پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

بازنمایی‌های ایدئولوژیک و رفتارهای آئینی در عصر مفرغ جنوب‌شرق ایران

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران.
چکیده
گسترش جوامع پیچیده در جنوب‌شرقی ایران در عصر مفرغ (هزارۀ سوم پیش‌ازمیلاد) نه‌تنها تحت‌تأثیر مبادلات مادی و شبکه‌های تجاری، بلکه تحت‌تأثیر گردش باورهای ایدئولوژیک و اعمال آئینی بود که اغلب به‌صورت محلی بازتفسیر می‌شدند. باوجود پژوهش‌های گسترده دربارۀ روابط تجاری و تعاملات فرهنگی، ابعاد آئینی و ایدئولوژیک فرهنگ مادی توجه کمتری یافته است. این مطالعه از طریق تحلیل شمایل‌نگاری دو حرکت احترام (دست‌های قلاب‌شده و یک دستِ باز همراه با دستِ بسته یا بالا‌برده) و نقوش معماری روی ظروف سنگ‌صابونی محوطه‌های شهداد، کنار صندل و تپه یحیی به این موضوع می‌پردازد. پرسش اصلی آن است که، چگونه این بازنمایی‌ها نشان‌دهندۀ تأثیر مستقیم خارجی هستند یا اقتباس گزینشی و نوآوری آئینی محلی را بازتاب می‌دهند. فرضیۀ پژوهش آن است که اگر نقوش به‌صورت گزینشی پذیرفته و محلی بازتفسیر شده باشند، تفاوت‌هایی در گونه‌شناسی، زمینۀ کاربرد و توزیع زمانی آن‌ها مشاهده خواهد شد. روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی و مبتنی‌بر داده‌های منتشرشدۀ جنوب‌شرقی ایران همراه با شواهد تطبیقی از ایلام، بین‌النهرین و آسیای مرکزی است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد که اگرچه مشابهت‌های اولیه‌ای در شمایل‌نگاری بین‌النهرین و ایلام وجود دارد، رخدادهای جنوب‌شرقی ایران با هیچ مدل واحد انتقال فرهنگی همخوانی ندارد و الگوی پذیرش گزینشی همراه با بازتفسیر محلی را تأیید می‌کند. محوطه‌ها مجموعه‌ای انعطاف‌پذیر از رفتارهای آئینی را به اشتراک گذاشتند، اما تفاوت‌های زمینه‌ای و زمانی بیانگر تمایز محلی در بیان آئینی است. حرکت دست‌های گره‌کرده زودتر و گسترده‌تر ظاهر می‌شود؛ در‌حالی‌که حرکت یک دستِ باز در نیمۀ دوم هزارۀ سوم پیش‌ازمیلاد رایج‌تر می‌گردد. این نمادهای مشترک احتمالاً ارتباطات میان تولیدکنندگان، نخبگان و شبکه‌های تبادل را تسهیل کرده و جنوب‌شرقی ایران را با ایلام و فلات ایران پیوند داده‌اند. مشابهت‌های بین‌النهرینی بیشتر به‌عنوان چارچوب مقایسه‌ای ثانویه عمل می‌کنند تا منبع مستقیم انتقال؛ با این‌حال، سازوکارهای دقیق این ارتباطات را نمی‌توان تنها از شواهد شمایل‌نگاری تعیین کرد.

کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Ideological Representations and Ritual Behaviors in Bronze Age Southeastern Iran

نویسنده English

Mojtaba Kharazmi
Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanity, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran.
چکیده English

The expansion of complex societies in southeastern Iran during the Bronze Age (3rd millennium B.C.) was driven not only by material and commercial networks with Mesopotamia but also by the transmission of ideological beliefs and ritual behaviors. Despite extensive research on trade and cultural relations between this region and its neighbors, the ritual and ideological aspects reflected in material culture have received less attention. This study aims to identify manifestations of ideology through iconographic analysis of reverence gestures and architectural motifs on figurines, seals, and chlorite vessels from Shahdad, KonarSandal (Jiroft), and Tepe Yahya. The central question is whether these material representations reflect direct Mesopotamian influence or demonstrate localized ritual practices. The hypothesis posits that if these motifs directly reflect Mesopotamian influence, a uniform pattern in typology and context should be observable across all sites; however, if they resulted from localization, significant differences in typology, context of use (funerary at Shahdad versus temple-related at Konar Sandal), and chronological range should be observed. This research employs a descriptive-analytical method based on published data from these sites, with comparative evidence from Mesopotamia and Central Asia. The findings reveal that while the prototypes of reverence gestures have origins in ancient Mesopotamia, they were reproduced in different contexts in southeastern Iran, indicating active adoption and localization. Furthermore, rather than a monolithic state ideology, the sites shared a flexible repertoire of ritual behaviors. Chronologically, the closed-hand gesture appears earlier and more widely, while the raised-fist gesture becomes more frequent in the second half of the third millennium B.C. It is concluded that although complete ritual homogeneity is not evident, shared symbols played a key role in connecting producers, local elites, and exchange networks toward Elam and Mesopotamia, though the mechanism of this link cannot be established from iconography alone.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Ritual Gesture
Ideology
Bronze Age
Southeastern Iran
Iconography
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