گونه‌شناسی، تطور و جایگزینی ادوات‌سنگی در تغییرات معیشتی ساکنان محوطۀ کمیشانی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران (نویسندۀ مسئول).

3 استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی، گردشگری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

4 استاد، مؤسسه دیرینه‌شناسی مهره‌داران و دیرینۀ انسان‌شناسی، آکادمی علوم چین، پکن، چین.

10.22084/nb.2025.30427.2747

چکیده

محوطۀ کمیشانی در کنار جادۀ نکا به بهشهر و در فاصلۀ 10 کیلومتری غرب شهرستان بهشهر، به مختصات جغرافیایی 36401281 N,53215511 E در تراس روبه‌روی غار کمیشان و در نزدیکی غارهای هوتو و کمربند در ارتفاع 45متری از سطح دریا واقع شده است. در فصل دوم کاوش در محوطۀ کمیشانی درمجموع 27 عدد ادوات سنگی به‌دست آمد که طبق گونه‌شناسی شامل: تخت‌سنگ آسیا، سنگ-آسیارویی، هاون، دستۀ هاون، سنگ‌دستی و خیش می‌شوند. طبقه‌بندی و گونه‌شناسی ادوات‌سنگی اغلب مبتنی‌بر ریخت‌شناسی بوده؛ طبقه‌بندی و ریخت‌شناسی را تنها می‌توان به معنای تعلل برروی ریزه‌کاری‌ها و عوامل محرک در آغاز چیزها دانست و نه فرجام آن‌ها، کارکرد و تأثیر متقابل آن‌ها بر دیگر چیزها که به آن‌ها معنا و تعین می‌بخشد. در محوطۀ کمیشانی تغییر، جایگزینی و هم‌نشینی ادوات‌سنگی  نشانگر استفاده از دستۀ هاون‌ها در لایه‌های تحتانی برای کوبیدن، خُرد کردن و پرداخت ماهی‌های صید شده و پرندگان شکار شده در کنار گیاهان است که رفته‌رفته در لایه‌های فوقانی دسته هاون‌ها و هاون‌ها جای خود را به تخت‌سنگ‌آسیا و سنگ‌دستی‌ها داده‌اند که برای آسیا کردن و پرداخت مواد غذایی می‌باشند. جوامعی شکارگر-گردآورنده در کنار مدیریت گیاهان که  رفته‌رفته به کشت، تولید و گسترش کشاورزی می‌رسند و توسعۀ کشاورزی در بزرگ‌تر شدن ابعاد ادوات‌سنگی نیز آشکار است. نگاه به ادوات‌سنگی همیشه پیوندخورده به کشاورزی و در پس‌زمینۀ آن بررسی شده است؛ اما مطالعات اخیر نشان‌دهندۀ پیدایش آن در دوره‌های پیشین‌تر و تأثیرات آن در رژیم غذایی، سکونت، سنت پدید آمدن خانه و تأثیر متقابل آن برروی گیاهان و حتی تسریع‌تر شدن کوچکی دندان آسیا انسانی می‌باشد. در متن حاضر در کنار طبقه‌بندی و توصیف اولیه، سعی‌شده است؛ روند تطور و جایگزینی ادوات‌سنگی در محوطۀ کمیشانی که در ارتباط با انتخاب و تغییر شیوۀ معیشت ساکنان این محوطه است، نشان داده شود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Typology, Evolution, and Replacement of Ground Stone Tools as Indicators of Subsistence Changes Among the Inhabitants of the Komishani Site, Behshahr

نویسندگان [English]

  • Amir Mahmudabadi 1
  • Hassan Fazeli Nashli 2
  • Mojtaba Safari 3
  • Zhou Xinying 4
1 M.A. student of Archeology, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
2 Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Literature and Human Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author).
3 Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
4 Professor, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China.
چکیده [English]

During the second excavation season at the Komishani site in the summer of 2023, 27 ground stone tools were recovered. These include grinding slab, upper grinding stone, mortars, pestles, hand stones, and hoes. The purpose of this study is to classify and describe these ground stone tools to provide insights regarding the evolution and replacement processes of ground stone tools, and to shed light on the selection and change of livelihood strategies of the site’s inhabitants. The terminology, classification, and typology used are borrowed from researchers in this field, focusing on categorization and avoiding multiple names for subcategories that emerged due to different shapes and cross-sections of a single ground stone tool type. Ultimately, an evolutionary perspective on ground stone tools (their change, transformation, and replacement over time) has been adopted. At the Komishani site, the replacement, coexistence, and functional shift of ground stone tools indicate the use of pestles in the lower layers for pounding and crushing plant materials, as well as processing fish and hunted birds. Gradually, in the upper strata, pestles and mortars were replaced by grinding slabs and hand stones, which were used for milling and processing various foodstuffs. Hunter-gatherer societies gradually transitioned to cultivation and the expansion of agriculture, a development also evident in the increasing size and complexity of ground stone tools.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Ground Stone Tools
  • Neolithic Period
  • Komishani Cave
  • Food Production
  • Agriculture
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