مطالعۀ تکوین اقتصاد ایلخانان مغول با تحلیل نمودهای مراحل مختلف نظریۀ «تاریخ اقتصادی» جان هیکس

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دکتری باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران

2 استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول)

10.22084/nb.2024.29198.2670

چکیده

مطالعۀ اقتصاد ایلخانان مغول با تکیه‌بر نظریات اقتصادی و بهره‌گیری توأم از داده‌های باستان‌شناختی با کاستی روبه‌رو است. این پژوهش با نظر به دیدگاه پیروان «مکتب تاریخی» به‌طور عام و نظریۀ «تاریخ اقتصادی» «جان هیکس» به‌طور خاص، اقتصاد جوامع تاریخی و نیز مغول‌ها را به سه مرحلۀ کلی «اقتصاد عرفی»، «اقتصاد نظامی» و «اقتصاد امری» تقسیم می‌کند. پژوهش زیر با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از روش کتابخانه‌ای درصدد پاسخ‌دهی به این پرسش‌ها است که این مراحل با کدام تحولات سیاسی-نظامی دورۀ ایلخانان مغول هم‌پوشانی دارد و نمودهای آن در عرصه‌های مختلف این دوره به چه صورت بوده است؟ نتایج پژوهش نشانگر ظهور تمام مراحل این نظریه در تکوین اقتصاد ایلخانان و تطابق آن با تحولات سیاسی و اقتصادی است. در اقتصاد عرفی افزایش جمعیت و بروز طبقات اجتماعی نظم و تعادل طبیعی را به‌هم می‌زند. از نمودهای اقتصاد نظامی (615 تا 658ه‍.ق.) نبود اهداف سیاسی برای تأسیس حکومت در سرزمین‌های جدید، درخواست پذیرش ایلی و خودکامگی در رأس هرم قدرت است. وجه‌تمایز اقتصاد امری فئودالی (658-694ه‍.ق.) نسبت به گذشته رویکرد مثبت مغول‌ها به زندگی شهری باوجود اهمیت بالای اردوی ایلخان و رشد اقتصاد تجاری در سایۀ رکود اقتصاد کشاورزی است. در اولویت قرارگرفتن مسائل اقتصادی بر نظامی ازقبیل رواج معماری اقتصادی و ایجاد نوعی اتحادیه اقتصادی بین اولوس‌های چنگیزی از مشخصات اقتصاد امری دیوان‌سالاری (694-736ه‍.ق.) در دورۀ ایلخانی می‌باشد. مظاهر اقتصاد امری دیوان‌سالاری در معماری، سکه‌ها و سایر هنرهای این دوره مشهود است.   

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Development of State Economy under the Ilkhanid Dynasty by Employing John Hicks’ Theory of “Economic History”

نویسندگان [English]

  • Farzad Feyzi 1
  • Hamid Khanali 2
1 Ph.D. in Archaeology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardebil, Iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran (Corresponding Author)
چکیده [English]

The examination of the economy under the Ilkhanid Dynasty encounters certain limitations when relying on economic theories and archaeological data simultaneously. By considering the perspectives of the adherents of the “Historical School” in general and John Hicks’ theory of “Economic History” in particular, this study categorizes the economy of historical period and the Mongols into three general phases: the “customary economy”, the “military economy,” and the “command economy.” This categorization is further explored through a descriptive-analytical approach and the utilization of a library method to address the following inquiries: What political-military events of the Ilkhanid period coincide with the aforementioned phases? And how do these stages manifest in various aspects of this period? The findings of this research reveal the presence of all stages of this theory during the establishment of the Ilkhanid economy, and their alignment with political and economic developments. In the customary economy, population growth and the emergence of social classes disrupt the natural order and equilibrium. The military economy phase (615–658 AH, 1218–1260 AD) was characterized by a distinct lack of political aims in the creation of new administrations in conquered lands, an incapacity to enforce tribal ways of life, and the prevalence of autocracy at the pinnacle of the power hierarchy. During the period of the feudalistic command economy (658–694 AH, 1259–1294 AD), a notable aspect was the Mongols’ positive outlook on urban lifestyle, despite their significant regard for the Ilkhanate-style horde. Additionally, this era witnessed the emergence of commercial activities alongside a stagnant agricultural sector. During the bureaucratic command economy phase (694–736 AH, 1259–1335 AD), economic concerns took precedence over military considerations. This was evident through the emphasis placed on the development of economy-related architecture and the formation of economic unions among Genghis’s Uluses. The impact of the bureaucratic command economy can be seen in the architectural styles, coinage, and artistic creations of this particular period.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mongol
  • Ilkhanid Dynasty
  • History of Economy
  • John Hicks
  • Custom
  • Command

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پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 14، شماره 41
مقالات انگلیسی
شهریور 1403
صفحه 249-287

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