شواهدی تازه از نوسنگی‌باسفال در شرق مازندران براساس بررسی‌های جدید باستان‌شناسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).

3 استاد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه ریدینگ، ریدینگ، بریتانیا

4 پژوهشگر مشاور در دانشگاه پنسیلوانیا، آمریکا

چکیده

مسأله نوسنگی‌شدن و اهلی‌سازی، تولید غذا و رسیدن به سبک زندگی نوسنگی در منطقۀ شرق مازندران پس 70سال مسکوت ماندن در یک دهۀ اخیر بار دیگر موضوع جذابی برای باستان‌شناسان و پژوهشگران شده است. کاوش‌ها و بررسی‌های میدانی طی این سال‌ها برای طرح فرضیات نوسنگی‌شدن صورت‌گرفته که باوجود روشن‌شدن برخی از مسائل، پرسش‌های بیشتری نیز مطرح‌شده که هنوز بی‌پاسخ مانده‌اند؛ از طرف دیگر، بررسی‌های میدانی گذشته نتوانسته به‌خوبی ظرفیت‌های نوسنگی شرق مازندران را معرفی کنند؛ بنابراین یک برنامۀ بررسی میدانی با دو پرسش و هدف اصلی تعریف و پیشنهاد شد: 1) ارتباطات درون‌منطقه‌ای بین محوطه‌های نوسنگی باسفال شرق مازندران واقع‌در ارتفاعات و دشت‌های جلگه‌ای با توجه به فرضیات نوسنگی‌شدن براساس عوامل درون‌زا چگونه بوده است؟ و 2) روابط فرامنطقه‌ای شرق مازندران در دوران نوسنگی باسفال با مناطق همجوار نظیر: دشت گرگان، دشت شاهرود، شمال‌شرق ایران و جنوب ترکمنستان و مسیرهای احتمالی آن در راستای فرضیات نوسنگی‌شدن براساس عوامل برون‌زا چگونه بود؟ در بررسی مذکور 53 محوطه مورد بررسی و شناسایی قرار گرفتند و نیز برخی از مجموعه‌های سفالی نیز بازنگری شدند. حاصل کار، شناسایی و اضافه‌شدن 30 محوطۀ نوسنگی جدید به فهرست محوطه‌های نوسنگی باسفال است که در ارتفاعات و دشت‌های جلگه‌ای واقع‌شده‌اند؛ بنابراین، درحال‌حاضر تعداد محوطه‌های نوسنگی منطقۀ شرق مازندران به 42 محوطه افزایش‌یافته است. مطالعۀ سفال‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده نشان می‌دهد که برهمکنش‌هایی بین دشت‌ها و سرزمین‌های مرتفع برقرار بود که می‌تواند در راستای الگوی زیست چراگردی فصلی مورد تحلیل قرار گیرد. هم‌چنین روابط فرامنطقه‌ای با مناطق همجوار را با توجه به شواهد، احتمالاً نه ازطریق دشت‌های میان‌کوهی، بلکه ازطریق دشت‌های جلگه‌ای، به‌خصوص دشت گرگان باید جستجو کرد؛ این موضوع، احتمال روند نوسنگی‌شدن براساس عوامل برون‌زا را مطرح می‌کند. روش پژوهش حاضر، مبتنی‌بر توصیف و تحلیل یافته‌های برنامۀ بررسی یادشده و مطالعات مقایسه‌ای یافته‌های محوطه‌ها و مناطق همجوار با شرق مازندران است.   

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

New Evidence of the Pottery Neolithic in the Eastern Mazandaran Based on Recent Archaeological Field Survey

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyyed Kamal Asadi Ojaei 1
  • Rahmat Abbasnejad Seresti 2
  • Roger Matthews 3
  • Christopher P. Thornton 4
1 PhD Student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding Author)
3 Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
4 Consulting Scholar, Asian Section, University of Pennsylvania Museum, Pennsylvania, USA.
چکیده [English]

The issue of Neolithization in the eastern Mazandaran region has once again become an attractive topic for archaeologists and researchers after 70 years of silence. Excavations and field surveys have been carried out during these years to examine various hypotheses for the origins of plant and animal domestication in this important crossroads region. However, despite the clarification of some issues, more questions have been raised that remain unanswered. Past field surveys could not fully represent the Neolithic capacities of eastern Mazandaran. Therefore, a field survey program titled “Investigation and Identification of Neolithic Settlements in the Lowlands and Highlands of Eastern Mazandaran” was proposed. In this field program, two main goals were considered: 1) regional connections between sites in the highlands and plains of eastern Mazandaran; and 2) relations with adjacent regions of Northeastern Iran and South Turkmenistan.  The first goal sought to provide evidence of an endogenous transition to Neolithic lifeways, while the second examined possible routes for an exogenous origin. In the survey, 53 sites were investigated and pottery collections from previous excavations and field surveys were also reviewed. The result was the identification of 30 Neolithic sites in both the highlands and plains, which increased the number of Neolithic settlements in eastern Mazandaran to 42 sites. Study of the collected pottery indicates that there is a clear connection between the plains and the highlands, which is likely related to seasonal grazing of herding communities. According to the evidence, inter-regional relations with adjacent regions should be searched not through intermontane valleys, but through the lowland Caspian littoral region, especially the Gorgan Plain, which may argue for a Neolithization process based on exogenous factors.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Neolithization؛ Caspian Neolithic Software؛ Eastern Mazandaran
  • Cultural Interaction؛ Djeitun Culture

مراجع

- Abbasnejad Seresti, R. & Nemati Loujendi, H., (2022). “Excavation at the Neolithic site of Tappeh Valiki, Neka”. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Abbasnejad Seresti, R. (2020). “Excavation at the Neolithic site of Touq Tappeh, Neka”. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Abbasnejad Seresti, R., (2009). “Excavation Report of Tappeh Abbasi Khanehsar, Neka”. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Alijani, B., (1997). Iran’s Climate. Third edition, Tehran: Payam Noor Publications (in Persian).
- Asadi Ojaei, S. K., (2023). “Archaeological Field Survey of Neolithic Settlements in Highlands and Lowlands of Eastern Mazandaran”. Cultural Heritage Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Asadi Ojaei, S. K., Abbasnejad Seresti, R., Thornton, Ch. P. & Matthews, R., (2024). “A Reflection on Neolithization in the Plains of Behshahr and Neka in Eastern Mazandaran, Iran”. Journal of Archaeological Research in Asia, 39: 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ara.2024.100522
- Coolidge, J., (2005). Southern Turkmenistan in the Neolithic, a petrographic case study. BAR International Series 1423. https://doi.org/10.30861/9781841718620
- Coon, C. S., (1951). Cave Explorations in Iran 1949, Museum Monographs, the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
- Coon, C. S., (1952). “Excavations in Hotu cave, Iran, 1951, a preliminary report”. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 96/3: 231-249. 
- Dyson, R. H., (1991). “Ceramics I. The Neolithic Period through the Bronze Age in Northeastern and North-Central Persia”. Encyclopaedia Iranica, 5 (3): 266-275. https://iranicaonline.org/articles/ceramics-i
- de Groene, D., Fazeli Nashli, H. & Matthews, R., (2023). “The Epipalaeolithic–Neolithic transition in north-eastern Iran: Zooarchaeological evidence from the southern shores of the Caspian Sea”. Antiquity, 1-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2023.37.
- Faraji, A.-R., (1987). Complete geography of Iran. Tehran: Scientific and Cultural Publications.
- Fazeli Nashli, H., (2017). “Report of excavation at Komishani open-air site”. Cultural Heritage Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Fazeli Nashli, H., Gregg, M. & Safari, M., (2017). “Preliminary Report of Archaeological Excavations at the pre-Neolithic Site of Komishani”. The 16th Annual Reports of Iranian Archaeology, 361-366 (in Persian).
- Fazeli Nashli, H., (2021a). “Stratigraphic Excavation of Hotu Cave”. Cultural Heritage Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Fazeli Nashli, H., (2021b). “Excavation of Kamarband Cave, Behshahr City”. Cultural Heritage Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Garazhian, O., Papoli Yazdi, L. & Fakhr Ghaemi, H., (2014). “Qaleh Khan: A Site in Northern Khorassan and the Neolithic of North Eastern Iranian Plateau”. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, Band 46: 21-50.
- Gregg, M. W. & Thornton, C., (2012). “A preliminary analysis of prehistoric pottery from Carleton Coon’s excavations of Hotu and Belt Caves in Northern Iran: implications for future research into the emergence of village life in Western Central Asia”. Intl. J. Humanities 19 (3): 56-94.
- Gregg, M. W. & Slater, G. F., (2012). Isotopic characterization of fatty acids surviving in fired clay and pottery fragments from Mesolithic and Neolithic occupations of Hotu and Belt caves in northern Iran. The University of Pennsylvania Museum Archives
- Harris, D. R. (2010). Origins of Agriculture in Western Central Asia: An Environmental-Archaeological Study. University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia. https://doi.org/10.9783/9781934536513
- Le Mière, M., (2017). “The Earliest Pottery of West Asia: Questions Concerning Causes and Consequences”. In: A. Tsuneki, O. Nieuwenhuyse, S. Campbell (eds.), The Emergence of Pottery in West Asia. OXBOW BOOKS.
- Leroy, S. A. G., Amini, A., Gregg, M. W., et al., (2019). “Human responses to environmental change on the southern coastal plain of the Caspian Sea during the Mesolithic and Neolithic periods”. Quaternary Science Reviews, 218: 343-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2019.06.038
- Mahfroozi, A., (2009). Report on determining the boundaries of Qale’Pey Dasht-e-Frim. Documentation Center of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (in Persian).
- Mahfroozi, A., (2010). Report on Determining the Boundaries of Tepe Terkam. Documentation Center of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (in Persian).
- Mahfroozi, A., (2000). Descriptive report of archaeological survey in the east of Mazandaran. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (in Persian).
- Mahfroozi, A., (2003). The Third Round of Eastern Mazandaran Archaeology Investigations. The Documentation Center of the Cultural Heritage Organization (in Persian).
- Mahfroozi, A., (2009). Report on determining the boundaries of Tepe Saad. Documentation Center of the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (in Persian).
- Malek Shahmirzadi, S. & Nokandeh, J., (2000). Aq Tepe. Cultural Heritage Organization, Tehran (in Persian).
- Matson, F. R., (1951). “Notes on the composition and manufacture of sherds from Belt Cave, Appendix III, Cave Explorations in Iran 1949”. University of Pennsylvania Museum, Philadelphia: 93-95.
- McBurney C. B. M., (1964). “Preliminary Report on Stone Age Reconnaissance in North-Eastern Iran”. Proceeding of the Prehistoric Society, 30: 382-399. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00015176
- McBurney, C. B., (1968). “The Cave of Ali Tepe and the Epi-Palaeolithic in N.E. Iran”. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 12: 385-413. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0079497X00013955
- Mousavi Koohpar, S. M., (2007). “Descriptive report of archaeological studies in order to prepare a map of the archaeological atlas of the country”. Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Organization of Mazandaran Province (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Nemati Loujandi, H., (2021). “The Probing Project for Determination of the Land and Proposal of the Privacy of Tepe Valiki of Neka”. Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization of Mazandaran (Unpublished) (in Persian).
- Nikzad, M., (2017). “Human evolution through the transition from the Mesolithic to the Neolithic period at the Southeastern of the Caspian Sea, based on the excavation of Komishan Cave”. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Tarbiat Modares (in Persian).
- Nieuwenhuyse, O. P., (2017). “The Initial Pottery Neolithic at Tell Sabi Abyad, Northern Syria”. In: A. Tsuneki, O. Nieuwenhuyse, & S. Campbell (eds.), The Emergence of Pottery in West Asia. OXBOW BOOKS.
- Qasemi Gorji, S., (2018). “The Beginning of the Iron Age in the Eastern Plains of Mazandaran (Case Study: Gohar Tepe Rostam Kola)”. Master’s thesis in archaeology, University of Mazandaran (in Persian).
- Ramezanpour, H., Garazhian, O. & Valipour, H.-R., (2014). “Neolithic and Neolithization of the Eastern Mazandaran Lowlands, Based on New Archaeological Surveys”. Journal of Pazhohesh-ha-ye Bastanshenasi Iran,  3 (4): 97-116 (in Persian). https://nbsh.basu.ac.ir/article_566.html?lang=en
- Ramezanpour, H., (2012). “Studies of Neolithic and Neolithization in lowlands of Neka and Behshahr plain based on archaeological survey”. Master’s degree thesis, Islamic Azad University of Central Tehran (in Persian). 
- Roustaei, K., (2014). “The Neolithization of Northeastern of Iran”. Ph.D Dissertation, University of Tarbiat Modares (in Persian).
- Roustaei, K., (2016). “An emerging picture of the Neolithic of northeast Iran”. Iranica Antiqua, LI: 21-56. DOI: 10.2143/IA.51.0.3117827
- Roustaei, K., Mashkour, M. & Tengberg, M., (2015). “Tepe Sang-e Chakhmaq and the Beginning of the Neolithic in North-east Iran”. Antiquity, 89/345: 573-595. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2015.26
- Thornton, C., (2013) “Tepe Sang-e Chakhmaq: a new look”. In: R. Matthews & H. Fazeli Nashali (eds.), The Neolithisation of Iran: the formation of new societies: 241-256, Oxford: Oxbow Books. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvh1dp0q.19
- Vahdati Nasab H. & Nikzad, M., (2016). “A New Look at the Neolithization of the Southeastern of the Caspian Sea. Journal of Pazhohesh-Ha-Ye Bastanshenasi Iran”. 6 (11): 7-24. Doi: https://doi.org/10.22084/nbsh.2016.1736 (in Persian).
- Vahdati Nasab, H., (2009). “The first season of excavation at Komishan cave”. I.C.A.R., (Unpublished), (in Persian).
- Zeyghami, M., (2009). “Classification and Typology of Pookerdvall Neolithic Site Potsherds in Gorgan”. MA thesis on archaeology, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch (in Persian).
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 14، شماره 41
مقالات انگلیسی
شهریور 1403
صفحه 41-67

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار