An analysis of the Ceramic of the Islamic Period of Yel-Suie Castle in Germi City, Ardabil

Authors

1 Ph. D. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

2 Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

3 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

4 Ph. D. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.

Abstract

Abstract
Yelsuie Castle is one of the most important and largest castles of the Islamic era in the city of Garmi, Ardabil, in the geographical area of northwestern Iran, whose large volume of cultural data, such as pottery, has increased the importance of the site. This historical castle was studied by archeological methods in 2018. In addition to studies and surveys conducted in this area, many Cerabic finds, including healthy vessels and various broken pieces were identified. One of the important points in relation to the Ceramic of Yelsuie Castle is the existence of pottery species from the perspective of Fermi and its designs, which have not been studied to date and can be useful in the study of Ceramic of the Islamic era in the geographical area of northwestern Iran. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field excavations, introducing, typology and analysis of Ceramic patterns in the Yelsuie area. Also, the origin of the production of these works in the region, identifying areas in interaction and cultural relations with Yelsuie Castle and determining its time period based on chronology and comparisons; They are one of the most important goals and questions raised in this research. Studies show that the Ceramic of this area is divided into four groups in a general category: plain and painted unglazed pottery and plain and painted glazed pottery and includes a variety of molded, carved, sealing, Added role, composition, monochrome glaze, painting on glaze, painting under glaze, aghkand, zarinufam, skrafiato. These works belong to the first Islamic centuries as well as the Middle Ages, especially the Seljuk period, and the type of designs and techniques used in these Ceramic show the regional and supra-regional connections of Yalsooi Castle with other areas such as Azerbaijan, Zanjan, Kashan, Rey, Neishabour and Hamedan.
Keywords: Ceramic, Typology, First and Middle Islamic Centuries, Yelsuie Castle, Germi Ardabil.
Introduction
Yal Suie Castle is one of the important sites of the Islamic period in Germi city, which based on the results of archaeological excavations in this ancient site, including balls, tripods and stamps, it can be considered one of the most important centers for making various ceramics and indicator of the Islamic periods in the northwestern part of Iran. The presence of the castle with two large defensive walls on the height of Yalsuie and its surroundings, as well as the location of a large town on the slopes of the castle and near the Samburchai River, shows the strategic importance and centrality of this area during the Islamic Middle Ages. The formal diversity of the ceramic finds of Yalsuie Castle and their engravings can express reliable and valuable information about the centrality of ceramics in the region and cultural exchanges with other regions. Therefore, the lack of any comprehensive studies and complete knowledge of ceramics of Yalsuie Castle and the cultural relationship of this site with other areas, emphasizes the importance and necessity of this research. The existence of various species of ceramics of Yalsuie that have not been studied to date can be important in the study of ceramics of the Islamic period in the geographical area of northwestern Iran. In this regard, the present article, while examining the ceramics of Yalsouis Castle in Garmi and their typology, examines the relative chronology of this group of works and identifies and studies the cultural connections of Yalsuie with other areas by comparing them with other sites of the Islamic periods. 
Research Questions: What are the common techniques and types of ceramics of Yalsuie Castle? To which period do the Yallsuie ceramics findings belong? Based on the comparison of ceramics, with which areas have this site interacted and had cultural relations? 
Research Method: The research method in this article is based on a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the results of excavations and field studies conducted in the site. For complete citation and detailed study of the ceramics finds of Yalsuie Castle, library resources have been used as well as adaptation to similar works in other museums.
Yal Suie Castle in Germi
The ancient site of Yalsui Castle is located in the Ingut section of Garmi city (Map 1), in the geographical coordinates of 39 degrees and 00 minutes and 33 seconds and 5 tenths of a second latitude and 47 degrees and 45 minutes and 6 seconds of longitude (Figure 1). This ancient site consists of a small castle on top of a high natural hill and a residential area in its southwestern part.
 Classification of Ceramics of Yalsuie Castle 
While exploring different parts of Yalsuie Castle, different pieces of ceramics were identified. the study of these findings in terms of form, technique, patterns and dough, can illuminate the most important periods of settlement in this ancient site. On the other hand, it should be said that most of the structures and cultural features of the site, as well as the regional and trans-regional cultural exchanges of Yalsuie Castle with other sites and other areas depend on the study and focus on its ceramic findings. In general, ceramics of Yalsuie Castle was divided into two main groups: unglazed ceramics and glazed ceramics, each of which also includes different types and distinctive techniques. According to the table and diagram of ceramics samples, the highest frequency of ceramics species in Yalsuie Castle includes simple samples without glaze, engraved without glaze, simple glazed and glazed ceramics. Unglazed ceramics in Yalsuie Castle, according to comparisons, mostly belongs to the Seljuk period and the 5th to 7th centuries AH. In terms of the type of dough, unglazed ceramics all have clay dough in the color range of yellow to red, and glazed samples of this site, in addition to clay dough, sometimes have ferrite or pseudo-porcelain dough. 
Conclusion
According to studies, most of the ceramics in the Yalsuie area belongs to the Islamic era, especially in the middle Ages, which includes two main groups of unglazed ceramics and glazed ceramics. In the meantime, the presence of a collection of ceramics such as Aqkand, Esgrafiato, Qalamshaki, Zarrinfam, Minaei, Glazed and other groups, which is over 18 species, shows the importance of this castle and the skill and expertise of its potters, as well as the presence of extensive cultural relations with other areas. According to the presence of ceramics belonging to older periods in Yalsuie Castle, it should be said that this area belongs to prehistory, historical periods and the first Islamic centuries after several periods of settlement; Finally, by reconstruction in the Middle Islamic period, especially in the Seljuk period and the 5th-7th centuries AH, it reaches its peak of prosperity. During the Seljuk period, Yalsuie Castle produced and prepared unglazed and glazed ceramics. The presence of balls and tripods in this site along with stamps and dripped glazed ceramics in such a way that the glaze on their body has become tears and has been dripped; Also, the discovery of a building called the “clay processing plant” on the context of the Samburchai River are all findings and evidence related to local products in Yalsuie. The results show that the inhabitants of Yalsuie castle in the Middle Ages of Islam were associated with neighboring areas of Zanjan, Azarbaijan, Hamedan and Kurdistan and with remote areas of Rey, Kashan, Gorgan, Neishabour, Persian Gulf, Jiroft and Kerman.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

- آلن، جیمز ویلسن، 1387، سفالگری اسامی از آغاز تا دورۀ ایلخانی در موزۀ آشمولین آکسفورد، ترجمۀ مهناز شایسته‌فر، تهران: انتشارات مؤسسۀ مطالعات هنر اسلامی.
- امیرحاجلو، سعید؛ و سقایی، سارا، 1397، «گشترش و تنوع گونه‌های سفال دوران اسلامی در سکونت‌های دشت نرماشیر کرمان». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی ایران، 8 (19): 207-226.
- امیرحاجلو، سعید؛ و صدیقیان، حسین، 1398، «مطالعه باستان‌شناختی سفال‌های دوران اسلامی محوطۀ قلعه‌سنگ؛ شهر قدیم سیرجان». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی، 10 (25): 155 - 180.
- امیری، مصیب؛ موسوی‌کوهپر، سید مهدی؛ و خادمی‌ندوشن، فرهنگ، 1390، «طبقه‌بندی و گونه‌شناسی سفال‌های ساسانی - اسلامی بیشاپور، مطالعات باستان‌شناسی». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، 4 (1: 5): 1-32.
- برند، باربارا، 1383، هنر اسلامی. ترجمۀ مهناز شایسته‌فر، تهران: مؤسسۀ مطالعات هنر اسلام.
- پوپ، آرتور آپهام، 1387، سفالگری، خوشنویسی و کتیبه‌نگاری، از مجموعه سیری در هنر ایران از دوران پیش‌ازتاریخ تا امروز. جلد چهارم، ترجمۀ نجف دریابندری و همکاران، تهران: شرکت انتشارات علمی و فرهنگی.
- توحیدی، فائق، 1379، فن و هنر سفالگری. تهران: انتشارات سمت.
- چوبک، حمیده، 1391، «سفالینه‌های دورۀ اسلامی شهر کهن جیرفت». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، 4(1: 5): 83 - 112.
- حسین‌زاده، میسیم، 1385، «سفالینه‌های ایلخانی مجموعه تخت سلیمان براساس دوره سوم کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی». پایان‌نامۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تهران (منتشرنشده).
- خدادوست، جواد؛ موسوی‌حاجی، رسول؛ تقوی، عابد؛ و پورعلی‌یاری، شهین، 1394، «بررسی و مطالعه تحلیلی سفالینه‌های محوطه مالین، شهرستان باخرز (خراسان رضوی)». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی ایران، 7 (13): 157 - 172.
- دارک، کن، 1387، مبانی نظری باستان‌شناسی. ترجمۀ کامیار عبدی، تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
- دژم‌خوی، مریم، 1386، «نظری اجمالی به سفال قالب‌زدۀ عصر سلجوقی». باستان‌پژوهی، 9 (15): 27 -31.
- رنجبران، محمدرحیم، 1391، «گزارش نهایی فصل اول و دوم، دور چهارم کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی تپۀ هگمتانه». اداره کل میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان همدان، (منتشرنشده). 
- رهبر، مهدی، 1391، «گزارش سومین فصل گمانه‌زنی در نهاوند به منظور شناسایی معبد لائودیسه». آرشیو اداره کل میراث‌فرهنگی استان همدان (منتشر نشده).
- زارعی، محمدابراهیم؛ عامریان، حمید؛ و نیک‌گفتار، احمد، 1395، «طبقه‌بندی گونۀ سفالینه‌های لعاب‌دار قرن 2 تا 4 ه‍.ق. کشف شده از شهر تاریخی بلقیس (اسفراین)». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، 8 (1): 57-76.
- زنداقطاعی، نادیا؛ و رازانی، مهدی، 1393، «ساختارشناسی و فن‌شناسی سفالینه‌های بدون‌لعاب قالبی از شهر دقیانوس متعلق به دورۀ سلجوقی». مجموعه مقالات همایش حفاظت و مرمت اشیای تاریخی - فرهنگی و تزئینات وابسته به معماری، پژوهشکده حفاظت و مرمت: 1- 12.
- سامنر، ویلیام؛ و ویتکام، دالند، 1388، «سیستم استقراری دوران اسلامی در فارس از دیدگاه باستان‌شناسی». ترجمۀ محمدحسن ذال، پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی مدرس، 1 (1): 102-111.
- شاطری، میترا؛ لاله، هایده؛ و چوبک، حمیده، 1398، «بازنگری در طبقه‌بندی و تاریخ‌گذاری سفال گونۀ نقش‌کنده در گلابه (اسگرافیاتو) در ایران دوره اسلامی». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی ایران، 9 (21): 173 - 188.
- شراهی، اسماعیل؛ و صدیقیان، حسین، 1398، «مطالعۀ باستان‌شناسی سفال‌های قرون میانی اسلامی دست‌کند زیرزمینی تهیق خمین». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی پارسه، 3 (8): 141- 158.
- صدیقیان، حسین، 1389، «مطالعۀ محوطۀ ذلف‌آباد فراهان براساس داده‌های گمانه‌زنی و بررسی سطحی». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی مدرس، 1 (2): 142 - 130
- صدیقیان، حسین؛ و غلامی، حسین، 1391، «سفال اسلامی منقوش بدون‌لعاب (شبه پیش‌ازتاریخ) ایران». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی مدرس، 3 و 4 (6 و 7): 134 - 145.
- طهماسبی، فریبرز، 1397، «گزارش نهایی اولین فصل کاوش نجات‌بخشی قلعه و گورستان یل‌سویی سد تازه‌کند انگوت - گرمی». پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی کشور، پاییز 1397 (منتشر نشده).
- علمداری، کوروش، 1388، «گزارش فصل اول از بررسی‌های باستان‌شناسی بویراحمد شمالی». آرشیو اداره کل میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان کهگیلویه‌وبویراحمد (منتشر نشده).
- علیزاده، کریم، 1386، «گزارش مقداتی کاوش‌های باستان‌شناختی در اولتان‌قالاسی دشت مغان - اردبیل، فصل اول و دوم». تهران: پژوهشکدۀ  باستان‌شناسی.
- فهرواری، گزا، 1388، سفالگری جهان اسلام. ترجمۀ مهناز شایسته‌فر، تهران: انتشارات موسسه مطالعات هنری.
- کاخکی، احمد؛ شاطری، میترا؛ و منصوری، سولماز، 1394، «بررسی نقوش سفالینه‌های مینایی ساوه در سده‌های ششم و هفتم هجری قمری براساس نمونه‌های موزه متروپلیتن». نگارینه، 6: 4-20.
- کامبخش‌فرد، سیف‌الله، 1389، سفال و سفالگری در ایران. تهران: انتشارات ققنوس.
- کامبخش‌فرد، سیف‌الله، 1370، تهران سه هزار و دویست ساله، براساس کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی. تهران: انتشارات فضا.
- کریمی، فاطمه؛ و کیانی، محمدیوسف، 1364، هنر سفالگری دورۀ اسلامی. چاپ اول، تهران: چاپخانه وزارت ارشاد اسلامی.
- کیانی، محمدیوسف، 1357، سفال ایرانی: بررسی سفالینه‌های ایرانی. تهران: انتشارات مخصوص نخست وزیری.
- کیانی، محمدیوسف، 1379، پیشینه سفال و سفالگری در ایران. چاپ دوم، تهران: انتشارات نسیم دانش
- محمدزاده، مهدی؛ فاضل، عاطفه؛ و سامانی، حسین، 1393، «تناسب، زیبایی و هندسه نهان در نقوش سفال نوع آق‌کند». نگارینه، 1: 50 - 58 
- مورگان، پیتر، 1384، سفال خمیر سنگی ایران دورۀ سلجوقی، مجموعه سفال اسلامی. گردآوری ناصر خلیلی و استفان ورونیت، تهران: نشر کارنگ.
- ملک‌شهمیرزادی، صـادق، 1378، ایران در پیش‌ازتاریخ، باستان‌شناسی ایران از آغاز تا سپیده دم شهرنشـینی. تهـران: انتشـارات میراث‌فرهنگی
- مهجور، فیروز؛ ابراهیمی‌نیا، محمد؛ و صدیقیان، حسین، 1389، «بررسی باستان‌شناسی سفال‌های دورۀ اسلامی محوطۀ باستانی نچیر خانلق ری». مطالعات باستان‌شناسی، 3 (2: 4): 163-179.
- مهجور، فیروز؛ و صدیقیان، حسین، 1388، «بررسی سفال‌های اسلامی محوطه مشکین‌تپه پرندک در استان مرکز». پیام‌باستان‌شناس، 12: 125 - 138.
- موسوی‌حاجی، سید رسول؛ و عطایی، مرتضی، 1389، مطالعه مجموعه‌ای از نمونه‌های سفالین سیستان. زاهدان: انتشارات سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری.
- هژبری، احسان؛ و اکبری، عباس، 1393، «بررسی تکنیک لعاب‌پاشیده در سفالینه‌های ایران و چین». هنرهای کاربردی، 4: 5-14.
- همتی‌ازندریانی، اسماعیل؛ خاکسار، علی؛ و شعبانی، محمد، 1394، «بررسی و تحلیل سفال‌های دورۀ اسلامی مجموعه معماری دست‌کند زیرزمینی سامن ملایر». پژوهش‌های باستان‌شناسی، 7 (13): 189 - 206.
- ویلسن، کریستی، 1366، تاریخ صنایع ایران. ترجمۀ عبدالله فریار، تهران: انتشارا ت فرهنگ‌سرا 
- یزدانی، ملیکا؛ محمدی، حسین؛ امامی، سیدمحمدامین؛ و عبداله‌خان‌گرجی، مهناز، 1394، «گاهنگاری سفال مینایی براساس نمونه‌های کتیبه‌دار». هنرهای زیبا، 2 (3): 45 - 56.
- Alamdari, C., 2009, “Report of the first chapter of the Boyerahmad North Archaeological Survey”. Archive of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad Province (unpublished).
- Alizadeh, K., 2007, Preliminary Report of Archaeological  Excavation at Ultan Qalasi Mughan Steppe – Ardebil. First and Second Seasons, Tehran: Archaeological Research Institute.
- Allen, J., 1991, Islamic Ceramics. Oxford: Ashmolen Museum.
- Allen, J.W., 2008, Pottery of Names from the Beginning to the Ilkhanid Period at the Ashmoulin Museum in Oxford. translated by Mahnaz Shayestehfar. Tehran: Institute of Islamic Art Studies Publications
- Amirhajloo, S. & Saghaie, S., 2019, “Distribution, Continuity and Diversity of Islamic Ceramics in the Settlements of  Narmashir Plain, Kerman”. Archaeological Research of Iran, 8(19): 155-180
- Amirhajloo, S. & Sedighian, H., 2020, “Archaeological Research on Islamic Pottery from Qal´eh Sang, Old Sirjan (Kerman Province, Iran)”. Archaeological Research of Iran, 10 (25): 155-180.
- Amiri, M.; Mousavi Kouhpar, M. & Khademi Nadooshan, F., 2011, “Classification and typological study of Sasanian-Islamic potteries of Bishapour,Case study: materials from the 9th season of excavation”. Journal of Archaeological Studies, 4, (1: 5): 1 – 32.
- Brand, B., 2004, Islamic Art. Translated by: Mahnaz Shayestehfar. Tehran: Institute of Islamic Art Studies.
- Burney, R., 1979, “Meshkinshahr survey”. Iran, XVII: 6- 155.
- Chubak, H., 2012, “Islamic pottery of ancient city of Jiroft”. Archaeological Studies, 4 (5): 83-112.
- Dark, K., 2008, Theoretical Foundations of Archeology. Translated by: Kamyar Abdi, Tehran: University Publishing Center
- DejmKhoi, M., 2007, “A brief look at the molded pottery of the Seljuk era”. Bastanpazhouhi, 9, (15): 27-31.
- Demorgan, J., 1905, “Recherches au talych persaen 1901. In necropolis des ages du Bronye et du fer”. MOP, VIII: 251-345.
- Edwards, M. R., 1985, “Urmia Ware and its distribution in north – western iran in the second millennium BC: a review of the results of excavation and surveys”. Iran, 24: 55 – 77.
- Fehervari, G., 1973, Islamic pottery: A comprehensive study based on the Barlow collection. London: Faber and Faber limited.
- Fehervari, G., 2009, Pottery of the Islamic World. Translated by: Mahnaz Shayestehfar, Tehran: Institute of Art Studies Publications.
- Firooz, M.; Ebeahimi-Niya, M. & Sedighiyan, H., 2012, “Archaeological Survey of Potteries in the Site of Nachir Khanloq of the Ray”. Journal of Archaeological Studies, 3 (2): 173 – 192.
- Grant, J.; Gorin, S. & Fleming, N., 2005, The Archaeology Course Book (An Introduction to Study Skills, Topics and Methods. London: Routledge. 
- Jenkins, M, 1983, “Islamic Pottery: A Brief History”. The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, 40 (4): 1-53.
- Hemmati Azandariani, E.; Khaksar, A. & Shabani, M., 1394, “Studying and Analyzing the Islamic Potteries from Underground Troglodytic Architecture Complex at Samen, Malayer”. Archaeological Research, 13 (7): 189-206.
- Hojabri, E. & Akbari, A., 2014, “Study of glazed technique in Iranian and Chinese pottery”. Honar – ha-ye Karordi, 4: 5-14
- Hosseinzadeh, M., 2006, “Ilkhanate pottery of Takht-e Soleiman complex based on the third period of archaeological excavations”. Master Thesis in Archeology, University of Tehran.
- Kakhki, A.; Shateri, M. & Mansouri, S., 2015, “An Investigation of Motifs of Saveh Minai Wares during Sixth and Seventh Centuries AH Based on Metropolitan Museum”. Negarineh Islamic Art, 6: 4-20.
- Kambakhsh Fard, S., 2010, Pottery and Pottery in Iran. Tehran: Ghoghnoos Publications.
- Kambakhshfard, S., 1991, Tehran, three thousand and two hundred years old. Based on Archaeological Excavations, Tehran: Faza Publications.
- Karimi, F. & Kiani, M. Y., 1985, The Art of Pottery of the Islamic Period. First Edition, Tehran: Ministry of Islamic Guidance Printing House.
- Khodadoost, J.; Mousavi Haji, R.; Taghavi, A. & Pourali Yari, S., 2015, “An Analytical Study of the Pottery at the Malin Site (Bakharz)”. Archaeological Research of Iran, 13 (17): 157 - 172.
- Kiani, M. Y., 1978, Iranian Pottery: A Study of Iranian Pottery. Tehran: Prime Minister's Special Publications.
- Kiani, M. Y., 2000, History of Pottery and Pottery in Iran. Second Edition, Tehran: Nasimdanesh Publication.
- Lane, A., 1965, Early Islamic Pottery of the Victoria and albert museum. London: faber and faber.
- Mahjoor, F. & Siddiqian, H., 2009, “Study of Islamic pottery in Meshkinateh area of Parandak hill in Markazi province”. Payam-e-Bastan-Shenas Magazine, 12: 125-138.
- Malek Shahmirzadi, S., 1999, Iran Before History, Archeology of Iran from the Beginning to the Dawn of Urbanization. Tehran: Cultural Heritage Publications
- Marougan, P., 2005, Seljuk period Iranian stone paste pottery, Islamic pottery collection. compiled by Nasser Khalili and Stefan Veronite, Tehran: Karang Publishing.
- Mason, R., 1997, “Mediaeval Iranian Luster Painted and associated wares: Typology in a multidisciplinary study”. Iran, 35: 103-135.
- Mohammadzadeh, M.; Fazel, A. & Samani, H., 2014, “Proportion, beauty and hidden geometry in Aqkand type pottery patterns”. Negarineh Islamic Art, 1: 50-58.
- Morgan, P. H., 2005, Change and Continuity in Il-Khanid Iran: the Ceramic Evidence. Unpublished Oxford DPhil Thesis, 4 vols, c. 1981.
- Musavi Haji, R. & Ataie, M., 2010, Study of a collection of pottery samples of Sistan. Zahedan: Publications of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization.
- Naumann, R. & Naumann, E., 1976, Takht – I Suleiman. Munchen.
- Pope, A. A., 2008, Pottery, Calligraphy and Inscription, from Siri Collection in Iranian Art from Prehistory to the Present. Volume 4, Translated by Najaf Daryabandari et al., Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publishing Company
- Rahbar, M., 2012, “Report of the third chapter of speculation in Nahavand in order to identify the Laodicean temple”. Archive of the General Directorate of Cultural Heritage of Hamadan Province (unpublished).
- Ranjbaran, M. R., 2012, “The final report of the first and second chapters, the fourth period of archaeological excavations of Hegmataneh hill”. General Directorate of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism of Hamadan Province (unpublished).
- Schnyder, R., 1991, “Mediaveal incised and carved wares from north west iran”. In: The art of irN and A natolia: 85 – 94
- Sedighiyan, H. & Gholami, H., 2012, “Islamic pottery painted without glaze (prehistoric) Iran”. Modares Archaeological Research,  3 & 4 (6 & 7): 134-145.
- Sedighiyan, H., 2010, “Study of Zolf Abad area of Farahan based on speculation data and surface survey”. Modares Journal of Archaeological Research, 2: 142-130.
- Sharahi, E. & Sedighiyan, H., 1398, “Archaeological study of medieval Islamic pottery in the underground part of Tahiq Khomeini”. Archaeological Studies of Parseh, 8 (3): 151-148.
- Shateri, M.; Laleh, H. & Chubak, H., 2018, “Revision of Classification and Dating of Incised Through Slip Ware (Sgraffiato) in Iran During the Islamic Period”. Archaeological Research of Iran, 21 (9): 173 - 188.
- Sumner, W. & Whitcam, D., 2009, “The settlement system of the Islamic period in Persia from the perspective of archeology”. translated by Mohammad Hassan Zal, Modarres Archaeological Research, 1 (1):102-111.
- Tahmasebi, F., 2018, “The final report of the first chapter of the rescue excavation of the castle and cemetery of Yelsuie, Tazehkand Angut-Germi”. Cultural Heritage Research Institute of the country, autumn of 1397 (unpublished).
- Tohidi, F., 2000, The Art of Pottery. Tehran: Samat Publications.
- Treptow, T., 2007, Daily life ornamented the mediaeval Persian city of Reyy. Chicago: The oriental institute museum of the University of Chicag.
- Watson‚ O., 2004, Ceramics from Islamics lands. London: Thames and Hodson.
- Wilkinson, C. U., 1973, Nishabur: Pottery of the Early Islamic period. New York.
- Wilson, Ch., 1987, History of Iranian Industries. Translated by: Abdullah Faryar, Tehran: Farhangsara Publications
- Yazdani, M.; Mohammadi, H.; Emami, M. A. & AbdullahKhan Gorji, M., 2015, “Chronology of enamel pottery based on inscribed specimens”. HONAR-HA-YE ZIBA, 2 (3): 45-56
- Zandagtaei, N. & Razani, M, 2014, “Structure and technology of unglazed pottery from the city of Decianus belonging to the Seljuk period”. Proceedings of the Conference on the Preservation and Restoration of Historical-Cultural Objects and Decorations Related to Architecture Restoration: 1-12.
- Zareyi, M. E.; Amerian, H. & Nikgoftar, A., 2016, “Classifying Typical Glazed Potteries of the Second to Fourth Hijri Centuries Discovered from the Bolqays Historical City of Ancient Isfarayen, Khorasan”. Journal of Archaeological Studies, 8 (13): 57 -76.

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics