سیر تطور فرهنگی منطقه ی قره داغ در خلال هزاره های ششم تاچهارم قبل از میلاد: براساس داده های بررسی هوراند*

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکترای باستان شناسی دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان

2 استادیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه سیستان وبلوچستان و رئیس پژوهشکده باستان شناسی، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری

3 سرپرست پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری.

4 استادیار گروه باستان شناسی دانشگاه سیستان وبلوچستان

چکیده

ناحیه‌ی هوراند که در بخش شرقی شمال‌غرب ایران واقع‌شده، هرچند فرهنگ‌های مختلف پیش‌ازتاریخی را درخود جای‌داده، اما جایگاهِ توالی فرهنگی آن در گاهنگاری حوزه‌ی شمال‌غرب ایران چندان شناخته شده نیست. از آنجایی‌که این ناحیه به‌عنوان پل ارتباطی بین  منتهی‌الیه شرقی و غربی در شمال‌غرب ایران محسوب می‌شود، می‌تواند نقش مهمی را در تبیین فرهنگ‌های هزاره‌ی ششم تا چهارم قبل‌از‌میلاد ایفا کند و گاهنگاری نسبتاً جدیدی را ارائه دهد. برای دستیابی به گاهنگاری نسبی ناحیه‌ی مورد مطالعه و پی‌بردن به روند جریانات فرهنگی ناحیه‌ی قره‌داغ در دوره‌ی مس‌وسنگ، پرسش‌های ذیل مطرح گردید؛ 1- وضعیت توالی گاهنگاری این حوزه در دوره‌ی نوسنگی تا پایان مس‌وسنگ چگونه بوده است؟ فرضیه‌ی اصلی در ارتباط با این پرسش، وجود دوره‌های نوسنگی، دالما، پیزدلی و مس‌وسنگ جدید 2 و 3 در حوزه‌ی هوراند است. 2- تعاملات فرهنگی درون و برون‌منطقه‌ای در دوره‌های مورد نظر از چه ویژگی‌هایی برخوردار بوده است؟ در مقاله‌ی حاضر، تلاش بر این است که با مطالعه‌ی توصیفی-تحلیلی یافته‌های سفالی به وضعیت نسبتاً روشنی از افق‌های فرهنگی و جدول گاهنگاری منطقه در دوره‌ی نوسنگی و مس‌وسنگ دست‌یافت. به‌عنوان نتیجه نهایی می‌توان وضعیت توالی فرهنگی و گاهنگاری در بخش شرقی شمال‌غرب ایران را بدین‌صورت ترسیم نمود: دوره‌ی انتقالی نوسنگی متأخر به مس‌وسنگ قدیم (5400-5000 ق.م.)، مس‌وسنگ قدیم/دالما (5000-4500 ق.م.)، مس‌وسنگ جدید 1/پیزدلی (4500-4200 ق.م.) و مس‌وسنگ جدید 2-3 (4200-3600/3700 ق.م.). بر این اساس در می‌یابیم که در این حوزه، توالی گاهنگاری بدون وقفه‌ای از اواخر دوره‌ی نوسنگی تا پایان دوره‌ی مس‌وسنگ جدید 2 و 3 جریان داشته است. به‌تدریج در طول هزاره‌ی چهارم در شمال و جنوب، فرهنگ مس‌وسنگ جدید 2 و 3 به‌دلیل گسترش فرهنگ کورا-ارس تحت‌تأثیر قرارگرفته و سرانجام پس از یک دوره‌ی همزیستی، فرهنگ کورا-ارس جایگزین این فرهنگ شده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Cultural Evolution of Qara Dagh Region During the Sixth to Fourth Millenniums B.C.: Based on New Results from the New Archaeological Surveys of Hourand

نویسندگان [English]

  • sahar bakhtiari 1
  • rouhollqh shirazi 2
  • behrouz omrani 3
  • fariba mousapournegari 4
1 group of archaeology, university of sistan & baluchestan, zahedan,iran
2 Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan
3 Assistant Professor
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Archeology, University of Sistan and Baluchestan
چکیده [English]

Abstract
The northwest region of Iran has a special place in Iranian prehistoric studies for reason of its proximity to the most important cultural centers such as Caucasus, Minor Asia, Zagros, Mesopotamia as well as its placement on the routes to the eastern and central parts of Iran. The lack of long-term archaeological investigations has caused many problems and complexities in the chronological and cultural sequences at this region. On the one hand, the chronological table of northwestern Iran relies on the chronology proposed for the Lake Urmia Basin which due to its geographical character, cannot be generalized to the whole parts of the northwest. From the other hand, the eastern part of the east Azerbaijan province remained as an obscure region in the chronological framework of the Iranian archaeology. Although this area has a suitable environmental condition, but our knowledge about its various cultural sequences and relationship with the neighboring areas is still very rare. For example, there is no information about the earliest human settlements in the region as well as the cultural continuity or discontinuity in different periods. The period between the end of Hajifirouz until the beginning of the Kura-Aras culture in the chronological table of the northwestern of Iran is one of the most important but very obscure periods. The past activities in this area, focused on excavations at Hasanlu, Dalma and Pisdeli sites, have been attempting to provide a chronology for the Chalcolithic period of the area and correction of the Hasanlu’s chronological table. In total, the results of these studies led to the recognition and correlation of Hasanlu VIII (Pisdeli-middle and late chalcolithic), Hasanlu IX (Dalma-early chalcolithic) and Hasanlu X (Neolithic) in the whole chronological sphere of this region. This chronological table was the main and the only source of information which was later revised. Moreover, recent excavations in the Kul Tepe of Jolfa and Davagoz at Khoy, with radiocarbon dating, have shed new lights on the Chalcolithic of the northwestern Iran. However, these studies do not include the eastern part of the northwest and currently a comprehensive picture of the cultural evolution at this region is missing. Also, there are basic questions regarding the landscape, regional relative chronology, cultural trends, cultural nature, and regional and trans-regional interactions in the eastern part of the Urmia Lake in this period.
Keywords: Qara Dagh, Hourand Basin, Chronology, Neolithic, Chalcolithic.
 
Introduction & Method
Hourand County is a main cradle of the prehistoric cultures in the northwestern part of Iran. But it has not been considered as a key zone in the chronological sphere of the northwest due to the lack of archaeological invetigations. Since this area is a bridge between the eastern and western part of the Western Iran, it can play an important role in defining the cultures of the sixth to fourth millenniums B.C. and provide a new relatively chronology for the eastern part of the northwestern Iran. In order to establish a relative dating for the studied area and to understand the process of cultural trends at Qara Dagh area during the chalcolithic period, some questions were raised. In the present article, it is attempted to study the pottery found during the new surveys at Hourand in a comparative-typological approach. This approach will help us to provide a relative chronology of the cultural horizons at Hourand, to complete and revise the chronological table of the northwest, to study the cultural interactions with other regions during the sixth to the fourth millennium B.C. and also to solve other obscure points such as the cultural place of the region during the late Neolithic until the Early Chalcolithic period. Based on the studies done on the pottery of Hourand (in terms of form, technique and decoration), it is assumed that they overlap with some other pottery traditions of Hasanlu, Kultepe of Jolfa, Davagoz at khoy, Bostanabad, Lavin Tepe, Kohne Tepe Pasgasi, Idir Tepe and Ghosha Tepe. Some of these sites have been excavated in recent years and now there are new C14 datings that provide a new foundation for the chronological table of the northwestern Iran during this period. As regard to the archeological activities in the sites listed in our article, a new revised table has been proposed that could be a great help in updating the sequences of the chronological table of the northwest of Iran.
 
Identified Traces
Basically, the Hourand Region is a new area in the eastern part of Urmia Lake. This region is influenced greatly by the cultures of the Uramia Lake. Based on the archaeological evidence derived from Hourand, the influence of Dalma’s culture is seen in the fifth millennium B.C. It shows the interactions and convergence between this region and the next culture of Uramia Lake known as Dalma. But Dalma culture has not made major changes in the Hourand culture. In other words, in the earliest phases of Hourand culture, the characteristic features of the late Neolithic have been recognized so that it is impossible to identify a limit between these two periods in Hourand. However, the end of the Neolithic in Hourand was estimated in the first quarter of the fifth millennium BC. In this regard, the results of the chronology of the neighboring region in Davagoz (where the time span of the Neolithic to the Chalcolitic is estimated at 5400-5000 B.C.), can also be used to complete the Neolithic of the eastern part of the Hourand region. Thus, it is possible to fill the gap between the culture of Hajifirouz and Dalma in the southern region of Urmia Lake. The Hourand area yielded also important cultural evidence from late Neolithic to the beginning of the Kura-Aras culture which can help to complete the chronology of the eastern part of the northwestern Iran. Based on available information and C14 dating from recent excavations in the northwestern Iran, there is a new opportunity to revise the sixth to the fourth millennium B.C. chronology. The comparative studies of pottery and the results of relative chronology indicate that the earliest cultural sequences in Hourand is the transition from the late Neolithic to the early Chalcolithic. the study of variations of the Hourand’s pottery during the Chalcolithic period shows the technical similarities to the pottery of other sites of northwestern Iran and suggests that this region has extensively trans-regional relations and interactions during the transitional period of the late Neolithic/early chalcolithic to the late chalcolithic period with Urmia lake, northern Iran, Caucasus and the Zagros region. Based on the study of the material culture of Hourand and neighboring regions, the prehistoric chronological table of the region was clarified. Thus, the chronology of the eastern part of the northwest can be classified as follows: transitional period of the late Neolithic/early chalcolithic (5400-5000 B.C.), early Chalcolithic/Dalma (5000-4500BC), middle chalcolithic/late Chalcolithic1/Pisdeli (4500-4200BC) late Chalcolithic 2-3 (4200-3700/3600BC). Accordingly, we find that in the eastern part of northwest, there has been a chronological sequence that continued without any interruption from the late Neolithic to the late chalcolithic 2-3. Gradually, during the fourth millennium B.C., the late Chalcolithic was influenced by the expansion of a new culture (Kura-Aras) that coexisted together for a while and then replaced totally by the Kura-Aras culture.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Qara Dagh
  • Hourand Basin
  • Chronology
  • Neolithic
  • Chalcolithic
- درخشی، حسن؛ هژبری‌نوبری، علیرضا؛ فیروزمندی، بهمن؛ 1387، «گاهنگاری نسبی سفال‌های قوشاتپه شهریری»، پیام باستان‌شناس، سال پنجم، شماره‌ی 10، صص: 32- 20.
- دوستی، حسین؛ 1373، نگاهی به تاریخ و جغرافیای ارسباران، تبریز: انتشارات احرار.
- حصاری، مرتضی؛ اکبری، حسن، 1384، «گزارش گمانه‌زنی تپه ایدیر اصلاندوز»، گزارش‌های باستان‌شناسی 4، انتشارات پژوهشکده باستان‌شناسی پژوهشگاه میراث‌فرهنگی و گردشگری کشور، صص: 30-13.
- خاماچی، بهروز؛ 1370، فرهنگ جغرافیایی آذربایجان شرقی، تهران: انتشارات سروش.
- رزاقی، حسین؛ فهیمی، حمید، 1383، «گزارش مقدماتی گمانه‌زنی در تپه جلبر (خان بابا)، آذربایجان غربی، مرداد 1375»، باستان‌شناسی و تاریخ، سال هجدهم، شماره‌ی 2،‌ صص: 52-59.
- سلمانپور، رضا؛ ابطحی‌فروشانی، سیده زهرا، 1392، «گزارش نهایی بررسی و شناسایی باستان‌شناختی شهرستان هوراند»، اداره کل میراث‌فرهنگی، صنایع‌دستی و گردشگری استان آذربایجان شرقی، پژوهشگاه سازمان میراث‌فرهنگی و گردشگری کشور، پژوهشکده باستان‌شناسی (منتشر نشده).
- علیزاده، کریم؛ آذرنوش، مسعود، 1381، «بررسی روشمند تپه باروج: روش نمونه‌برداری و نتایج مطالعات آماری»، باستان‌شناسی و تاریخ، سال هفدهم، شماره‌ی اول، صص: 16 - 3.
- علیزاده،کریم؛ مسعود، آذرنوش، 1382، «بررسی روشمند تپه باروج : روابط فرهنگی دو سوی ارس»، باستان‌شناسی و تاریخ، سال 17، شماره‌ی 2، صص: 22-2.
- کامبخش‌فرد، سیف‌الله، 1346، «گزارش‌های بررسی‌ها و تحقیقات»، تهران: مرکز اسناد و مدارک سازمان میراث فرهنگی کشور (منتشر نشده).
- ولایتی، رحیم، 1385، «گزارش مقدماتی طرح بررسی باستان‌شناسی و شناسایی آثار فرهنگی حوزه‌ی شهرستان بستان‌آباد و حومه، آذربایجان شرقی مرحله اول: دو دهستان عباس شرقی و غربی بخش تیکمه داش»، مؤسسه باستان‌شناسی دانشگاه تهران (منتشر نشده).
- هژبری‌نوبری، علیرضا؛ پورفرج، اکبر، 1385، «تبیین دوران نوسنگی و کالکولتیک منطقه اردبیل بر اساس داده‌های قوشاتپه شهریری»، مجله علمی - پژوهشی دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه تهران، دوره‌ی 57، صص: 26-2.
- هول، فرانک، 1381، باستان‌شناسی غرب ایران، ترجمه‌ی زهرا باستی، تهران: انتشارات سمت.
 
- Abedi, A.; Khatib-Shahidi, H.; Chataigner, CH.; Niknami, K.; Eskandari, N.; Kazempour, M.; Pirmohamadi, A.; Hoseinzadeh, J. & Ebrahimi, GH., 2014, “Excavation at Kul Tepe of (Jolfa), north-western Iran, 2010: first preliminary report”. Ancient Near Eastern Studie 51: 33–167.
- Abedi, A., 2017, “Iranian Azerbaijan pathway from the Zagros to the Caucasus, Anatolia and northern Mesopotamia: Dava Goz, a new Neolithic and Chalcolithic site in NW Iran”. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol.17/1: 69-87.
- Baxaliyef, V. & Novruzov, Z., 2010, Sirabda arxeologji Arasdirmalar.Azerbaycan Milli Elmler Akademiyasi Naxcivan Bolmesi.
- Binandeh. A.; Hejebri-Nobari, A.; Neyestani, J. & Vahdati-Nasab, H., 2012, “A new archaeological research in northwestern Iran: prehistoric settlements of little Zab River Basin”. Humanities, Vol. 19/2: 27-42.
- Biscione, R. & Khatib-Shahidi, H., 2006, “Italian-Iranian archaeological survey in eastern Azerbaijan”, Studi Micenei Ed Egeo-Anatolici 48: 302–306.
- Burton-Brown, T., 1951, Excavations in Azerbaijan 1948. John Murray, London.
- Burney, C. A., 1961, “Excavations at Yanik Tepe, north-west Iran”, Iraq 23: 138–153.
- Burney, C. A., 1962, “The excavations at Yanik Tepe, Azerbaijan, 1961: second Preliminary Report”, Iraq 24: 134–152.
- Burney, C. A., 1964, “The excavations at Yanik Tepe, Azerbaijan, 1962: third Preliminary Report”. Iraq 26: 54–61.
- Burney, C. A., 1970, “Excavations at Haftavan Tepe1968: first preliminary report”, Iran 8: 157-171.
- Burney, C. A., 1972, “Excavations at Haftavan Tepe 1969: second preliminary report”. Iran 10: 127–142.
- Burney, C. A., 1973, “Excavation at Haftavan Tepe1971: third preliminary report”, Iran 11: 153–172.
- Burney, C. A., 1975, “Excavations at Haftavan Tepe 1973: fourth preliminary report”. Iran 13: 149–164.
- Burney, C. A., 1976, “The fifth season of excavation at Haftavan Tepe: brief summary of principal results”. in: F. Bagherzadeh (ed.), Proceedings of the IVth Annual Symposium on Archaeological Research in Iran 1975, pp. 257-271, Tehran, Iranian Center for Archaeological Research.
- Chataigner, C.; Avetisyan, P.; Palumbi, G. & Uerpmann, H. P., 2006, “Godedzor, a late Ubaid related settlement in the southern Caucasus”. in: R.A. Carter and  G. Philip (eds.), Beyond the Ubaid: transformation and investigation in the late prehistoric societies of the Middle East, pp. 377-394, Studies Ancient oriental Civilization 63, Chicago, University of Chicago.
- Danti, M. D.; Voigt, M. & Dyson, R. H., 2004, “The search for the late Chalcolitic/Early Bronze Age transition in the Ushnu–Solduz Valley, Iran”, in: A. Sagona (ed.), A view from the high land: Archaeological studies in honor of Charley Burney, pp. 583–615, Supplement 12. Leuven.
- Dyson, R. H., 1965, “Problems of protohistoric Iran as seen from Hasanlu”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24: 193–217.
- Dyson, R. H., 1967, “Dinkha Tepe”. Iran 5:136-137.
- Hamlin, C., 1975, “Dalma Tepe”. Iran 13: 111–127.
- Hejebri Nobari, A.; Binandeh, A.; Neyestani, J. & Vahdati Nasab, H. 2012, “Excavation at Lavin Tepe in northwest Iran”. Ancient Near Eastern Studies 49: 95–117.
- Helwing, B., 2004, “The late Chalcolithic period in the northern Zagros, a reappraisal of the current status of research”. in:  M. Azarnoush (ed.), Proceedings of the International Symposium on Iranian Archaeology: Northwestern Region, pp. 11-24, Urmia.
- Henrickson, E., 1983, “Ceramic styles and cultural interaction in the early and middle Chalcolithic of the central Zagros”, Ph.D. Dissertation, Department Of Anthropology, University Of Toronto.
- Hole, F., 1987, “Archaeology of the village period”. In: F. Hole, (ed.) The Archaeology of Western Iran: Settlement and Society from Prehistory to the Islamic Conquest: 29-78. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Ingraham, M. L. & Summers, G. 1979, “Stelae and settlements in Meshkin Shahr Plain, northeastern Azerbaijan, Iran”. Archaologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 12: 67–101.
- Kiguradze, T., 2000, “The Chalcolithic-early Bronze Age transition in the eastern Caucasus”. In: C. Marro and H. Hauptmann (eds.), chronologies des pays Caucase et De L'Euphrate Aux  IVe-IIIe Millénaires: 321-328, Istanbul, Institut Français d’Etudes Anatoliennes.
- Kiguradez, T. & Sagona, A. 2003, “On the origins of the Kura-Araxes cultural complex”. in: A. Smith, and K.S. Robinson, (eds.), Archaeology in the Borderlands, Investigations in Caucasa and Beyond: 39-94, Los Angeles, University of California Press.
- Kleiss, W. & Kroll, S., 1992,” Survey in Ost-Azarbaidjan 1991”.Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 25: 1–46.
- Kroll, S., 1984, “Archaologische fundplatze in Iranisch-Ost-Azarbaidjan”. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 17: 13–133.
- Kroll, S., 1990, “Der Kultepe bei Marand: eine Chlalkolithische siedlung in Iranisch-Azarbaidjan”. Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran 23: 59–71.
- Lippert, A., 1976, “Vorbericht der Osterreichischen ausgraben am Kordlar Tepe in Persisch Aserbaidschan: kampagne 1974”. Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien 106: 83–122.
- Maziar, S., 2010, “Excavations at Kohne Pasgah Tepesi, the Araxes Valley, northwest Iran: first preliminary report”. Ancient Near Eastern Studies 47: 165-193.
- Mellaart, J., 1975, The Neolithic of the Near East. University of Cambridge.
- Oates, J., 1983, “Ubaid Mesopotamia reconsidered”. in: C.T. Young, P. Smith, P. Mortensen, (eds.), The hilly flanks and beyond: essays on the prehistory of southwestern Asia: 251-282. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
- Solecki, R. L. & Solecki, R. S., 1973, “Tepe Sevan: a Dalma period site in the Margavar valley, Azerbaijan, Iran”. Bulletin of the Asia Institute of Pahlavi University 3: 98–117.
- Swiny, S., 1975, “Survey in northwest Iran 1971”. East and west 25: 77–69.
- Tonoike, Y., 2009, “Beyond style: petrographic analysis of Dalma ceramics in two regions of Iran”, Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Yale University.
- Voigt, M. M., 1983, Hajji Firuz Tepe: The Neolithic settlement, Hasanlu Excavation Reports. Vol.1, University Museum Monograph 50, Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania.
- Voigt, M. M. & Dyson, R., 1992, “The chronology of Iran, ca. 8000–2000 B.C.”. In: R.W. Ehrich (ed.), Chronologies in Old World Archaeology: 122–178, Chicago, University of Chicago Press.