Classification and Typology of Sassanian Pottery Jahangir Site of Ilam Province

Authors

1 PhD in Archeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

3 Associate Professor, Research Institute of Archaeology, Research Institute of Cultural Heritage and Handicrafts, Tehran, Iran

4 Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

5 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
Pottery as one of the archaeological findings, plays an important role in recognizing cultural periods. Jahangir area is located in Ilam province and is one of the Sassanid sites in western Iran. In the third season of excavations at Jahangir site, significant potteries from the Sassanid period was obtained which is considerably worth studying and for this research, 92 pottery pieces were selected among hundreds that were obtained. The main purpose of this research is to introduce and classify the Sassanid potteries of Jahangir site. In the present study, the potteries obtained from Jahangir site were classified based on their technical specifications and shapes, and were typologically and finally chronologically examined (comparative and laboratory studies); the data collection method is based on documentary studies and field studies, also the research method is descriptive-analytical. The analysis have been done with the purpose of comparative chronology and explaining cultural relations with other regions. The questions posed in this research are: To what period of the Sassanid era can the pottery collection of Jahangir area be attributed? And are the potteries of Jahangir area more regional in terms of style or a trans-regional style is visible in them? The chronology done by Moluminescence (Thermoluminescence) method on Jahangir potteries, indicates the attribution of this area to the second half of the sixth century A.D., a comparative comparison also showed that in terms of relative chronology of Sassanid potteries they are similar to sites that belong to the late this era. It should be noted that the potteries of this area are comparable with areas such as Oltanqalasi in Moghan, Mahneshan in Zanjan, Qasrabunsar and Hajiabad in Fars, Shush, Sassanid sites identified in the studies of northern Khuzestan, Mianab in Shushtar, Bushehr, Ras al-Khaimah, Tal Mahuz, Abu Sharifa, and Kish and Bergutiyat in Iraq and, in addition to the impacts of regional style, it has the most similarity to the cultural field of southwestern and southern Iran.
Keywords: Sassanian Pottery, Classification, Typology, Chronology, Jahāngir Dite.
Introduction
The western region of Iran in the historical period, especially during the Sassanid era, was named after the great province of “Pahleh”; This land included different cities such as Isfahan, Hamedan, Rey, Kermanshah, Dinur, Masbezan and Mehrjan Qazq, Nahavand, Qazvin, Seymareh, Koomesh and Azerbaijan (Nafisi, 1953: 287-286) therefore Masbezan in the Sassanid period was part of a larger land called Pahleh or Pahlo, and the Arabs after the conquest of Iran, during the Islamic era called it Jabal (Ibn Jafar, 1991: 122) and it included most of the cities and areas of the Zagros (the time before Islam). During the Sassanid era, urban planning and urbanization flourished in this region due to its fertility and proximity to the Mesopotamian Plain and famous Sassanid cities in this region: Seymareh was the center of Mehrjan, Ghazaq and Sirvan (near the city of present-day Lomar), the ruling center of Masbazan province in the north of Ilam province (Mazaheri and partners, 2014: 86). Jahangir area is located 50 km northwest of Ilam, Zarneh section of Ivan city is on one of the important roads from Iran to Mesopotamia located on the banks of Kangir river (Khosravi, 2017). After the Kangir Dam was flooded in 2015, the Jahangir area remained at 300 meters distance from the Kangir border river. Pottery is the most abundant cultural substance in archaeological excavations and studies, which is mostly for the purpose of relative dating and understanding the cultural and commercial relations of the sites (Khosrozadeh and partners, 2020: 119). In this research, we will be studying one of the cultural substances discovered from the excavation of Jahangir pottery site which was done by one of the Authors of the article.
In archaeological research (excavation or study), pottery finds do play a significant role in relative chronology and study of communities’ cultural interactions; therefore, the main purpose of this article is to study the quantitative and qualitative aspects of Sassanid pottery in the Jahangir area as well as their relative typology, classification and chronology.
Research Question: The questions that can be asked in this research are: The pottery collection of the present study of Jahangir area belongs to which period of the Sassanid era? And that the style of the pottery of the Jahangir area was regional, trans-regional or a combination of them both?
Research Method: This research has a descriptive-analytical nature and the implementation of this research has two parts: library studies and studies of cultural substances (pottery). In the library studies section, we study the history of the region, and in the study section of cultural materials, the pottery data obtained from the excavation of the Jahangir site are classified, typologically and chronologically examined based on technical, decorative, and form characteristics, and their comparison with concurrent areas have been addressed as well.
Discussion
Among the cultural findings of exploring the Jahangir site are potteries obtained from various spaces. In the present research, from hundreds of pottery pieces obtained by screening, 92 were selected and then classified, then were typologically examined and finally were subjected to proposed chronology; most pottery is made using the wheel-making technique and most of them are adequately baked; the pottery is made entirely of mineral chamotte (sand). In terms of the quality of pottery making, Jahangir pottery can be divided into three groups: 1. Delicate; 2. average; 3. Rough which the most of the pottery has a relatively medium texture (85 of 92 pieces), rough (4 of 92 pieces) and delicate (3 of 92 pieces), in the present research, the studied samples are potteries that are obtained from the layer and are representing all classes and types, they were selected and then discussed and analyzed. From the comparative research obtained from the archaeological excavation of Jahangir site in the third season of the excavation, a number of pieces separately are as follows: edge 50, composite edge 24, pipe 1, handle 1, body 7, composite body 4 and 5 are clay floors, it is worth mentioning that out of the above pottery collection, 17 of them are complete or relatively complete pottery. In general, the most common technique in decorating the potteries of the Jahangir area is the use of carved patterns. The studied potteries, as mentioned before, in terms of construction and technical characteristics, are completely in the ordinary (simple) type, and among the collection of glazed pottery, only one solid green glazed body was found, which according to the present study, these dishes are divided into different shapes of jars, bowls and plates based on the general shape of the dishes and the type of the edge. The results of cross dating experiments show that the life of this area started from the end of the Sassanid era and after the area was abandoned in the early Islamic centuries, then it was used by nomadic tribes; and this issue is consistent even with a relative comparison of pottery to the late Sassanid sites, based on the similarity of their pottery.
Conclusion
The study, typology and finally chronology of Jahangir site potteries were done in order to answer the research questions. Jahangir pottery is comparable to some cultural regions of Iran in terms of vessel shape, type of edge and decorative role; Based on Germalian (Thermoluminescence) chronology on Jahangir potteries, the results show that life in the area probably began in the late Sassanid period; also, the comparative comparison of potteries are similar to the sites that belong to the late this period, such as the palace of Abu Nasr Fars. In general, Jahangir area is located on the two ancient communication routes of Iran one to Mesopotamia and the other one to the west and southwest of Iran. According to what was stated in the previous sections, Jahangir Sassanid potteries are also comparable to other cultural regions of Iran, which based on researches, it can be stated that considering available evidence Jahangir region, seems to be culturally influenced by the cultural region of southwest and south of Iran, and finally it should be noted that due to the regional nature of pottery making, a number of samples that are not compared in shape to pottery from other regions, in terms of technical structure, can be attributed to the Sassanid period.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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