Preliminary Report of the First Chapter of Archeological Excavation of Sarand- Dighdighan Cemetery of East Azerbaijan

Authors

1 PhD Student in Archeology, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil.

2 M.A. in Archeology, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz, Iran.

3 M.A. Students in Art History, Department of Art and Architecture, Faculty of Architecture, Islamic Azad

4 Experts in Archeology, Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of East Azerbaijan Province, Tabriz, Iran.

5 PhD Students in Archeology, Aegean University, Izmir, Turkey.

Abstract

Sarand - Dighdighan Cemetery is located near Dighdighan village of Harris city in East Azerbaijan province. The cemetery was identified during the road construction operation; As a result of archeological excavations in this cemetery, 30 healthy graves and 6 semi - healthy graves were identified, excavated and documented. The first chapter of archeological excavation in this area, although focused on saving the works; However, the results of the study indicate the position of this region in the Iron Age studies of northwestern Iran. In the present study, an attempt has been made; Based on field research and library studies, the following questions can be answered scientifically: A) Chronology of Sarand - Dighdighan cemetery burial mounds belongs to which cultural periods?  B) What has been the settlement pattern in this area according to the available evidence? In this article, it is generally tried; To examine burial and related traditions; To study and compare the cultural status of the area based on the typology of cultural data with other contemporaries in Iran and neighboring areas. The results show that based on the data obtained, especially clay data, Serand - Dighdighan cemetery can be considered as one of the Iron Age cemeteries in northwestern Iran, whose archaeological evidence is comparable to some of the Iron Age I and II sites in Iran, Azerbaijan and East Turkey. Based on this typology, the relative chronology of this cemetery is 1250 - 800 BC. Suggested; And the passage from the Iron Age I to II can be seen in this cemetery; Also, based on the results of archaeological excavations, it can be said that the settlement pattern in this cemetery was unrelated to the settlement sites.
Keywords: Sarand-Dighdighan Cemetery, Iron Age, Sangchin Graves, Rescue Excavation.
 
Introduction
Najd northwest of Iran has long been considered by researchers in archeological studies of the Iron Age and almost simultaneously with archaeological activities in other parts of the country, have also studied and excavated in some areas of this region; The results have led to the recognition of the cultural situation of this region in different eras. Based on the results of excavations and archaeological studies, this area can be studied in the Iron Age with three types of sites. 1. Areas where settlements are adjacent to architectural and burial remains; He named Haftavan V (1970, Burney), Hasanlui V and IV (1989, Dyson), Dinkhah II (1974, Muscarella), Kordler Tepe (1976, Lippert) and others. 2. Areas that have been formed in the form of mountain fortifications; Like some castles of Meshkinshahr, Varzeqan, Ahar, etc. were mentioned. 3. Areas that have been formed as cemeteries and are generally unrelated to permanent settlements; ; Including Dinkhah III (1974, Muscarella), Hill A and B (1951, Burton Brown), Kaboud Mosque in Tabriz (Hejbari Nobari, 2005), Gilvan Khalkhal Monastery (Rezalo, 2008), Jafarabad Khodaafarin (Old Irvani, 2010) , Khorramabad named Meshkinshahr (Rezalu, 2012), Qizil Ghiyeh Meshkinshahr (Hajizadeh, 2014), Sarand - Ghadghan Cemetery, etc. These cemeteries are generally unrelated to the settlement areas, and even if they are settlements, they are considered as nomadic with very weak architectural structures. Sarand - Dighdighan Cemetery was unknown before 1397. This year, the Sungun Varzeqan copper mine excavated a hill near the village of Daghdghan in the Harris County functions in order to develop the Varzeqan - Tabriz communication road; As a result, cultural and archeological remains were identified, which indicated the destruction of a number of graves in a historical cemetery. Following that, after reporting to the Cultural Heritage Office of East Azerbaijan Province, the excavation operations were stopped and the steps of obtaining the excavation permit were followed. As a result, in May 1398, a cemetery excavation permit was issued. In the present study, an attempt has been made; Based on the results of the first chapter of the archaeological excavation of this cemetery and based on library studies, the following questions can be answered scientifically: B) What has been the settlement pattern in this area according to the available evidence? In general, it can be said that Serand - Dighdighan cemetery agrees with the Iron Age settlements of Lake Urmia, which in terms of cultural data and burial traditions, some cultural similarities can be observed between these sites. Certainly, this research will be very useful and effective in increasing the archaeological knowledge from the Iron Age, especially the transition from Iron I to Iron II and explaining the problem of gray and black pottery with the phenomenon of migration or cultural sequence in the northwestern region of Iran.
Materials and Methods
 In this research, the work was done in two stages: field and library. Field method: Excavation of Sarand-Daghdagan cemetery from the perspective of excavation objectives can be considered as part of emergency (rescue) excavations. In such excavations, which are a kind of rescue, the excavation operations are more to save the works from destruction and in a way to collect objects and document the findings. In emergency excavations, the continuation of the project depends on the valuable findings of the excavation work. To excavate the graves of this cemetery, the locus-feature method was used, in such a way that feature one (F. 1): the architecture of the graves is dedicated. These stones are in different dimensions and sizes and are generally of the carcass and rubble type. Feature 2 (F. 2) : Feature 2 includes burial status and burial data related to graves; Each of these features consists of a number of loci. In addition to the field method, library resources have been used for analytical analysis and comparative study of data with other simultaneous areas.
Conclusion
Based on the results of data obtained from an archaeological excavation season in Sarand - Dighdighan cemetery, it is possible to achieve some reconstruction of Iron Age communities and social structure in the northwestern region of Iran, especially Harris city. The burial mounds of this cemetery with samples obtained from Hassanloui IV and V, Dinkhah II and III, Haftavan IV and V, Gohi Tappeh A and B, Kordlertpeh, Kaboud Mosque, Jafarabad, Khodaafarin, Silk B, Qeytariyeh, Koti Dileman Castle, Poshtkuh Lorestan and some areas of eastern Turkey and the southern Caucasus are comparable; Accordingly, the results of the archaeological excavations of the Sarand - Dighdighan cemetery indicate the homogeneity of the common burial traditions of the Iron Age in Najd, Iran, or at least in the northwestern half; Therefore, considering the many similarities between the data of Serand - Daghdan cemetery, including pottery, metal objects, burial, etc., with other contemporaneous sites, and in some cases it is a combination of cultural works of the Iron Age I and II, it can be concluded that in This cemetery has a cultural continuity between the two iron periods I and II and its time period is related to this period. Therefore, considering the chronology presented based on carbon experiments of 14 Hasanlu and Dinkhah sites and comparing the data of Sarand - Dighdighan cemetery with these sites, this cemetery can be considered with caution related to 1250-800 BC. Or, in general, the Iron Age I and II chronicles.

Keywords


- ابتهاج، ویدا، 1383، «بررسی ساختار معماری قبور مگالیتیک عصر آهن ایران، مطالعه موردی محوطه شهریری در استان اردبیل». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران.
- اورلت، برونو، 1392، عصرآهن اولیه در پشتکوه لرستان. ترجمۀ کمال‌الدین نیکنامی و امیر ساعدموچشی، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
- ایروانی‌قدیم، فرشید، 1389، «گزارش حفاری فصل اول کاوش باستان‌شناسی کورگان‌های جعفرآباد». تهران: سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی، پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی.
- ایروانی‌قدیم، فرشید؛ و مملی‌زاده‌گیگلو، سلیمان، 1391، «گونه‌شناسی و معرفی سفال‌های عصر آهن کورگان‌های جعفرآباد خداآفرین». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، شمارۀ 2، صص: 50-33.
- پورفرج، اکبر، 1386، «بازنگری عصر آهن شمال‌غرب ایران مطالعه موردی محوطه شهریری اردبیل و قلاع اقماری». رسالۀ دکتری باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس.
- پورفرج، اکبر، 1393، «تحلیل قاپ‌بازی به‌عنوان قدیمی‌ترین و استمرارترین بازی در ایران براساس داده‌های باستان‌شناسی و مردم‌شناسی». مجلۀ انسان‌شناسی، سال 12، شمارۀ 20، صص: 60-31.
- چایچی‌امیرخیز، احمد، 1375، «تدفین در ایران از آغاز تا 5000 پیش‌ازمیلاد». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران.
- حاجی‌زاده باستان، کریم، 1393، «گزارش فصل اول کاوش قیزیل‌قیه مشکین‌شهر». تهران: پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی.
- حاکمی، علی؛ و راد، محمود، 1329، «شرح و نتیجه کاوش‌های علمی حسنلو».گزارش‌های باستان‌شناسی، جلد اول، میراث‌فرهنگی، صص: 140-120.
- حصاری، مرتضی؛ و علی‌یاری، احمد، 1391، «مطالعه و گونه‌شناسی قبور کلان‌سنگی و تپه‌ای کورگان استان اردبیل». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، دورۀ 4، شمارۀ 5، صص: 130-113.
- خان‌محمدی، بهروز، 1389، «مقبره‌ای از عصر آهن در بایزیدآباد نقده آذربایجان‌غربی». باستان‌پژوهی، شمارۀ 8، صص: 76-67.
- خلعتبری، محمدرضا، 1383، کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی در محوطه‌های باستانی تالش (تول). تهران: انتشارات سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی.
- ده‌پهلوان، مصطفی؛ جاهد، مهدی؛ تازیک، عمار؛ محمدخانی، کوروش؛ و فرنام، الهام، 1398، «کارگاه 13، نویافتۀ غربی عصر آهن 2 و 3 قره‌تپۀ سگزآباد». مجموعه مقالات همایش بین‌المللی باستان‌شناسی عصر آهن ایران و مناطق همجوار، ج 2، به‌کوشش: یوسف حسن‌زاده، علی‌اکبر وحدتی، زاهد کریمی، پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی و گردشگری، اداره کل میراث‌فرهنگی استان کردستان و موزۀ ملی ایران، صص: 390-370.
- رضا، رضالو، 1391، گزارش کاوش گورستان خرم‌آباد مشکین‌شهر. تهران: پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی.
- رضالو، رضا؛ و آیرملو، یحیی، 1396، «گورهای عصر آهن I گورستان گیلوان خلخال». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی پارسه، شمارۀ 2، سال اول، صص: 58-37.
- شایقی، رضا، 1399، «گزارش کاوش گورستان چالا دیم‌شال خلخال». تهران: پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی.
- غفاری، شیرین، 1393، «مطالعه و تحلیل اشیاء فلزی یافت شده از گورستان‌های عصر آهن منطقه خداآفرین». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران.
- فهیمی، سید حمید، 1381، فرهنگ عصر آهن در کرانه‌های جنوب‌غربی دریای خزر از دیدگاه باستان‌شناسی. تهران: انتشارات سمیرا.
- قربانیان، سپیده، 1394، «بررسی و معرفی آثار استخوانی و تدفین‌های حیوانی به‌‌دست آمده در کورگان‌های جعفرآباد و طوعلی سفلی (فصل اول و دوم کاوش)». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان.
- قسیمی، طاهر؛ اکبری، مسعود؛ و قسیمی، آکام، 1398، «کاوش نجات بخشی گور عصر آهنی روار، حوضۀ رودخانۀ سیروان هورامان کردستان». مجموعه مقالات همایش بین‌المللی باستان‌شناسی عصر آهن ایران و مناطق همجوار، جلد 2، به‌کوشش: یوسف حسن‌زاده، علی‌اکبر وحدتی، زاهد کریمی، پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی و گردشگری، اداره میراث‌فرهنگی کل استان کردستان و موزۀ ملی ایران، صص: 85-63.
- کامبخش‌فرد، سیف‌الله، 1386، سفال و سفالگری در ایران، تهران: انتشارات ققنوس.
- کاوسی، عمار؛ و سرلک، سیامک، 1398، «کاوش‌های تپه صرم مدارک نوین در ارتباط با تنوع معماری قبور». مجموعه مقالات همایش بین‌المللی باستان‌شناسی عصر آهن ایران و مناطق همجوار، به‌کوشش یوسف حسن‌زاده، علی‌اکبر وحدتی، زاهد کریمی، پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی و گردشگری، اداره کل میراث‌فرهنگی استان کردستان و موزۀ ملی ایران، صص: 367-359.
- کنعانی، لیلا، 1383، «طبقه‌بندی اشیای فلزی یافت شده از گورستان عصر آهن مسجد کبود و کاربرد رادیوگرافی در شناخت و آسیب‌شناسی آن‌ها». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تربیت‌مدرس، تهران.
- ماه‌فروزی، علی، 1386، «باستان‌شناسی شرق مازندران با تکیه بر کاوش‌های گوهرتپه». مجموعه مقالات نهمین گردهمایی سالانۀ باستان‌شناسی ایران، جلد 2، گزارش‌های باستان‌شناسی، به‌کوشش: حسن فاضلی نشلی، تهران: پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی. صص: 360-347.
- نقشینه، امیرصادق؛ طلایی، حسن؛ و نیکنامی، کمال‌الدین، 1390، «گورستان چنگبار» پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی ایران، شمارۀ 1، دورۀ اول، صص: 122 - 105.
- نویدگیگلو، علی، 1392، «بررسی و طبقه‌بندی زیوآلات عصر آهن I و II در ایران». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه محقق‌اردبیلی، اردبیل.
- هژبری‌نوبری، علیرضا، 1383، «جایگاه کاوش‌های مسجد کبود تبریز در عصر آهن ایران و مقایسه آن با سایر محوطه‌های هم‌عصر». مجموعه مقالات همایش باستان‌شناسی ایران: حوزۀ شمال‌غرب، به‌کوشش: مسعود آذرنوش، تهران: پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی، صص: 276-265.
- هژبری‌نوبری، علیرضا، 1387، «گزارش حفاری دومین فصل کاوش باستان‌شناختی گورستان لاریجان». تهران: سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی.
- یدالهی‌هفشجانی، عاطفه، 1393، «فن‌شناسی و آسیب‌شناسی تعدادی از زیورآلات مفرغی به‌دست آمده از حفاری کورگان‌های جعفرآباد و ارائه طرح حفاظت و مرمت». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد مرمت اشیاء تاریخی و فرهنگی، دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان.
 
- Amelirad, S.; Overlaet, B. & Haerinck, E., 2012, “The Iron Age ‘Zagros Graveyard’ near Sanandaj (Iranian Kurdistan): Preliminary Report on the First Season”. Iranica Antiqua, 47, Pp: 41-99.
- Badalian, R. S. & Avetisian, P., 2007, Bronze and Early Iron Age Archaeological Sites in Armenia. British Archaeological Reports, England.
- Baxsaliyev, V., 2008, Naxcivan arxeoloji abidalari. Azarbaycan mili elmlar akadamiyasi naxcivan bolmasi, baki.
- Belli, O. & Konyar, E., 2003, Dogu Anadolu Bolgesi'nde Erken Demir Cagi Kale ve Nekropolleri. Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayinlari.
- Burney, C., 1970, “Excavations at Haftavān Tepe 1968: First Preliminary Report”. Iran, No. 8(1), Pp:157-171.
- Burney, C., 1972, “Excavations at Haftavān Tepe 1969: Second Preliminary Report”. Iran, No. 10(1), Pp: 127-142.
- Burney, C. A., 1962, “The excavations at Yanik Tepe, Azerbaijan, 1961 second preliminary report”. Iraq, No. 24(2), Pp: 134-152.
- Burton-Brown, T., 1951, Excavations in Azerbaijan 1948. London: John Murray.
- Chaichi, A., 1996., “Burial in Iran from the beginning to 5000 BC, Master Thesis in Archaeology”. Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran (In Persian).
- Danti, M. & Cifarelli, M., 2015, “Iron II Warrior Burials at Hasanlu Tepe, Iran”. Iranica Antiqua, No. 50, Pp: 61-157.
- Danti, M. D., 2013: Hasanlu V: The Late Bronze and Iron I Periods. University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Dayson, R. H., 1999, “Triangle-Festoon Ware Reconsidered”. Iranica antiqua, No. 34(1), Pp: 115-144.
- Dyson, R. H., 1989, “The Iron Age architecture at Hasanlu: an essay”. Expedition, No. 31(2), Pp: 107– 127.
- Ebtehaj, V., 2004, “A Study of the Architectural Structure of the Iron Age Megalithic Tombs in Iran, A Case Study of the Shahriri Site in Ardabil Province”. M.Sc. Thesis in Archeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran (In Persian).
- Edwards, M., 1983, Excavations in Azarbaijan (North-Western Iran), Haftavan, Period VI. Bar International Series 182.
- Fahimi, S., 2002, Iron Age Culture on the Southwest Coast of the Caspian Sea from an Archaeological Perspective. Tehran: Samira Publications (In Persian).
- Fazeli, H.; Coningham, R. A. E.; Young, R. L.; Gillmore, G. K.; Maghsoudi, M. & Raza, H., 2007, “Preliminary report of excavations at Tepe Pardis”. Archaeological Reports, No. 7, Pp: 35-57.
- Ghaffari, S., 2014, “Study and analysis of metal objects found in Iron Age cemeteries in Khodaafarin region”. M.Sc. Thesis in Archeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran (In Persian).
- Ghirshman, R., 1935, “Rapport préliminaire, sur les fouilles de Tépé Sialk, près de Kashan (Iran)”. Syria, Pp: 229-246.
- Godard, A., 1931, Les bronzes du Luristān. Ars Asiatica, Paris.
- Goff, G., 1978, “Excavations at Baba Jan: the pottery and metal from levels III and II”. Iran, No. 16(1), Pp: 29-65.
- Ghorbaniyan, S., 2015, “Investigation and introduction of bone artifacts and animal burials obtained in Jafarabad and Tooali Sofla tombs (Chapter 1 and 2 of the excavation)”. Master Thesis in Archeology, Isfahan University of Arts (In Persian).
- Halilov, T., 2014, “Nahcivanda son tunc-erken demir caginin kil kablari”. Manas Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, No. 3(1), Pp: 43-72.
- Hakemi, A. & Rad, M., 1950, “Description and result of Hasanlu scientific excavations”. Archaeological Reports, Volume I, Cultural Heritage, Pp: 140-120 (In Persian).
- Hesari, M., & Aliyayari, A., 2012, “Study and typology of metropolitan tombs and hills of Korgan, Ardabil province”. Archaeological Studies, Vol. 4, No. 5, Pp: 130-113 (In Persian).
- Hojbari Nobari, A., 2004, “The place of excavations of the Blue Mosque of Tabriz in the Iron Age of Iran and its comparison with other places of modern times”. Proceedings of the Iranian Archaeological Conference: Northwest Basin, by Massoud. Azarnoosh, Tehran: Archaeological Research Institute, Pp: 276-265 (In Persian).
- Hojbari Nobari, A., 2008, “Excavation report of the second chapter of archaeological excavation of Larijan Cemetery”. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization (In Persian).
- Hosseinzadeh, J.; Javeri, M.; Montazerzohouri, M.; Banitaba, A.; Shadmahani, R. N.; Makvandi, L. & Sołtysiak, A., 2017, “A palimpsest grave at the Iron Age cemetery in Estark-Joshaqan, Iran”. Antiquity, No. 91(359), Pp: 1-7.
- Hajizadeh, K., 2014, “Report of the first chapter of the excavation of Qizil Ghayeh Meshkinshahr”. Tehran: Archaeological Research Institute (In Persian).
- Irvani Ghadim, F., 2010, “Excavation Report of the First Chapter of Archaeological Exploration of Jafarabad Corges”. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization, Archaeological Research Institute (In Persian).
- Irvani Ghadim, F. & Mamlizadeh Gigloo, S., 2012, “Typology and Introduction of Iron Age pottery of Jafarabad Khodaafarin blinds”.Archaeological Studies, No. 2, Pp: 50-33 (In Persian).
- Kambakhshfard, S., 2007, Pottery and Pottery in Iran. Tehran: Phoenix Publications (In Persian).
- Kanani, L, 2004, “Classification of metal objects found in the Iron Age Cemetery of Kaboud Mosque and the use of radiography in their cognition and pathology’. Master Thesis in Archeology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran (In Persian).
- Kavusi, A & Sarlak, S., 2019, “Excavations of Saram tepe, new evidence related to the diversity of tomb architecture”. Proceedings of the International Conference on Archaeology of the Iron Age of Iran and neighboring areas, by: Yousef Hassanzadeh, Ali Akbar Vahdati , Zahed Karimi, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute, General Administration of Kurdistan Province and National Museum of Iran, Pp: 367-359 (In Persian).
- Khalatbari, M., 2004, Archaeological excavations in the ancient sites of Talesh (Toul), Tehran: Cultural Heritage Organization Publications (In Persian).
- Khan Mohammadi, B., 2010, “Iron Age tomb in Bayazidabad, Naqadeh, West Azerbaijan”. Archaeological Research, No. 8, Pp: 76-67 (In Persian).
- Konrad Piller, K,. 2008, Untersuchungen zur relative Chronologie der Nekropole von Marlik. Dissertation an der Fakultät für Kulturwissenschaften der Ludwig Maximilians-Universität München.
- Koroglu, K. & Konyar, E., 2008, “Comments on the Early/Middle Iron Age Chronology of Lake Van Basin”. Ancient near eastern studies, No. 45, Pp: 123-146.
- Kuvanç, R.; Ayaz, G.; Işık, K.; Erdoğan, S. P Genç, B., 2016, “A New Iron Age Chamber Tomb near Çatak, South of Van Lake”. Ancient near eastern studies, No. 53, Pp: 149- 194.
- Lippert, A., 1976, “Die osterreichen ausgrabungen am Kordlar-Tepe in Persisch-Westaserbaidschan (1971- 1978)”. Archologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, No. 12, Pp:  103-153.
- Mahforozi, A., 2007, “Archeology of East Mazandaran based on Gohar Tappeh excavations”. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Iranian Archaeological Conference, Volume 2, Archaeological Reports, by Hassan Fazeli Nashli, Tehran: Archaeological Research Institute, Pp: 360-347 (In Persian).
- Muscarella, O. W., 1974. “The Iron Age at Dinkha Tepe, Iran”. Metropolitan Museum Journal, No. 9, Pp: 35-90.
- Naghshineh, A.; Talaei, H. & Niknami, K., 2011, “Changbar Cemetery, Archaeological Research”. No. 1, Vol. 1, Pp: 122 - 105 (In Persian).
- Naseri Someeh, H.; Hejebri Nobari, A.; Konyar, E.; Mousavi Kouhpar, S. M. & Niknami, K., Inpress, “Perspectives on the Structural Typology of The Late Bronze-Iron age Graves in Iranian Azerbaijan”. International Journal of the Society of Iranian Archaeologists.
- Navidgiglou, A., 2013, “Study and classification of the first and second Iron Age jewelry in Iran”. Master Thesis in Archeology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil (In Persian).
- Negahban, E. O., 1996, Marlik: the complete excavation report (Vol. 87). University of Pennsylvania, Museum of Archaeology.
- Overlaet, B., 2005, “The chronology of the Iron Age in the Pusht-i Kuh, Luristan”. Iranica Antiqua, No. 40, Pp: 1-33.
- Orlet, B, 2013., Early Iron Age in Poshtkuh, Lorestan. Translated by: Kamaluddin Niknami and Amir Saed Mocheshi, Tehran: Samat Publications (In Persian).
- Pourfaraj, A., 2007, “A review of the Iron Age of northwestern Iran: A case study of Ardabil urban area and satellite castles”. PhD thesis in archeology, Tarbiat Modares University (In Persian).
- Pourfaraj, A., 2014, “Analysis of snatching as the oldest and most continuous game in Iran based on archaeological and anthropological data”.Journal of Anthropology, Vol. 12, No. 20, Pp: 60-31, (In Persian).
- Qasimi, T.; Akbari, M. & Qasimi, A., 2019, “Rescue excavation of Ravar Iron Age tomb, Sirvan Horaman river basin of Kurdistan”.Proceedings of the International Conference on Archeology of the Iron Age of Iran and Adjacent Areas, Vol. 2, by: Yousef Hassanzadeh , Ali Akbar Vahdati, Zahed Karimi, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Research Institute, General Administration of Kurdistan Province and National Museum of Iran, Pp: 85-63, (In Persian).
- Reese, D. S., 1989, “Treasures from the sea”. Expedition, No. 31(2), P: 80.
- Rezalu, R., 2012, “Excavation report of Khorramabad Meshkinshahr cemetery”. Tehran: Archaeological Research Institute (In Persian).
- Rezalu, R. & And Irmelo, Y., 2017, “Iron Age Graves I, Gilvan Khalkhal Cemetery”. Parseh Archaeological Studies, Vol. 1,  No. 2, Pp: 58-37 (In Persian).
- Rezvani, H. & Roustaei, K., 2007, “A preliminary report on two seasons of excavations at Kul Tarike cemetery, Kurdestan, Iran”. Iranica antiqua, No. 42, Pp: 139-184.
- Schmidt E., 1938, “The second Holmes expedition to Luristan”. Bulletin of the American Institute for Iranian Art and Archaeology, Pp: 205-216.
- Seyidov, A. Q., 2003, Naxçıvan e.ə. VII-II minilliklərdə. Bakı, Elm.
- Shayeghi, R., 2020, “Excavation report of Chala Dryland Shal Khalkhal Cemetery”. Tehran: Archaeological Research Institute (In Persian).
- Talai, H. & Aliyari, A., 2009, “Haftavan IV (Iron II) Settlement Cemetery, NW Iran, Azerbaijan”. Iranica Antiqua, No. 44, Pp: 89-112.
- Thrane, H., 1970, “Tepe Guran and the Luristan Bronzes”. Archaeology,  No. 23(1), Pp: 26-35.
- Vanden Berghe, L., 1964. La nécropole de Khūrvīn Uitgaven van het Nederlands Historisch-Archeologisch Instituut te Istanbul.
- Yadalahi Hafshjani, A., 2014, “Technology and pathology of a number of bronze ornaments obtained from the excavation of Jafarabad kilns and presentation of conservation and restoration plan”. Bachelor’s thesis, master of restoration of historical and cultural objects, Isfahan University of Arts, Esfahan (In Persian).
- Young Jr, T. C., 1965, “A comparative ceramic chronology for western Iran, 1500–500 BC.”. Iran, No. 3(1), Pp: 53-85.