پیشنهادی بر بازنگری توالی گاهنگاری نسبی و مطلق روستانشینی کرانۀ شرقی و دامنه‌های جنوبی رشته‌کوه الوند (براساس گاهنگاری نسبی و نتیجۀ رادیوکربن تپۀ پشت‌فرودگاه-ملایر)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

10.22084/nb.2024.29679.2701

چکیده

«گاهنگاری» و بازبینیِ تاریخ‌گذاری‌های نسبی و مطلق حوزه‌های فرهنگی، همواره از اقتضائات جدایی‌ناپذیر در علم باستان‌شناسی است. بر این‌اساس، از مناطق با اهمیت و ریشه‌دار در گاهنگاریِ مطالعات باستان‌شناسی ایران، زاگرس‌مرکزی و دامنه‌های جنوبی رشته‌کوه الوند و دشت ملایر است که از دهۀ 1990م. با حضور باستان‌شناسان غیرایرانی مورد بحث و توجه بوده و تا به امروز نیز کمابیش ادامه داشته است. دشت ملایر از حوزه‌های فرهنگی شاخص پیش‌ازتاریخ استان همدان به‌شمار می‌آید که با حضور محوطه‌های کلیدی از ادوار مختلف، همواره مورد مناقشه و بحث بوده و در ادبیات باستان‌شناختی زاگرس‌مرکزی نقش‌آفرینی کرده است. این منطقه در برخی از ادوار تاریخی، مانند دورۀ مس‌وسنگ دارای تاریخ‌گذاری مطلق است و دوره‌های تاریخی قبل از آن، یعنی روستانشینی آغازین با تاریخ‌گذاری نسبی، معرفی و گاهنگاری شده است؛ بنابراین شناخت و ضرورت گاهنگاری مطلق آن، امری ضروری بوده و هدف اصلی این نوشتار است. در این پژوهش با ارائه تاریخ‌گذاری مطلق آزمایش کربن14 از دانشگاه کوپنهاک دانمارک، جدول گاهنگاری هزارۀ ششم پیش‌ازمیلاد این حوزۀ فرهنگی با اطمینان‌خاطر بیشتری ارائه می‌شود که پیش‌تر به‌صورت نسبی و برمبنای سفال بیان گردیده است. مسألۀ اصلی پژوهش -ضمن نگاه انتقادی به روش گاهنگاری سنتی این حوزه مبتنی‌بر توالی فرهنگی گودین- با طرح این پرسش پی‌گیری می‌شود که، با توجه به ارائه تاریخ‌گذاری نسبی درخصوص نخستین استقرارهای جوامع انسانی در دشت ملایر که مبتنی‌بر «سفال» سامان یافته است، چه مقدار این نظریات با تاریخ‌گذاری مطلق آن تطابق دارد؟ براساس این پرسش، فرضیۀ پژوهش چنین طرح می‌یابد که، براساس نمونۀ آزمایش کربن14 از لایه‌های تحتانی محوطۀ پشت‌فرودگاه، تاحدودی تاریخ‌گذاری نسبی پیشین صحیح بوده و نتایج حاصله -با کمی تسامح- منطبق با نظریات و تاریخ‌گذاری‌ها ارائه شده است. روش پژوهش در این‌نوشتار، نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد از نوع کیفی و مبتنی‌بر روش تاریخی-تحلیلی با بهره‌مندی از روش آزمایشگاهی تاریخ‌گذاری رادیوکربن14 خواهد بود. برآیند و نتایج، نشان از حضور جوامع نخستین طی هزارۀ ششم (با تاریخ کالیبره‌شدۀ 5216-4994پ.م.) با افق فرهنگیِ «سراب جدید» مشخص می‌گردد.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Reevaluating the Relative and Absolute Chronological Framework of Neolithic Rural Settlements in the Alvand Mountain Range and Malayer Plain (Insights from C14 Dating of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah)

نویسنده [English]

  • Khalil-Ollah Beik-Mohammadi
Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده [English]

The interplay between chronology and the reassessment of both relative and absolute dating methods is a fundamental aspect of archaeological research. A significant focus within Iranian archaeology pertains to the central Zagros region, particularly the southern slopes of the Alvand mountain range and the Malayer plain. This area has attracted the attention of international archaeologists since the 1990s and continues to be a subject of study. The Malayer plain stands out as a crucial prehistoric cultural zone within Hamadan province, characterized by the presence of key archaeological sites from various periods, thereby contributing to the scholarly discourse surrounding Central Zagros archaeology. This region possesses absolute dating for certain historical epochs, particularly during the Chalcolithic period. In contrast, earlier historical phases, such as the initial rural settlements, have been documented through relative dating methods. Consequently, establishing an absolute chronology is crucial and serves as the primary objective of this article. This study aims to provide a more definitive chronological framework for the 6th millennium BC within this cultural area by utilizing C14 dating provided by the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, thereby enhancing the reliability of the timeline previously inferred from pottery assemblages. The primary focus of this research is the chronological framework of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah, with a critical examination of the established chronology in the region as delineated by Godin’s sequence. A central inquiry emerges regarding the relative dating of the earliest human settlements in the Malayer plain, particularly through the lens of “pottery traditions.” To address this, it is essential to evaluate how existing theories align with the absolute dating findings that have been reported. As a result, the research suggests that the C14 dating samples collected from the lower layers of Tapeh Posht-e Foroudgah indicate that the previous relative dating is largely valid, while the new findings show only a slight deviation from the established theories and dates. The research methodology employed in this article is qualitative, utilizing an analytical historical approach complemented by the laboratory technique of C14 dating. The findings reveal the existence of human societies dating back to the sixth millennium BC, specifically within the calibrated timeframe of 5216-4994 BC, which corresponds to the “late Sarab” cultural horizon.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Chronology
  • Late Neolithic
  • Tepe Posht-e Forodgah
  • C14

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پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 14، شماره 41
مقالات انگلیسی
شهریور 1403
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