نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری معماری اسلامی، گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
2 استاد گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).
3 استاد گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ معماری و شهرسازی، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، تبریز، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Urchin domes represent a significant category of dome architecture in Iran, alongside Nur and Rok domes, which exemplified innovative structural and technological advancements of their time. Some scholars suggest that the origins of this dome type can be traced back to the Seljuk period. Consequently, the aim of this research is to explore the typology and to identify the geometric transformations of the Urchin dome, while also addressing pertinent research questions. Specifically, this study seeks to answer “What factors contributed to the development of the Urchin dome during the Seljuk era?” and “What trajectory of changes impacted the development of Urchin domes?” This study employs a descriptive-analytical research method, focusing on the elements that influenced Seljuk architecture and their subsequent impact on Urchin domes. The analysis proceeds with a typological and historical classification of Urchin domes. The research findings indicate that multiple factors have shaped the variety of Urchin dome types, which were intrinsically linked to the characteristics of Seljuk architecture. The elements observed in the later periods reflect a continuation of the values established during the Seljuk era, particularly evident in the design of the Urchin dome. The findings indicate that Urchin domes, by maintaining the characteristics of Seljuk architecture, established a foundation for a novel architectural framework during this era. Subsequently, in later periods, these domes evolved while retaining their fundamental essence, resulting in a variety of Urchin dome forms. The transformations initiated during the Seljuk period were characterized by a relatively straightforward design compared to the more intricate developments that followed, with the apex of complex geometric forms in dome architecture being associated with the post-Seljuq era.
Keywords: Urchin Dome, Seljuk Architecture, The Origin of Urchin Dome, Evolution.
Introduction
Among the various forms of dome construction in Iran, Urchin domes hold a prominent place, alongside Nar and Rok domes, which signify a transformative architectural style and technological progress of their time. Researchers have indicated that the origins of this dome type can be linked to the Seljuk era. Urchin domes are regarded as a pioneering aspect of Seljuk architecture, distinguished by their unique characteristics. They bear resemblance to Rok domes, which are designed with multiple stepped layers. The stepped dome’s configuration is reminiscent of moqarnas patterns, suggesting that these domes may represent the earliest iteration of moqarnas. Additionally, a thorough investigation into the historical significance of Urchin domes highlights their concentration in the southern and southwestern regions of Iran during the Seljuk period. Understanding the evolution of Urchin dome types from the Seljuk period to subsequent eras is crucial. This research aims to explore typology and identify the geometric changes in Urchin domes while addressing key research questions. Specifically, it seeks to determine the factors that influenced the development of the Urchin dome during the Seljuk period and to trace the changes in these influencing factors over time. The method employed in this study is both descriptive and analytical, focusing on the elements that shaped Seljuk architecture and their impact on Urchin domes. The analysis involves a typological classification of Urchin domes throughout history. Data for this research is gathered through library resources, field surveys and studies, allowing for the extraction of relationships among the various components. In addition, the designated sections employ software redrawing to provide a more thorough examination of the subject and the diverse structural forms present in Urchin domes. This methodology allows for a detailed articulation of the effective components of the architectural body, which is essential for assessing the domes based on Structural Architectural principles. Thus, in relation to the research topic, the typology of structural components and elements within the dome is analyzed, focusing on both its objective and formal dimensions to clarify a sequence of developments expressed through visible semiotics.
Identified Traces
The existing body of research indicates that Seljuk architecture has had a significant impact on various architectural elements. This influence is particularly evident in the characteristics and structural nature of the domes, specifically Urchin domes. Consequently, this study examines the features that define the Urchin dome of Seljuk origin and analyzes its transformations that occurred in subsequent periods. The research findings reveal multiple factors that have shaped the proliferation of different Urchin dome styles, which are intrinsically linked to Seljuk architectural principles. These elements persisted into later eras, reflecting a commitment to preserving the architectural values established during the Seljuk period. Investigations reveal that different features related to Urchin domes have resulted in the development of multiple types. Each of these types has influenced both the purpose and visual characteristics of dome construction, thereby playing a crucial role in the architectural design of Seljuk edifices. According to specialists in Seljuk architecture, the external and functional attributes provide insights into the factors that shaped this era. By analyzing the individual elements that contribute to the objective characteristics of Urchin domes, it becomes possible to identify the structural patterns that are fundamental to Seljuk architecture. These elements can be categorized into several aspects, including verticality, dome proportions, dome types, the dome’s crown, the stem or grave, and the final covering. Each of these components has significantly influenced the development of the Urchin dome, resulting in a variety of structural forms.
Conclusion
The trajectory of architectural changes indicates that simpler structures emerged in the early centuries of the periods under consideration. Over time, as architectural designs evolved, greater complexity and novel forms of Urchin domes became evident in the later periods. Furthermore, in subsequent centuries, new constructions maintained their inherent characteristics while coexisting with the original structures. These developments were influenced by the architectural style of the Seljuk period and retained their identity as a structural component in later eras. Consequently, the influence of these changes over time can be viewed as a progression towards the evolution of this architectural feature, while still honoring its historical ties to the Seljuk period. The analysis reveals that Urchin domes, by retaining the distinctive traits of Seljuk architecture, facilitated the emergence of a new structural context during this time. In the following periods, they preserved their fundamental characteristics while evolving into various forms of Urchin domes. These modifications began in the Seljuk period and were predominantly characterized by a simpler nature in comparison to the more elaborate designs that followed, with the height of complex geometric configurations in dome elements being linked to the post-Seljuq period.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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