هژمونی امپراتوری آشورنو: ساختار و عملکرد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی ، دانشکدۀ حفاظت آثار، دانشگاه هنر اسلامی تبریز، آذربایجان شرقی، تبریز، ایران.

2 دکترای باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ حفاظت و مرمت دانشگاه هنر اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).

چکیده

در پژوهش‌های معاصر، واژگان متنوعی برای توصیف دوره‌های ثبات نسبی فرامنطقه‌ای در بازه‌های زمانی و مکانی مشخص به‌کار گرفته می‌شود؛ با این‌حال، این اصطلاحات واجد معانی گوناگونی‌اند و نمی‌توان در تمامی زمینه‌ها از تعریفی یکسان برای آن‌ها استفاده کرد. در اواخر عصر مفرغ، تحولات ناگهانی اقلیمی و اجتماعی موجب بروز تنش‌ها و درگیری‌های گستردۀ سیاسی-اجتماعی شد و قدرت‌های سیاسی در این دوره قادر به ایجاد ثبات فرامنطقه‌ای پایدار نگردیدند. با گذار از عصر مفرغ متأخر به عصر آهن، شاهد ظهور و گسترش نظام سیاسی، اقتصادی، نظامی و ایدئولوژیک آشور نو هستیم؛ نظامی که موفق شد نظم فرامنطقه‌ای جدیدی را در عصر آهن بنیان نهد، خاورمیانۀ باستان را تحت کنترل درآورد و نوعی نظم جهانی اولیه را شکل دهد. مسئلۀ محوری این پژوهش، درک و تحلیل چگونگی شکل‌گیری و تداوم هژمونی آشور نو در عصر آهن است. بر این‌اساس، با بهره‌گیری از منابع مکتوب آشوری، نقش‌برجسته‌ها، مطالعات باستان‌شناسی میدانی و داده‌های پژوهشی حاصل از تحقیقات انجام‌شده بین سال‌های ۱۹۶۷ تا ۲۰۲۳م.، تلاش شده است نظام هژمونیک امپراتوری آشور در قالب یک مدل تحلیلی سیستمی بازسازی شود. هدف اصلی، تبیین سازوکارهای عملکردی هژمونی آشور و چگونگی تحقق نظم فرامنطقه‌ای در خاورمیانۀ باستان است. یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که ساختار سیاسی و اقتصادی آشور نو واجد ویژگی‌های سیستمی منسجمی بوده است که زمینه‌ساز گسترش و تثبیت هژمونی این امپراتوری در پهنۀ خاورمیانۀ باستان گردید؛ هرچند فروپاشی ناگهانی آشور درپی شکل‌گیری ائتلاف‌های ضد‌هژمونتیک رخ‌داد، اما ساختار نظم فرامنطقه‌ای آن تداوم یافت و الگوهای هژمونتیک آشوری در امپراتوری‌های پسین نیز بازتاب یافت؛ از این‌رو، می‌توان امپراتوری آشور نو را نخستین قدرت جهانی دانست که الگوی یک نظام هژمونتیک فرامنطقه‌ای را پدید آورد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Neo-Assyrian Empire Hegemony: Structure and Function

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farshid Iravani ghadim 1
  • Amir Amiri Nejad 2
1 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Materials Conservation, Tabriz Islamic Art University, Tabriz, Iran.
2 PhD in Archaeology, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Conservation and Restoration, Art University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran (Corresponding Author).
چکیده [English]

In contemporary research, various terms are used to describe periods of relative transregional stability within specific temporal and spatial settings; however, these terms carry different meanings, and a single definition cannot be applied uniformly across all contexts. In the Late Bronze Age, sudden climatic and social developments led to heightened tensions and widespread political–social conflicts, and the powers active in that period were unable to establish durable transregional stability. With the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age, the emergence and expansion of the political, economic, military, and ideological system of Neo-Assyria became evident—an order that succeeded in establishing a new transregional framework in the Iron Age, bringing the ancient Near East under its control, and shaping an early form of global order. The central concern of this study is to understand and analyze how Neo-Assyrian hegemony formed and persisted during the Iron Age. Accordingly, by drawing on written Neo-Assyrian sources, relief inscriptions, field-based archaeological studies, and research data produced from investigations conducted between 1967 and 2023 CE, the hegemonic system of the Neo-Assyrian Empire has been reconstructed through a systemic analytical model. The primary objective is to clarify the functional mechanisms of Neo-Assyrian hegemony and to explain how a transregional order in the ancient Near East was realized. The findings indicate that the political and economic structure of Neo-Assyria possessed coherent systemic characteristics that enabled the expansion and consolidation of its hegemony throughout the ancient Near East. Although the sudden collapse of Assyria occurred following the formation of anti-hegemonic alliances, the underlying transregional order persisted, and Assyrian hegemonic patterns were reflected in subsequent empires. Therefore, Neo-Assyria can be regarded as the first global power to generate a transregional hegemonic system.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Hegemony
  • Pax
  • Peace
  • Iron Age
  • Neo-Assyrian Empire
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