlements in the Bonab Plain in the Iron Age III. National Conference on Archaeology and the Art of Pottery: 1360–1370.http://civilica.com/doc/731583 (In Persian).
- Kroll, S., (2012). On the Road(s) to Nowhere: A Re-analysis of the Hasanlu Tripartite Road System in Light of the Excavated Evidence. in: H.D. Baker, K. Kaniuth, and A. Otto (eds.), Stories of Long Ago, Festschrift für Michael D. Roaf, AOAT 397, Ugarit Verlag Münster: 277-284.
- Levin, L., (2007). The Iron Age: Archaeology of Western Iran. edited by: Frank Hole, translated by: Zahra Basti, Tehran: Samt. (In Persian).
- Majidzadeh, Y., (1991). Archaeology and Pottery. Archaeology & History, (10): 4–13. (In Persian).
- Muscarella, O. W., (1968). Excavations at Dinkhah Tape,1966, Bull. M.M.A. https://doi.org/10.2307/3258385
- Muscarella, O. W., (1973). Excavations at Agrab Tepe. M. MJ: V (l.8): 47-76. https://doi.org/10.2307/1512673
- Omrani, B., (1993). “Archaeological Survey of the Eastern Shore of Lake Urmia”. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tarbiat Modares. (In Persian).
- Piran, S., (2003). “Absolute and relative chronology of Ardabil-style pottery in the National Museum of Iran”. Master’s thesis, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tarbiat Modares. (In Persian).
- Pirnia, H., (1991). Ancient Iran. Tehran: Book World. (In Persian).
- Pourfaraj, A., (2017). Explanation and chronology of the cultures of the first millennium BCE in the city of Nir, Ardabil”. Iranian Archaeological Studies, 9(1): 1–18. http://10.22059/jarcs.2017.64004 (In Persian).
- Summers, G. D. & Burney, C. A., (2012). Late Iron Age Pottery from Northwestern Iran: The Evidence from Yanik Tepe. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, Supplement 39, Anatolian Iron Ages 7, The Proceedings of the Seventh Anatolian Iron Ages, Colloquium Held at Edirne, Edited by Altan Çilingiroğlu and Antonio Sagona, 19–24 April 2010, Paris, Peeters: 269-315.
- Shabani, R., (1998). History of Iranian Political and Social Developments in the Afsharid and Zand Periods. 7th edition, Tehran: Samt. (In Persian).
- Talaei, H., (2008). The Iron Age of Iran. Tehran: Samt. (In Persian).
- Valdbeigi, S., Dehpahlevan, M. & Rezalu, R., (2014). Northwest Iran in the Achaemenid Period in the Light of Archaeological Findings of Qonaq Qeyran Castle. Payam -e Bastans henas, 11(21): 71-91. http://20.1001.1.20084285.1393.11.21.5.0 (In Persian).
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 16، شماره 49
شماره انگلیسی
1405
صفحه 57-89