پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

آخرین نشانه‌های سبکی کهن از سنت‌های حکاکی ایلامی در مجموعۀ مهرهای هخامنشی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده
گروه تاریخ، دانشکدۀ ادبیات فارسی و زبان‌های خارجی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
بخش مهمی از شواهد مادی به‌دست آمده از دورۀ هخامنشیان مهرها و اثرمهرها هستند. مسئلۀ اصلی در این پژوهش بررسی سبک متفاوت اجرا و حکاکی تعدادی از اثرمهرهای مکشوفه از دورۀ هخامنشی است؛ که تاکنون در پژوهش‌‌‏های انجام شده در مجموعۀ سبک‏‌‌های ناهمگون دسته‌بندی شده‌‏اند. در بررسی این سبک متفاوت اهدافی دنبال می‏‌شود، ازجمله مشخص نمودن سبک اجرای تعدادی از اثرمهرهای به‌دست آمده از دورۀ هخامنشی، به‌عنوان یکی از بسترهای مهم تجلی هنر قوم و یا سیستم حکومتی هخامنشی، و همچنین روشن نمودن بخشی از تاریخ اجتماعی هنر هخامنشیان. بررسی مسئله مطرح در این پژوهش و پاسخ به این پرسش که، آیا سبک متفاوت اجرای اثرمهرهای مورد بررسی در این پژوهش را می‌توان به سبکی کهن در ایلام نسبت داد؟ ازطریق تحلیل اثرمهرهای موردنظر در بافت تاریخی، سیاسی و جغرافیایی آن‌ها و همچنین مقایسۀ تکنیک اجرا و حکاکی آن‏‌ها با نمونه‌‌‏هایی از حکاکی مهرهای ایلامی انجام خواهد شد. نتایج این پژوهش نشان‌داد، سبک‏‌هندسی و قطعات متصل در اثرمهرهای موردنظر، که ازطریق مته‏کاری و با استفاده از خطوط صاف، زاویه‏‌دار و منحنی و حفره‏‌های گوی‏‌مانند اجرا شده‏‌اند، تداوم سبکی از دورۀ ایلام کهن است که ترقی و اوج کاربرد آن در دورۀ ایلام میانه اتفاق افتاد. محدودۀ اداری مشخص فعالیت مالکان تعدادی از این مهرها در غرب فارس و شرق ایلام احتمال تعلق اثرمهرهای موردنظر به سبکی بومی‌‌شده در ایلام را تقویت می‌‏کند. به این‌‌ترتیب، سبک اجرای خاص اثرمهرهای مورد بررسی در این پژوهش را به‌‌جای دسته‌‌بندی کلی در مجموعه سبک‏‌های ناهمگون می‌‏توان تداوم یکی از سبک‏‌های کهن ایلامی دانست، که در کارگاه‏‌های محلیِ محدودۀ ایلام و یا توسط هنرمندان محلی استخدام‌شده توسط مالکان این مهرها، که متعهد به این سبک بودند، اجرا شده‏‌اند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

The Last Traces of Archaic Elamite Engraving Traditions in the Achaemenid Seal Corpus

نویسنده English

Mina Safa
Department of History, Faculty of Persian Literature and Foreign Languages, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده English

A substantial proportion of the archaeological material dating to the Achaemenid period consists of seals and seal impressions. This study examines a distinctive mode of execution and engraving evident in a corpus of Achaemenid-period seal impressions hitherto subsumed by previous scholarship under the broad category of “heterogeneous styles.” The investigation pursues several interrelated objectives, notably characterizing the mode of execution evident in these seal impressions, an important material medium at the intersection of Achaemenid art and the imperial administrative apparatus, and elucidating a specific facet of the broader social history of Achaemenid art. To determine whether this distinctive mode of execution derives from an archaic Elamite tradition, the analysis situates the seal impressions within their specific historical, political, and geographical contexts and systematically compares their engraving techniques with diagnostic examples from the Elamite glyptic corpus. The results indicate that the designs preserved in these seal impressions exhibit a geometric style characterized by interconnected segments and by straight, angular, and curved lines combined with globular depressions, all executed through drill work. Together, these features represent the continuation of a tradition that originated in the early third millennium BCE, was attested during the Old Elamite period, reached its zenith in the Middle Elamite period, and persisted into the Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid periods. The clearly delimited administrative sphere in which these seal owners operated, western Fars and eastern Elam, strengthens the attribution of these impressions to an engraving style localized in the Elamite region. Thus, rather than subsuming these impressions within a broad, heterogeneous category, their distinctive mode of execution may be understood as the continuation of an archaic Elamite engraving tradition, preserved either in local workshops in Elam or through the work of local engravers employed by these seal owners and committed to this stylistic tradition.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Achaemenid Seals
Elamite Seals
Persepolis
Geometric Style
Cultural Continuity
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