مطالعۀ تطبیقی ساختار کالبدی-فضایی سراهای قاجار شاخص در بازار تاریخی شهر کرمانشاه (مطالعۀ موردی: سراهای وکیل‌الدوله، نو، کاشانی و همدانی)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، واحد اسلام‌آبادغرب، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، اسلام‌آبادغرب، ایران.

10.22084/nb.2025.29809.2710

چکیده

سراهای درون‌شهری بازار کرمانشاه، به‌عنوان فضاهای نیمه‌باز و گره‌های تنفسی، درمیان بافت سرپوشیدۀ بازار قرار داشتند و محل تعاملات اقتصادی، مبادلات کالا و استقرار کاروانیان به‌شمار می‌آمدند. شکوفایی این سراها در دورۀ قاجار مرهون ایجاد امنیت، گسترش ارتباطات با انگلستان، روسیه، حکومت عثمانی، و توسعۀ تجارت داخلی و خارجی بود. در همین دوره، رونق تولید و بازرگانی در کرمانشاه سبب گسترش بازار تاریخی در امتداد مسیر اصلی کاروان‌رو شهر -که غرب زاگرس را به شرق آن پیوند می‌داد- و شکل‌گیری منسجم سراهای درون‌شهری به‌عنوان عناصر کالبدی در ساختار بازار شد. اهمیت پژوهش حاضر از آن‌جهت است که باوجود جایگاه برجستۀ بازار و سراهای درون‌شهری کرمانشاه در دورۀ قاجار، تاکنون پژوهش مستقلی دربارۀ آن انجام نشده است؛ از این‌رو، هدف این پژوهش شناخت سازمان فضایی و بررسی عناصر و الگوی ساختار کالبدی سراهای بازار کرمانشاه در دورۀ قاجار است. مطالعۀ حاضر به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و موردپژوهی انجام شده است. چهار سرای درون‌شهری به‌عنوان نمونۀ موردی انتخاب شدند و تاریخچۀ پیداش آن‌ها با استفاده از روش کتابخانه‌ای و اسناد تاریخی موردمطالعه قرار گرفت؛ سپس با روش میدانی، اطلاعات این سراها تکمیل گردید و براساس هدف پژوهش، ویژگی‌های کالبدی-فضایی آن‌ها تحلیل و بررسی شد. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که ازجمله مهم‌ترین عوامل شکل‌گیری بازار و سراهای درون‌شهری کرمانشاه، فراهم آمدن زیرساخت‌های امنیتی برای کاروانیان، موقعیت این شهر در مسیر بازرگانی بغداد-کرمانشاه، استقرار کنسولگری بریتانیا، روسیه و عثمانی در این شهر و مهاجرت تجار از شهرهای اطراف می‌باشد؛ که این عوامل، شکوفایی تجارت را به‌دنبال داشته و به رشد بازار و پیدایش سراهای درون‌شهری کرمانشاه در دورۀ قاجار منجر شده‌اند. همین‌امر در ساختار کالبدی سراها به‌صورت بهره‌گیری هم‌زمان از ویژگی‌های معماری بومی، معماری قاجار و عناصر برگرفته از معماری غرب نمود یافته است. در بررسی ساختار کالبدی-فضایی چهار سرای وکیل‌الدوله، نو، همدانی و کاشانی نیز مشاهده شد که طرح اندام‌های گوناگون بنا متأثر از عملکرد کاروانی-تجاری و سامان بخشیدن به طبقات مؤثر و موقعیت بنا از همجواری‌ها تأثیر پذیرفته‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

A Comparative Study of the Spatial-Physical Structure of Prominent Qajar Urban Caravanserais in the Historical Bazaar of Kermanshah (Case Study: Vakil al-Dowleh, Nou, Kashani, and Hamedani Caravanserais)

نویسنده [English]

  • Faezeh Taheri Sarmad
Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, IsG.C., Islamic Azad University, Islamabad-e Gharb, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The urban caravanserais of Kermanshah Bazaar, as semi-open spaces and breathing nodes, were located in the core of the covered market fabric and were considered places for economic interactions, commodity exchanges, and the settlement of caravans. During the Qajar period, the boom in production and commerce in Kermanshah led to the expansion of the historic bazaar along the city’s main caravan route and the coherent formation of urban caravanserais as integral physical elements of the bazaar structure. The importance of the present study lies in the fact that, despite the prominent position of the bazaar and urban caravanserais of Kermanshah during the Qajar period, no independent research has so far been conducted on them. Therefore, the aim of this research is to understand the spatial organization and examine the elements and patterns of the physical structure of these urban caravanserais during the Qajar period. The present study was conducted using a descriptive-analytical approach. Four urban caravanserais were selected as case studies and their history of emergence was investigated through library research. Then, using the fieldwork, and based on the research objective, their physical-spatial characteristics were analyzed and examined. The results show that the most important factors in the formation of these urban caravanserais were the provision of security infrastructure for caravans, the city’s location on the Baghdad–Kermanshah trade route, the establishment of British, Russian, and Ottoman consulates in the city, and the migration of merchants from surrounding towns. This is reflected in the physical structure of the caravanserais, which simultaneously employed local architectural traditions, Qajar-period architecture, and elements derived from Western styles. In examining the physical-spatial structure of the four urban caravanserais it was also observed that the design of the various parts of the buildings was influenced by their caravan-commercial function.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Assistant Professor
  • Department of Architecture
  • IsG.C
  • Islamic Azad University
  • Islamabad-e Gharb
  • Iran

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پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 15، شماره 45
شماره انگلیسی
1404
صفحه 223-263

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