The Description and Analyze of Architecture Elements of Gowriyeh Building, Ilam

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Historical Archaeology, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research (ICAR), Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

There are some reasons to many of architecture structures to be unknown in West of Iran, especially in Ilam region, such as absence of communications, and referencing to the results of limited excavations. Gowriyeh is one of the Sasanian royal monuments, which excavated following the locating in the resource of Kangir Dam in Ilam province. The plan of a rectangular-shaped in size of 852 m2, included some rooms with courtyards and inner space have been revealed at the end of excavation. After the complete digging, totally 10 spaces have been unearthed. The designers of this site were completely aware of architecture elements and potentials and according to a predetermined map built it. The materials are rubbles and Semi-backed plaster. The architecture style and related decorations are obvious in two architecture phases, those are affected by Sasanian common art and local independent identity. There are some questions, such as recognizing the methods of architecture and materials, functions and effective elements on artistic elements. In order to answer these questions, a descriptive-analytical method with the help of historical texts and archaeological excavation. According to the archaeological finds, this site could be known as a monument with residential-ceremonial functions, between the simultaneous palaces. The life of this site started from Sasanian period and continued until the Early Islamic centuries. Some important results in order to perceiving the local architecture techniques and cultural process of high-ranked Sasanian societies have been revealed after the excavation in this cultural zone. The cultural life continued with little changes after the transitional period of Late Sasanian to Early Islamic periods.
Keywords: Architecture, Sasanian, Gowriyeh, Ilam.
 
Introduction
In 2005, following the decision of the Ministry of Energy, the construction of the Kangir reservoir dam (Tang-e Shemirān) in the borderline of Iran-Iraq was commenced. It was completed in winter of 2015 and loaded with water. Although the field research was conducted as a rescue project following the construction of the Kangir dam, but the team paid attention also to goals such as chronology of the remains and the identification of constructions styles of such buildings and residential areas (Gowriyeh  was situated at the height of 1022.5m in relation to the dam structures. After the impounding of the dam, it went underwater). One of them was gaining more information about the construction of residential areas in western Iran during Sasanian Period and about the transitional phase between Sasanian and Islamic periods in the region. In order to reach the mentioned goal, questiones were developed in minds, such as the followings: Are these architectural structures belonging to sasanian periods remained in use during the early Islamic centuries? What are the main characteristics, architectural decorations and construction materials used in building? What factors influenced their art styles? What could we say of the function of the buildings?
The corresponding assumptions were also as the followings. In some historical texts, the establishment of such structures is attributed to the early Islamic centuries, but it is more logical to assume their construction was originally of Sasanian era, reusing in early Islamic period with some modifications. The buildings were constructed mostly using the locally-found rubbles and Semi-baked and beaten gypsum mortar. The architect(s) and decoration artist(s) of the buildings have binded themselves to consider elements and variables such as natural topography, local climate and environmental characteristic and even religious beliefs. In addition to what mentioned, it seems that plus following the common artistic styles of the period, the builders were also influenced by local traditions. Considering the architectural style of the buildings and the associated finds, the buildings most likely held residential-formal function.
This research takes advantage of a historical-interpretative approach with an analytical-descriptive nature. As mentioned, apart from bibliographic studies (historical texts), the results of field excavations and the associated post-excavation analyses of finds were used to conduct the research. The cultural finds were also compared to the ones recovered from the earlier projects in the region.
 
Identified Traces
Gowriyeh  is located at about 800m South of Sartang-e Soflā village in Zarneh, Eyvan county in some 65km northwest of Ilam at the height of about 1029m asl (UTM: 605380m E, 3752210m N,. The area is surrounded by mountains in the north and east; with Kangir river flowing in north and northwest at the distance of about 190m. Kangir is flowing across Eyvan plain and Soūmār, and ends in Iraq. From the viewpoint of historical geography, Gowriyeh were located in a part of the state of Māsbazān which was called Ariyohān. Due to having enjoyable cool and mountainside climate, the region was using as hunting and recreational area during Sasanian and early Abbasid Periods. It seems the reason behind the vacancy was largely due to an earthquake that was occurred in the region. According to a warning given by the authorities that water loading of Kangir river dam leads to the flooding of the Southern part of the building first, the excavation was begun in this area. The excavation led to the discovery of a rectangular building, 33×25m in dimension (825m2 in surface area), containing 10 rooms. The architecture in Gowriyeh resembles other Sasanian buildings in having hall, Eyvans, rooms and as such, enclosing an open space (courtyard) in the middle. Some architectural elements of this building include rectangular or rounded piers and columns, arches and vaults and stucco decorations with pebbles and Semi-baked beaten gypsum mortar as constructions material. The foundations has various heights which have been made using rubbles and gypsum mortar and finally covered with a layer of gypsum plaster. One of the main features of this building is the presence of load-bearing walls made from rubbles and gypsum mortar. The widespread use of gypsum and various arches are the legacy of sasanian styles. The building also features stucco decorations comparable to the royal palaces and noble residences of the era. The ubiquity of pilaster columns and niches as means of wall decoration is another similarity between Gowriyeh and other contemporaneous buildings.
 
Conclusion
salvage excavation were in Gowriyeh due to the construction of Kangir dam. according to Geology studies in the area of influence of natural factors on the construction of Gowriyeh. Gowriyeh building has a rectangular plan similar to the plan of the contemporary royal buildings and consists of a number of rooms with courtyards and interiors. The construction materials are rubble and Semi-baked beaten gypsum mortar. This building, similar to other Sasanian buildings have been built without foundation and walls were made directly on the bedrock. The main roof coverings are in the form of barrel vault, but various arches have been used for the doorways and niches. According comparative studies, the main construction phase in Giwriyeh was of Sasanian Period. Then, the buildings were reused during early Islamic Period. The construction of such a building could be interpreted in relation to the natural landscape around it and in this regard, Gowriyeh is considered a Sasanian daskareh and a noble residence. According to the historical texts, Māsbazān region, which Ariyohān was also a part of it, was a Sasanian region sometimes used for recreational purposes during late Sasanian and early Islamic periods. Gowriyeh went eventually underwater after the impounding of Kangir river dam during the winter of 2015.

Keywords


- استارک، فریا، 1358، سفری به دیار الموت، لرستان و ایلام. ترجمۀ علی‌محمد ساکی، چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات علمی‌ فرهنگی.
- اکبری، مرتضی، 1394، «بررسی و تحلیل جایگاه ایالت ماسبذان و مهرجان‌قذق ایلام در دوره خلافت عباسی». مجلۀ فرهنگ ایلام، شمارۀ 16 (46 و47)، صص: 55ـ74.
- ایمانی، نادیه، 1378، «تحلیل ساختار قوس ایوان غربی مسجد جامع ساوه». مجموعه مقالات دومین کنگره تاریخ معماری و شهرسازی ایران، 25-29 فروردین‌ماه 1378، به‌کوشش: باقر آیت‌اله‌زاده شیرازی، تهران: انتشارات سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی (پژوهشگاه)، صص: 567ـ601.
- آزاد، میترا، 1392، «تداوم معماری مذهبی ساسانی در مسجد تاریخانۀ دامغان: تحلیل مقایسه‌ای آتشکدۀ تپه حصار و مسجد تاریخانۀ دامغان». مجلۀ صفه، شمارۀ 23 (2)، صص: 85-104.
- بزرگمهری، زهره، 1366، «قوس‌ها در معماری ایرانی». در: معماری ایران در دوران اسلامی، به‌کوشش: محمدیوسف کیانی، تهران: نشر دانشگاهی.
- پوپ، آرتور؛ و آکرمن، فیلیس، 1387، سیری در هنر ایران از دوران پیش‌ازتاریخ تا امروز. ترجمۀ نجف دریا بندری و همکاران، جلد 2 (دورۀ ساسانی)، تهران: انتشارات علمی‌ فرهنگی.
- پورامینیان، مجید؛ صادقی، ارژنگ؛ و پوربخشیان، سمیه، 1391، «بررسی پایداری لرزه‌ای قوس‏های آجری ایرانی»، نشریه مهندسی عمران و محیط زیست.  شمارۀ 42 (66)، صص: 49-55.
- پیرانی، بیان، 1380، «گزارش بررسی و شناسایی شهرستان ایوان در استان ایلام». ایلام: مرکز اسناد میراث‌فرهنگی استان ایلام (منتشر نشده).
- پیرنیا، محمدکریم،1370، «گنبد در معماری ایرانی». مجلۀ اثر، شمارۀ 12 (20)، صص: 5-139.
- پیگولوسکایا، نیناویکتوروونا، 1377، شهرهای ایران در روزگار پارتیان و ساسانیان. ترجمۀ عنایت‌اله رضا، تهران: نشر علمی‌ فرهنگی.
- توسلی، حمیدرضا، 1387، هنر و تمدن ایرانی در عصر اشکانی. تهران: نشر راما.
- حسن‌پور، عطا؛ دلفان، فاطمه؛ و بیرانوند، الهام، 1395، «تحلیلی بر معماری مکشوفه از نخستین فصل کاوش بنای قِلا گوری رَماوند»، فصلنامۀ اثر، شمارۀ 37 (74)، صص: 37-60.
- حسینی، سیدهاشم؛ یوسفوند، یونس؛ و میری، فرشاد، 1394، «مطالعه تطبیقی نقوش گچ‌بری‌های مکشوفه از شهر سیمره با نمونه‌های مسجد جامع نائین». مجلۀ پژوهش هنر دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، شمارۀ 5 (9)، صص: 71-86.
- خسروی، لیلا؛ و قربانی، الهام، 1397، «بررسی زمین‌شناسی، هیدرولوژی، ژئومورفولوژی و سایزموتکتونیک و مورفوتکتونیک پهنۀ باستانی جهانگیر در حاشیۀ رود کنگیر، شهرستان ایوان، استان ایلام». فصلنامۀ کوارترنری ایران، شمارۀ 3 (1)، صص: 75-93.
- خسروی، لیلا، 1399، «یافته‌های گچی ساسانی از بناهای اعیانی گوریه و جهانگیر بر کرانه رود کنگیر ایوان در استان ایلام». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی ایران، شمارۀ 10 (24)، صص: 141-167.
- راولینسون، سرهنری، 1362، سفرنامه راولینسون (گذر از زهاب به خوزستان). ترجمۀ سکندر امان‌الهی بهاروند، تهران: نشر آگاه.
- شریفی، مهناز، 1398، «نویافته‌های بقایای معماری اواخر دورۀ ساسانی و اوایل اسلامی در حوضۀ رودخانۀ سیمره (زاگرس‌مرکزی)». شمارۀ 9 (36)، صص: 59-68.
- شریفی‌نیا، اکبر؛ حیدری‌باباکمال، یداله؛ و شاکرمی، طیبه، 1398، «مطالعه نقش‌مایه‌های گیاهیِ اساطیری و مقدس در تزئینات گچ-بری مسجد سیمره». فصلنامۀ هنرهای صناعی اسلامی، شمارۀ 3 (2)، صص: 121-134.
- صفاری، امیر؛ و منصوری، رضا، 1392، «ارزیابی نسبی فعالیت‌های زمین‌ساختی بخش علیای حوضۀ آبگیر کنگیر (ایوان غرب) با استفاده از شاخص‌های ژئومورفیک». فصلنامۀ جغرافیا و آمایش شهری-منطقه‌ای، شمارۀ 3 (7)، صص: 35-50.
- طهماسبی، احسان، 1392، «بررسی تطبیقی معماری کاخ‌ها و خانه‌های اعیانی ساسانیان». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی ایران، شمارۀ 4 (3)، صص: 153-168.
- غلامی، صبا، 1397، «جستجوی هویت آب در معماری ساسانی». مجلۀ پژوهش درعمران، معماری وشهرسازی، شمارۀ 4 (14)، صص: 41-51.
- فرشاد، مهدی، 1320، تاریخ مهندسی در ایران. تهران: انتشارات بنیاد نیشابور.
- قوچانی، عبداله، 1373، «قلمرو حکومت ابوالنجم بدربن‌حسنویه به استناد سکه‌ها». مجله باستان‌شناسی و تاریخ، شمارۀ 8 (2)، صص: 46-65.
- کامبخش‌فرد، سیف‌الله، 1368، «دره‌شهر». در: شهرهای ایران، جلد 3، به‌کوشش: محمدیوسف کیانی، تهران: جهاد دانشگاهی، صص: 107ـ150.
- کلایس، ولفرام، 1354، گزارش‌های باستان‌شناسی در ایران. ترجمۀ سروش جیبی، تهران: بنگاه ترجمه نشر کتاب.
- گیرشمن، رومن، 1378، بیشاپور، موزائیک‌های ساسانی. ترجمۀ اصغر کریمی، جلد 2، تهران: نشر پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی.
- لک‌پور، سیمین، 1389، کاوش‌ها و پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی دره‌شهر (سیمره). تهران: انتشارات پازینه.
- مبینی، مهتاب؛ شاکرمی، طیبه؛ و شریفی‌نیا، اکبر، 1397، «بررسی تطبیقی تزئینات گچ‌بری مسجد سیمره با مسجد نه گنبد بلخ و سامرا از دوره عباسی». مجلۀ هنرهای زیبا. هنرهای تجسمی، شمارۀ 23 (1)، صص: 61-72.
- مترجم، عباس، 1394، «کاوش للار». در: پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی حوضۀ آبگیر سد سیمره، به‌کوشش: لیلی نیاکان، صص: 200-210.
- محمدپور، حامد، ۱۳۹۳، اقلیم سرد (تنظیم شرایط محیطی)، پاورپوینت، شیراز: دانشکده فنی و مهندسی باهنر.
- محمدی، مریم؛ نیستانی، جواد؛ و موسوی‌کوهپر، سیدمهدی، 1390، «مطالعه گونه‌شناسی، عناصر و اجزای معماری ایران در دورۀ ساسانی». مجلۀ نامه باستان‌شناسی، شمارۀ 1 (1)، صص: 83-104.
- مرادی، ابراهیم، 1386، «گزارش بررسی و شناسایی حوضۀ آبگیر سد کنگیر». تهران: مرکز اسناد پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی (منتشر نشده).
- مسعودی، ابوالحسن علی‌بن‌الحسین‌بن‌علی، 1344، التنبیه و الاشراف. لیدن.
- مظاهری، خداکرم، 1389، «متون کهن و ایالت ماسبذان در قرون اولیه اسلامی». مجموعه مقالات اولین کنگره بزرگداشت امام‌زاده علی صالح؟ع؟، ایلام: نشر دانشگاه آزاد ایلام.
- مهدوی‌نژاد، محمدجواد، 1391، «کیفیت نورگیرها در گنبدهای ایرانی با رویکرد به مسائل سازه‌ای گنبد». مجلۀ نقش جهان، شمارۀ 2 (2)، صص:31-42.
- نیاکان، لیلی، 1398، «بنای ساسانی روئه بر کرانه‌های سیمره». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی ایران، شمارۀ 9 (20)، صص: 129-148.
- یاری، محمد؛ و رفیعی، میثم، 1394، «بهره‌گیری از سامانه پهباد فتوگرامتری در باستان‌شناسی ایران». فصلنامۀ علمی‌ تخصصی علوم باستان‌شناختی، شمارۀ 1 (1)، صص: 1-14.
- یوسفی، محمد؛ و شاکر، حامد، 1393، «بررسی عناصر پایدار معماری ایران در آتشکده‌ها و مساجد». نهمین سمپوزیم پیشرفت-های علوم و تکنولوژی، مشهد، 29 آبان 1393، کمیسیون اول همایش ملی معماری، شهرسازی و توسعه پایدار با محوریت خوانش هویت ایرانی‌‌ اسلامی در معماری و شهرسازی، صص: 1- 8.
 
- Akbari, M., 2015, “Study and analysis of the position of Masabazān and Mehjānqazaq prov-inces of Ilam during the Abbasid period”. Farhang-i Ilām, No. 16, (46/47), Pp: 55-74, (In Persian).
- Azad, M., 2013, “Continuation of Sassanid religious architecture in the historical mosque of Damghan: a comparative analysis of the fire temple of Hesar Tepe and the historical mosque of Damghan”. Sofeh, No. 23 (2), Pp: 85-104, (In Persian).
- Azarnoush, M., 1994, The Sasanian Manor House at Hajiabad, Iran. Monografie di Mesopo-tamia III. Florence, and Casa Edit rice Le Lettere.
- Bier, L, 1993, “The Sasanian Palaces and Their Influence in Early Islam”. ArsOrientalis, Vol 23, Pp: 57-66.
- Bozorgmehri, Z., 1987, “The archs in Iranian architecture”. In: The Iranian Architecture during the Islamic period, M.Y. Kiani (ed.). Tehran: University Publication Center, (In Persian).
- Creswell, K. A. C., 1979, Early Muslim Architecture. I Umayyads. A. D. 622-750, Rev. 2nd ed, Reprinted by: Hacker Art books, New York.
- Farshad, M., 1941, The history of Engineering in Iran. Tehran: Nishapur Foundation Publica-tion, (In Persian).
- Ghirshman, R., 1999, Bishapur: Sasanian Mosaics. Vol.2. A. Karimi (trns.), Tehran: RICHT Publication, (In Persian).
- Gholami, S., 1397, “The search for water identity in Sassanid architecture”. Journal of Civil En-gineering, Architecture and Urban Planning, No. 4(14), Pp: 41-51, (In Persian).
- Ghouchani, A., 1994, “The realm of the rule of Abu al-Najm Badr Ibn al-Hasnawiyyah based on coins”. Journal of Archeology & History, No. 8(2), Pp: 46-65, (In Persian).
- Hassanpour, A.; Delfan, F. & Biranvand, E., 2016, “Analysis of the discovered architecture from the first chapter of excavation the building of Qala Gori Ramavand”. Athar Journal, No. 37(74), Pp: 37-60, (In Persian).
- Hosseini, S. H.;  Yousefvand, Y. &  Miri, F., 2015, “Comparative study of bedrock patterns discovered in the city of Seymareh with examples of Nain Mosque”. Journal of Art Re-search, Isfahan University of Arts, No. 5(9), Pp: 71-86, (In Persian).
- Imani, N., 1999, “Analysis of the structure of the arch of the west porch of Saveh Masjed Jameh”. Proceedings of the Second Congress of the History of Architecture and Urban Plan-ning of Iran, April 25-29, 1999, by: Bagher Ayatollah Zadeh Shirazi, Tehran Cultural Herit-age Organization, Pp: 567-601, (In Persian).
- Kambakhsh Fard, S., 1989, “Darreh Shahr” in the book Cities of Iran, vol. 3, Mohammad Yousef Kiani (ed.), Teh-ran, Jahad-i Daneshgahi. Pp: 107-150, (In Persian).
- Khosravi, L., 1399, “Newly-found Stucco Remains from the Sasanian Noble Residence at Gowriyeh  and Jahāngir near the Kangir River of Eyvan, Ilam Province”. Pazhohesh-Ha-Ye Bastanshenasi Iran, No. 10, (24), Pp: 141-167, (In Persian).
- Khosravi, L. & Ghorbani, E., 2018, “Geological, hydrological, geomorphological, seismotectonic and mor-photectonic study of Jahangir ancient zone along the Kangir River, Eyvan County, Ilam province”. Iran Quarterly, No. 3(1), Pp: 75-93, (In Persian).
- Kleiss, W., 1975, Archaeological reports in Iran. S. Habibi (trns.). Tehran: Bongah Tarjomeh va Nashr-I Ketab, (In Persian).
- Krüger, B., (ed.), 1983, Die Germanen. Geschichte und Kultur der germanischen Stämme in Mitteleuropa. Veröffentlichungen des Zentralinstituts für Alte Geschichte und Archäologie der Akademie der Wissenschaften der DDR 4. 2 Vols., Berlin.
- Lakpour, S., 2010, Archaeological Excavations and Surveys in Darreh Shahr (Seymarreh). Tehran: Pazineh Publication, (In Persian).
- Mahdavi Nejad, M. J., 2012, “The quality of skylights in Iranian domes with an approach to the structural problems of the dome”. Naghsh Jahan Journal, No. 2(2), Pp: 31-42, (In Persian).
- Masoudi, A. H., 1965, Al-Tanbiyyah wa al-Ashraf. Leiden, (In Persian).
- Mazaheri, Kh., 2010, “Ancient Texts and the Māsbazān State in the Early Islamic Centuries”. Proceedings of the First Congress in Honor of Imamzadeh Ali Saleh (AS), Ilam: Ilam Azad University Press, (In Persian).
- Mobini, M., Shahkarmi, T. & Sharifinia, A., 1397, “Comparative study of the bed decorations of Seymareh Mosque with the nine domes of Balkh and Samarra mosques from the Abbasid period”. Honar-Ha-Ye Tajassomi Journal, 23(1), pp.61-72 (In Persian).
- Mohammadi, M.; Neystani, J. & Mosavi Kohpar, S. M., 2011, “Study of typology, elements and components of Iranian architecture in the Sassa-nid period”. Pazhohesh-Ha-Ye Bastanshenasi Iran (Nāme-ye Bāstanshenāsi), No. 1(1), Pp: 83-104, (In Persian).
- Mohammadpour, H., 2014, Cold Climate (Adjustment of Environmental Conditions). Power-Point, Shiraz Bahonar Faculty of Engineering.
- Moradi, E., 2007, “Report on the study and identification of the Reservoir area of Kangir Dam’. Tehran: Archaeo-logical Research Institute Documentation Center, (In Persian).
- Motarjem, A., 1394, “Excavation at  Lelar”. In: The book of archaeological research of Seymareh Dam catchment basin, by: Lily Niakan, Pp: 200-210, (In Persian).
- Niakan, L., 2019, “Rouha, Sassanian Building in the Seymareh Coast”.Pazhohesh-Ha-Ye Bastanshenasi Iran, No. 9(20), Pp: 129-148, (In Persian).
- Pigulveskaya, N., 1998, Iranian Cities in the Parthian and Sassanid Era. Translated by: Enayatollah Reza, Tehran: Elmi-Farhangi, (In Persian).
- Pirani, B., 2001, “Investigation and identification report of Ivān County in Ilam province, Ilam”. Cultural heritage documentation center of Ilam province, (In Persian).
- Pirnia, M. K., 1991, “Dome in Iranian Architecture”. Athar Journal, No. 12(20), Pp: 5-139, (In Persian).
- Pope, A. U. & Ackerman, P., 2008, A Survey of Persian Art: from prehistoric times to the pre-sent. Vl. 2. N. Daryabandari (trns.). Tehran: The Scientific-Cultural Publication, (In Persian).
- Pouraminian, M.; Sadeghi, A. & Pourbakhshian, S., 2012, “An Investigation on the Seismic Stability of Persian Brick Arches”. Journal of Civil Engineering and Environment, No. 42(66), Pp: 49-55, (In Persian).
- Rawlinson, H., 1983, Rawlinson’s travelogue crossing Zohab to Khuzestan. Eskander Amanollahi Baharvand (trns.), Tehran: Agah (In Persian).
- Reuther, O., 1977, History of Sasanian Architecture’ in A Survey of  Persian Art. Edited by: Arthur Upham (In Persian).
- Saffari, A. & Mansouri, R., 2013, “Relative evaluation of the tectonic activities in the upper part of the Kangir river catchment area (Eyvan-e Gharb) using geomorphic indicators”. Quarterly Journal of Geography and Urban-regional Spatial Planning, No. 3(7), Pp: 35-50, (In Persian)..
- Sharifi, M., 2019, “New discoveries Architecture from the Late Sassanid and Early Islamic pe-riod in the Seymareh River Basin(Central Zagros)”. Jornal of Studies on Iranian Islamic City, No. 9(36). Pp: 59-68, (In Persian).
- Sharifinia, A.; Heidari Babakmal, Y. & Shakermi, T., 1398, “Study of mythical and sacred plant motifs in the bed decorations of Seymareh Mosque”. Islamic Industrial Arts Quarterly, No. 3(2), Pp: 121-134, (In Persian).
- Stark, F., 1979, The Valleys of the Assassins: And Other Persian Travels. Translated by: Ali Mohammad Saki, 2nd Edition, Tehran: Scientific/ Cultural Publications, (In Persian).
- Tahmasebi, E., 2013, “Comparative analysis of Sasanian Palaces and Royal residences”. Pazho-hesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran, No. 4(3), Pp: 153-168, (In Persian).
- Tavassoli, H., 2008, Iranian Art and Civilization in the Parthian Era. Tehran, Rama Publishing (In Persian).
- VandenBerghe, L, 1980, “Des tombes de l’âge du Fer au Luristan. La nécropole de Djub-i Gauhar en Iran”. Archéologia, No. 138, Pp: 32-47.
- VandenBerghe, L., 1971(a). (e) 6th Campaign, 1970, “excavations at Bard-e Bal. surveys in the district of Ayvān at Darvand. Kazāb. Seh Pā. Imamzadeh Gilan Gharbi (Emāmzāda-ye Gilān-e Ḡarbi): “La nécropole de Bard-i Bal au Luristan”. Archéologia, No. 43, Pp: 14-23.
- VandenBerghe, L, 1971(b), ”Recherches archéologiques dans le Pushti Kuh/Kavišhā-ye bāstānšenāsi dar Pošt-e Kuh-e Lorestān”. Bastan Chenassi va Honar-e Iran/Revue d’archéologie et d’arts, Iraniens: Tehran, No. 6, Pp: 14-43, (In Persian).
- VandenBerghe, L., 1973, ”Recherches archéologiques dans le Luristan, sixième campagne 1970. Fouilles à Bard-i Bal et à Pa-yi Kal. Prospections dans le district d’Aivan (Rapport prélimi-naire)”. Iranica Antiqua, No. 10, Pp: 1-79.
- Yari, M. & Rafiei, M., 2015, “Using the photogrammetric drone system in Iranian archeolo-gy”. Quarterly Journal of Archaeological Science, (Varamin Azad University), 1(1), pp.1-14, (In Persian).
- Yousefi, M. & Shaker, H., 2014, “Investigation of common Elements of Iranian Architecture in Fire Temples and Mosques”. Proceedings of the ninth Symposium on Scientific and Tech-nological developments, Pp: 1-8, Mashhad: Khavaran Institute of Higher Education Publication, (In Persian).