ادوات سنگی و مقوله تولید و آماده‌سازی غذا در محوطه نوسنگی چیاسبز شرقی، سد سیمره

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه باستانشناسی دانشگاه رازی کرمانشاه

چکیده

ادوات‌سنگی به‌عنوان یکی از مهم‌ترین یافته‌های باستان‌شناسی مرتبط با دوره‌ی نوسنگی به‌شمار می‌روند. هرچند چنین‌ یافته‌هایی، اساس تعریف و نام‌گذاری این دوره در ادبیات باستان‌شناسی دنیا بوده، اما معمولاً به‌ندرت و اغلب به‌صورت سطحی، به‌ویژه در ایران، مورد توجه قرار گرفته‌اند. این در حالی است که ادوات‌سنگی اغلب همگام با شروع کشاورزی و جهت آماده‌سازی غذا توسط انسان تولید و استفاده شده‌اند و همواره جزو جدایی‌ناپذیر شواهد باستان‌شناسی به‌ویژه در دوران پیش‌از تاریخ به‌شمار می‌آیند. علاوه‌بر مقوله معیشت و تولید غذا، با بررسی چنین‌یافته‌هایی اطلاعات مناسبی در ارتباط با کاربری فضایی، ساختار اجتماعی و نقش زنان در جوامع گذشته می‌تواند به‌دست آید؛ اما مطالعه و ارزیابی این موضوعات نیازمند وجود نسبت بالای ادوات‌سنگی در کاوش‌های گسترده در ارتباط با فضاهای معماری است. نظر به چنین مسائلی، این مقاله در پی معرفی و بررسی ادوات‌سنگی محوطه‌ی چیاسبز شرقی در جهت بررسی مقوله تولید و آماده‌سازی غذا توسط ساکنان آن است. طی فصل اول کاوش نجات‌بخشی در این محوطه، گونه‌های مختلف سنگ‌ساب و هاون، دسته‌هاون، دستاس و کوبنده به‌دست آمد. به‌نظر می‌رسد روند تولید و استفاده از گونه‌های مختلف ادوات‌سنگی در طول زمان توسط ساکنان چیاسبز شرقی همگام با روند کشت و اهلی‌سازی تمام‌عیار برخی از گونه‌های گیاهی بوده است. در این راستا، نسبت کوبنده‌ها در لایه‌های تحتانی بیشتر بوده و با گذشت زمان بر میزان استفاده از سنگ‌ساب افزوده شده است. سنگ‌ساب در دیگر محوطه‌های نوسنگی منطقه نیز به‌نحوی معنادار و در ارتباط با رشد و توسعه کشاورزی افزایش یافته است. از این‌رو، بررسی ادوات‌سنگی چیاسبز شرقی هر چند بیانگر تولید و آماده‌سازی غذا از ابتدای سکونت در آن بوده، اما نشان می‌دهد این مهم در طی زمان گسترش یافته و ساکنان محوطه اتکایی روزافزون به تولید و مصرف غذاهای گیاهی داشته‌اند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Ground Stone Tools and the Issue of Food Production and Preparation at Neolithic Site of East Chia Sabz, Seimarreh Dam

نویسنده [English]

  • hojat darabi
چکیده [English]

Ground stone is known as one of the most important artifacts in the Neolithic period. The production of a ground stone artifact can involve a whole host of manufacturing techniques, such as pounding, flaking, abrasion, polishing and even sometimes drilling. Although the “Neolithic” term is archaeologically relied upon the emergence of ground stone worldwide, this kind of artifact has ever rarely been given attention, especially in prehistoric Iran, in comparison with other archaeological materials. However, ground stone tools are mostly considered in relation with the emergence of agriculture as they were seemingly produced and applied for food preparation. Thus, they are usually known as the popular prehistoric implements, especially since the Neolithic beginning onward. In addition to subsistence and food processing, special analysis, social structure and the women’s roles in the past could also be paid attention by the consideration of ground stone tools. These issues, however, are based on a notable amount of the artifact associated with architectural spaces excavated in large scale. Taking the above mentioned issues, this article surveys the ground stone tools found at the Neolithic site of East Chia Sabz as the result of the first rescue archaeological excavation in 2009. This brings us informative data on the nature of food preparation in the site through time. Different types of ground stone including grinding slabs, mortars, pestle, hand stone and pounder were discovered. Both temporal and spatial distributions of the ground stone tools are seemingly consistent with the emergence of cultivation and then morphologically domestication of some plant species, including two-row barley, emmer and lentil. In this regard, the amount of pounder was larger in the lower layers while grinding slabs were increased through time. This issue is meaningfully seen at other Neolithic sites in western Iran indicating the development of agricultural activities and food preparation since the early Neolithic onward. Therefore, although the ground stone tools of East Chia Sabz not only show food preparation since the earliest time of occupation but also determine an increasing reliance upon production and consumption of plant foods. It should be noted that though ground stone tools are mostly assumed in relation with food preparation, they may have been used to process other materials such as pigments. In addition, they could have found a second function during their usage; for example, a grinding slab that had already been used to process the grains during an earlier phase, it might have been applied in building a wall in the later phase of occupation at a site. This kind of functional process should be given attention, notably during the excavations.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ground Stone
  • Neolithic Period
  • East Chia Sabz
  • Food Production
  • Food Preparation

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