پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران

عصر آهن و دورۀ تاریخی در مازندران: طبقه‌بندی و گونه‌شناسی مجموعه گورآوندهای گورستان شهنه‌پشتۀ بابل

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
2 گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).
3 گروه باستان شناسی، دانشکدۀ، میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.
4 مرکز باستان‌شناسی آلمان در ایران، برلین، آلمان.
چکیده
در مطالعات عصر آهن مازندران تاکنون پژوهش جامعی در زمینۀ گاهنگاری برپایۀ اشیاء تدفینی صورت نپذیرفته است. بیشتر مطالعات بر روی مجموعه‌های سفالی و از طریق بررسی‌های باستان‌شناسی بوده و کمتر مبتنی‌بر داده‌های حاصل از کاوش هستند و پیامد آن، توصیف، طبقه‌بندی و تحلیل گاهنگاری اغلب متأثر از رویکردهای تاریخ فرهنگی بوده است. در این‌میان، دو فصل کاوش و بررسی باستان‌شناختی در گورستان شهنه‌پشتۀ بابل منجر به یافتن مجموعه‌ای از اشیاء تدفینی گردید که شاخص‌ترین و فراوان‌ترین آن‌ها ظروف سفالی می‌باشد. گورآوندهای این محوطه دربردارندۀ مجموعه‌ای از اشیاء متنوع ازجمله: سفالینه‌ها، اشیاء فلزی شامل: ظروف، جنگ‌افزارها و زیورآلات و همچنین ابزارآلات استخوانی و سنگی می‌باشند. از آنجایی‌که معمولاً سفالینه‌ها در بسیاری از گورستان‌ها از کمّیت بیشتری برخوردارند، در گورستان شهنه‌پشته نیز با مجموعه‌ای از ظروف سفالی روبه‌رو هستیم که دارای فرم‌ها و رنگ‌های مختلف بوده و عامل تعیین‌کننده‌ای در تبیین گاهنگاری نسبی و تعلق آن‌ها به عصر آهن I تا IV /هخامنشی - اوایل اشکانی، یعنی اواخر هزارۀ دوم تا نیمۀ دوم هزارۀ اول پیش‌ازمیلاد هستند؛ همچنین، فلز آهن به‌ندرت از این گورستان یافت‌شده و در مقابل از مفرغ به فراوانی در قالب جنگ‌افزارها و زیورآلات استفاده شده است. در پژوهش پیشِ‌رو تلاش می‌شود به پرسش‌هایی درمورد گونه‌شناسی و طبقه‌بندی مجموعۀ اشیاء، ارتباطات تاریخی و گاهشناختی آن‌ها و برهم‌کنش‌های سبکی و فرهنگی این محوطه با محوطه‌های هم‌افقِ دررون‌منطقه‌ای در مازندران و برون‌منطقه‌ای در جلگۀ گرگان، گیلان، مرکز فلات و غرب ایران بررسی گردد. به‌نظر می‌رسد این محوطه در چارچوب توالی فرهنگی مازندران دارای همگونی‌هایی با برخی محوطه‌های هم‌زمان همچون: گوهرتپه، تپه پری‌جا، غار هوتو و لفورک است و در عین داشتن شباهت‌های سبک‌شناختی با تعدادی از محوطه‌های شاخص ایران، مانند: مارلیک، قلعه‌کوتی، کلورز، قیطریه، خوروین، مرسین‌چال و سیلک، اما دارای روندهای فرهنگی و برخی سبک‌های سفالی محلی خود می‌باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Iron Age and Historical period in Mazandaran: Classification and Typology of the Grave Goods of Shahneh Poshteh Cemetery, Babol

نویسندگان English

Hamed Tahmasebi Far 1
Hassan Fazeli Nashli 2
Mojtaba Safari 3
Judith Thomalsky 4
1 Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Department of Archeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
4 German Archaeological Institute, Tehran Branch (DAI), Berlin, Germany.
چکیده English

Regarding the Iron Age and historical periods of the Mazandaran district, no comprehensive chronological research based on grave goods has been conducted to date. Most studies have focused on pottery collections and have been based on archaeological surveys rather than excavations; consequently, the description, classification, and chronology of materials have often been influenced by cultural-historical approaches. In this context, two seasons of archaeological excavation and survey at the Shahneh Poshteh Cemetery, Babol, resulted in the discovery of a collection of grave goods, among which pottery vessels are the most prominent. The burial assemblage contains a diverse range of materials, including pottery, metal objects, weapons, ornaments, and bone and stone tools. At Shahneh Poshteh, a group of vessels with diverse forms and colors has been identified, representing a significant factor in establishing the relative chronology and cultural attribution of the cemetery to Iron Age I–IV (from the Achaemenid to the early Parthian periods), spanning from the late second millennium to the second half of the first millennium BC. Iron objects are rarely found at this cemetery, whereas bronze was extensively used for the production of weapons and ornaments. The present research seeks to address questions concerning the typology and classification of the objects, their historical and chronological relationships, and their stylistic and cultural interactions with sites of the same cultural horizon within Mazandaran and beyond, including the Gorgan Plain, Gilan, the Central Plateau, and western Iran. The site appears to occupy a significant position within the framework of the Mazandaran cultural sequence and shares similarities with several contemporary sites, including Gohar Tepe, Tepe Parija, Hotu, and Lafurak. Although it exhibits stylistic affinities with several prominent Iranian sites, such as Marlik, Ghaleh Kuti, Kaluraz, Qeytariyeh, Khurvin, MersinChal, and Sialk, it also demonstrates distinct cultural developments and locally specific pottery styles.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Iron Age
Mazandaran
Shahneh Poshteh Cemetery
Grave Goods
Typology and Classification
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