شواهدی تازه از نوسنگی‌باسفال در شرق مازندران براساس بررسی‌های جدید باستان‌شناسی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).

3 استاد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشگاه ریدینگ، ریدینگ، بریتانیا

4 پژوهشگر مشاور در دانشگاه پنسیلوانیا، آمریکا

10.22084/nb.2023.28212.2619

چکیده

مسأله نوسنگی‌شدن و اهلی‌سازی، تولید غذا و رسیدن به سبک زندگی نوسنگی در منطقۀ شرق مازندران پس 70سال مسکوت ماندن در یک دهۀ اخیر بار دیگر موضوع جذابی برای باستان‌شناسان و پژوهشگران شده است. کاوش‌ها و بررسی‌های میدانی طی این سال‌ها برای طرح فرضیات نوسنگی‌شدن صورت‌گرفته که باوجود روشن‌شدن برخی از مسائل، پرسش‌های بیشتری نیز مطرح‌شده که هنوز بی‌پاسخ مانده‌اند؛ از طرف دیگر، بررسی‌های میدانی گذشته نتوانسته به‌خوبی ظرفیت‌های نوسنگی شرق مازندران را معرفی کنند؛ بنابراین یک برنامۀ بررسی میدانی با دو پرسش و هدف اصلی تعریف و پیشنهاد شد: 1) ارتباطات درون‌منطقه‌ای بین محوطه‌های نوسنگی باسفال شرق مازندران واقع‌در ارتفاعات و دشت‌های جلگه‌ای با توجه به فرضیات نوسنگی‌شدن براساس عوامل درون‌زا چگونه بوده است؟ و 2) روابط فرامنطقه‌ای شرق مازندران در دوران نوسنگی باسفال با مناطق همجوار نظیر: دشت گرگان، دشت شاهرود، شمال‌شرق ایران و جنوب ترکمنستان و مسیرهای احتمالی آن در راستای فرضیات نوسنگی‌شدن براساس عوامل برون‌زا چگونه بود؟ در بررسی مذکور 53 محوطه مورد بررسی و شناسایی قرار گرفتند و نیز برخی از مجموعه‌های سفالی نیز بازنگری شدند. حاصل کار، شناسایی و اضافه‌شدن 30 محوطۀ نوسنگی جدید به فهرست محوطه‌های نوسنگی باسفال است که در ارتفاعات و دشت‌های جلگه‌ای واقع‌شده‌اند؛ بنابراین، درحال‌حاضر تعداد محوطه‌های نوسنگی منطقۀ شرق مازندران به 42 محوطه افزایش‌یافته است. مطالعۀ سفال‌های جمع‌آوری‌شده نشان می‌دهد که برهمکنش‌هایی بین دشت‌ها و سرزمین‌های مرتفع برقرار بود که می‌تواند در راستای الگوی زیست چراگردی فصلی مورد تحلیل قرار گیرد. هم‌چنین روابط فرامنطقه‌ای با مناطق همجوار را با توجه به شواهد، احتمالاً نه ازطریق دشت‌های میان‌کوهی، بلکه ازطریق دشت‌های جلگه‌ای، به‌خصوص دشت گرگان باید جستجو کرد؛ این موضوع، احتمال روند نوسنگی‌شدن براساس عوامل برون‌زا را مطرح می‌کند. روش پژوهش حاضر، مبتنی‌بر توصیف و تحلیل یافته‌های برنامۀ بررسی یادشده و مطالعات مقایسه‌ای یافته‌های محوطه‌ها و مناطق همجوار با شرق مازندران است.   

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

New Evidence of the Pottery Neolithic in the Eastern Mazandaran Based on Recent Archaeological Field Survey

نویسندگان [English]

  • Seyyed Kamal Asadi Ojaei 1
  • Rahmat Abbasnejad Seresti 2
  • Roger Matthews 3
  • Christopher P. Thornton 4
1 PhD Student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding Author)
3 Professor, Department of Archaeology, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
4 Consulting Scholar, Asian Section, University of Pennsylvania Museum, Pennsylvania, USA.
چکیده [English]

The issue of Neolithization in the eastern Mazandaran region has once again become an attractive topic for archaeologists and researchers after 70 years of silence. Excavations and field surveys have been carried out during these years to examine various hypotheses for the origins of plant and animal domestication in this important crossroads region. However, despite the clarification of some issues, more questions have been raised that remain unanswered. Past field surveys could not fully represent the Neolithic capacities of eastern Mazandaran. Therefore, a field survey program titled “Investigation and Identification of Neolithic Settlements in the Lowlands and Highlands of Eastern Mazandaran” was proposed. In this field program, two main goals were considered: 1) regional connections between sites in the highlands and plains of eastern Mazandaran; and 2) relations with adjacent regions of Northeastern Iran and South Turkmenistan.  The first goal sought to provide evidence of an endogenous transition to Neolithic lifeways, while the second examined possible routes for an exogenous origin. In the survey, 53 sites were investigated and pottery collections from previous excavations and field surveys were also reviewed. The result was the identification of 30 Neolithic sites in both the highlands and plains, which increased the number of Neolithic settlements in eastern Mazandaran to 42 sites. Study of the collected pottery indicates that there is a clear connection between the plains and the highlands, which is likely related to seasonal grazing of herding communities. According to the evidence, inter-regional relations with adjacent regions should be searched not through intermontane valleys, but through the lowland Caspian littoral region, especially the Gorgan Plain, which may argue for a Neolithization process based on exogenous factors.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Neolithization؛ Caspian Neolithic Software؛ Eastern Mazandaran
  • Cultural Interaction؛ Djeitun Culture

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پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 14، شماره 41
مقالات انگلیسی
شهریور 1403
صفحه 41-67

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