الگوهای معیشتی عصر مس‌وسنگ جدید شمال‌غرب (مطالعۀ موردی تپه گردآشوان، حوضۀ رودخانۀ زاب کوچک)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار پژوهشکدۀ باستان‌شناسی، پژوهشگاه میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری، تهران، ایران

2 دانشجوی کارشناسی‌ارشد باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران.

چکیده

تپه گردآشوان در حوضۀ رودخانۀ زاب کوچک شهرستان پیرانشهر واقع شده که طی دو فصل مورد کاوش باستان‌شناسی قرار گرفته است. نتایج کاوش اطلاعات درخورتوجه‌ای درخصوص سنت‌های فرهنگی دورۀ مس‌وسنگ جدید به‌دست داد. نتایج مطالعات مواد فرهنگی گردآشوان نشانگر حضور سنت سفالین کاهرو/ پیزدلی بوده و گاهنگاری نسبی نشانگر این امر است که بیشترین مناسبات فرهنگی و برهم‌کنش‌ها با مناطق قفقاز، آناتولی و بین‌النهرین می‌باشد. برخلاف مطالعات باستان‌شناسی بسیاری که در شمال‌غرب انجام‌گرفته، تاکنون حوضۀ زاب از منظر مطالعات گیاه‌شناسی و جانورشناسی مغفول مانده است. پژوهش حاضر به مطالعۀ بقایای زیستی و بازسازی الگوهای معیشتی عصر مس‌وسنگ شمال‌غرب ایران می‌پردازد. هدف اصلی این پژوهش تبیین اقتصاد معیشتی تپه گردآشوان در عصر مس‌وسنگ است. به‌منظور کسب اطلاعات جوامع هزارۀ چهارم و پنجم پیش‌ازمیلاد به بررسی سیستم‌های معیشتی ساکن در حوضۀ رودخانۀ زاب کوچک می‌پردازیم. وجود نهشت فراوان از بقایای خاکستر و دیگر بقایای سوخته عملاً زمینۀ لازم برای انجام مطالعات میان‌رشته‌ای ازقبیل باستان‌گیاه‌شناسی و جانورشناسی را فراهم کرده است. پژوهش حاضر برمبنای کاوش‌های باستان‌شناسی، مطالعات گیاه‌شناسی و استخوان‌شناسی صورت پذیرفته است و با رویکرد توصیفی-تحلیلی، سعی در تبیین الگوهای معیشتی ساکنان تپه گردآشوان دارد؛ بنابراین این پژوهش به این پرسش می‌پردازد که الگوی معیشتی ساکنان گردآشوان در حوضۀ رودخانۀ زاب در عصر مس‌وسنگ میانی / جدید چگونه بوده است؟ چه طیفی از گونه‌های جانوری را دربرمی‌گیرد؟ به‌نظر می‌رسد دامپروری یکی از ارکان نظام معشتی بوده و بیشتر از کشاورزی رواج داشته است؛ چراکه میزان بقایای حیوانی بیشتر از بقایای گیاهی بوده است. نتایج مطالعات نشانگر الگوهای ترکیبی دامداری و کشاورزی است و نشانگر کاشت گندم نان و جو است که بیانگر اقتصاد متکی‌بر کشاورزی است.    

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Late Chalcolithic Subsistence Patterns in Northwest Iran as Seen from Tepe Gird-i Ashoan, Little Zab Basin

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mahnaz Sharifi 1
  • Reyhane Salimi 2
1 Associate Professor, Iranian Center for Archaeology Research (ICAR), Tehran, Iran
2 M. A. Student in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The archaeological site of Tepe Gird-i Ashoan in the Little Zab basin of Piranshahr County was excavated in two consecutive seasons. The work yielded remarkable information about the regional cultural traditions in the Late Chalcolithic period. The recovered material culture indicates the presence of the chaff-faced/Pisdeli pottery tradition, and the relative chronology evinces that the strongest interactions were with Caucasia, Anatolia and Mesopotamia. Notwithstanding the fairly extensive archaeological work in northwest Iran, the Zab basin remains almost totally neglected as regards botanical and zoological studies. The present study explored the biological evidence from the site and attempts a reconstruction of the subsistence patterns prevailing in the Late Chalcolithic northwest Iran in light of the evidence from Gird-i Ashoan. To gain an insight into the regional societies in the 4th and 5th millennium BC, the subsistence patterns of the inhabitants of the Little Zab basin was examined. In effect, recovery of an abundance of ash deposits alongside other burned materials at Gird-i Ashoan permits such interdisciplinary enquiries as archaeobotany and Zooarchaeology. Drawing on excavations as well as botanical and osteological analyses, the present study attempted to explain the local subsistence patterns through a descriptive-analytical approach. Thus, the two major topics addressed here were the subsistence patterns adopted by the mid/late Chalcolithic populations of Gird-i Ashoan, and the animal species represented in the excavated assemblages. Animal husbandry seemingly constituted the major component in the local subsistence system and surpassed agriculture judging from the fact that the faunal evidence outnumbers the floral remains. Therefore, the results of the study pointed to a mixed agro-pastoral subsistence pattern, and attested to the cultivation of bread wheat and barley, indicating that agriculture also played in part in the local economy.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Archeology of northwest Iran
  • Chalcolithic
  • Subsistence patterns
  • Zooarchaeology
  • Archaeobotany

مراجع

- Barone, R., (1986). Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques. Paris.
- Balossi-Restelli, F., (2012). The Beginning of the Late Chalcolithic Occupation at Arslan tepe, Malatya, After the Ubaid: Interpreting Change From The Caucasus To Mesopotamia At The Dawn Of Urban Civilization (4500-3500 BC). Edited by C. Marro: 235-259.
- Bakhshaliyev, V., (2020). “Relationships between Late Neolithic and Early Chalcolithic Age culture of Azerbaijan with North-western Iran”.TÜBA-AR, 27: 11-27.
- Behnia, MR., (1997). Cold cereals, Entesharate daneshgahe Tehran. in Persian.
- Boessneck, J.; Jequier, J.-P. & Stampfli, H. R., (1963). “Wisent, Bison bonanus, Ur, Bos primigenius Bojanus und Hausrind, Bos taurus(Linne)”. Burgäschisee-Süd., Teil 3: Die Tierreste, Vol. 2: 117-196.
- Boessneck, J., (1969). ‘‘Osteological differences between sheep and goat”. Science in Archeology, a survey of progress and research: 331-358.
- Costantini, L. & Tosi, M., (1978). ‘‘The environmental of Southern Sistan in the third millennium BC”. In: W. C. Brice (ed.), The environmental history of the near and middle east since the last Ice age: 165-183. London:Academic Press
- Davis, S. J. M., (1993). ‘‘The zoo-archaeology of sheep and goat in Mesopotamia”. In: N. Postgate and M. Powell (eds.), Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture, 7: 1-7.
- Danri, M., (2017). The study of agronomic responses to the mixed cultivation of two plant species -cowpea and barley. Translated by: samad Alioun,nashre Hasanlu. 
- Davis, S. J. M., (1987). Archaeology of animals. London: B.T. Bastford Ltd.
- Delle done, M., (2021). “Virtual Workshop on Plant Remains in Archaeology”. University of Zabol.
-Ebrahimi, M. A. & Radmehr, B., (2001). Atlas of bovine osteology. Tabriz: Nashre sotodeh (in Persian).
- Etemad, E., (1985). Mammals of Iran. Tehran: Sazmane Hefazate mohite zist. (in Persian).
- Eisenmann,V., (1980). ‘‘La faune de la grottede felines-termenes resultats preliminaries et etude detaillee des restes d equus hydruntius”. Anthropologies, 84: 633-649.
- Esmailzadeh, Z. & Eslami, V., (2011). “Investigation of the resistance of rye biotypes collected from Fars wheat fields”. Danesh Alafhaye Harz, 7: 61-75. (in Persian).
- Fisher, M., (2017). The Late Chalcolithic 1 Period in Northern Mesopotamia: Tell Zeidan, Syria, in Regional Context. Department Of Near Eastern Languages and Cicilizations,Chicago, Illinois. 
- Fernández-Jalvo, Y. & Andrews, P., (2016). Atlas of Taphonomic Identifications.Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Science, Business Media Dordrecht, Netherlands.
- Gilbert, A. & Steinfeld, P., (1977). ‘‘Faunal remains from Dinkha Tepe Northwestern Iran”. Journal of field Archaeology, 4: 329-351.
- Grigson, C., (1974). ‘‘The craniology and relationships of four species of Bos. 1, Basic craniology:Bos taurus L. and its absolute size”. Journal of Archaeological Science, 1: 353-379.
- Gerritsen, F.; Özbal, R.; Thissen, L. & Galik, A., (2010). “The Late Chalcolithic Settlement of Barcin Höyük”. Anatolica,  XXXVI: 197-225.
- Ghorbani, K., (2016). “Introduction of cowpea, a valuable fodder plant in livestock and poultry nutrition”. 6th Iran Legumes Conference. (in persian).
- Hamze, I., (2011). The study of agronomic responses to the mixed cultivation of two plant species. Cowpea and barley mabahese novin dar keshavarzi, (In Persian).
- Helmer, D. & Rocheteau, M., (1994). ‘‘Atlas du squelette appendiculaire des principaux genres Holocenes de petits ruminants du nord de la Méditerranée et du Proche-Orient”. Fiche ostéologie animale pour l’archéologie, série B: Mammiferes: 1-21.
- Karimi, H., (2007). Culture of plants of Iran. Nashre Moalef (In Persian).
- Mashkoor, M., (2002). “Trends of bioeconomy of Iran based on ancient zoological studies”. Archaeology conferences, Iranian Center for Archaeological research. (In Persian).
- Mashkoor, M., (2002). “Trends in Iranian Bioeconomics Based on Archaeological Studies”. Questions and Answers Proceedings of the First Archaeological Conference in Iran: The Role of Basic Sciences in Archeology.
- Mashkour, M. & Mohaseb, F. A., (2017). ‘‘Statistical analyses on bioarchaeological materials: comparison between the subsistence economies in Sagzabad and Haftavan Tepe during the Iron Age”. International Journal of the Society of Iranian Archaeologists, 3(5): 61-72.
- Miller, N. F., (2003). ‘‘Archaeobotany in Iran: Past and Future”. In: Essays on the Archaeology of Iran in Honor of William M. Sumner, University of California.
- Marro, C., (2022). “The View from the North,The Emergence and Spread of the Chaff-Faced Ware oikumenè as seen from the Caucasus (ca. 4600-3500 BCE)”. Paleorient, 48: 111-130. doi: doi.org/10.4000/paleorient.1675.
- Meadow, R. H. M., (1999). ‘‘The use of size index scaling techniques for research on archaeozoological collections from the Middle East”. [in:] C. Becker, H. Manhart, J. Peters and J. Schibler (eds.), Historia Animalium ex Ossibus, Beiträge zur Paläoanatomie, Archäologie, Ägyptologie, Ethnologie und Geschichte der Tiermedizin: Verlag Marie Leidorf: 285-300.
- Mohaseb, F. A.. & Mashkour, M., (2017). “Animal exploitation from the Bronze Age to the Early Islamic period in Haftavan Tepe”.Archaeozoology of the Near East 9 In honour of Hans-Peter Uerpmann and François Poplin, Oxbow: 146-170.
- Mozafarian, V., (1996). Dictionary of the Names of Iranian Plants, Dictionary of names of Iranian plants. Nashre, farhange moaser, (in Persian).
- Museyibli, N., (2016). “Potters Marks On Leila Tepe Culture Pottery: Eastern Anatolian Chalcolithic Traditions in The Caucasus”. Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, 16, 1: 283-294. DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.44772.
- Nannucci, S., (2016). Hirbemerdon Tepe Archaeological Project Final Report: Chronology and material culture, Chapter 2. Phase I: Late Chalcolithic period  Laneri, Bologna .
- Outram, A. K.; Stear, N. A.; Bendrey, O. S.; Kasparov, A.; Zaibert, V.; Thorpe, N. & Evershed, R. P., (2009). ‘‘The earliest horse harnessing and milking”. Science, 323(5919): 1332-5. 
- O’Connor, T., (2004). The archaeology of animal bones. Britain: Co. Ltd, Sparkford.
- Pales, L. & Garcia, M. A., (1981). Atlas ostéologique pour servir a l’identification des mammifères du quaternaire. 2 Vols., Paris, editions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.
- Payamani, R.; Nosrati, I. & Amerian, M., (2020). “Investigation of the phenology of mastunk weed based on the day-growth degree of Kermanshah”. Danesh Alafhaye Harz, 2: 17-25. (in Persian).
- Payne, S., (1973). ‘‘Kill-off patterns in sheep and goats”. The mandibles from Asvan Kale. Anatolian Studies, 23: 281-303. doi.org/10.2307/3642547.
- Porsaleh, M., (1994). Cereals. Entesharate safar. (in Persian).
- Rackham, J., (1994). Animal bones.Interpreting the past. Berkeley, University of Colifornai Press.
- Reitz, E. J. & Wing, E. S., (2008). Zooarchaeology. Cambridge University Press.
- Renfrew, C. & Bahn, P., (2011). Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice. 8th edition, London: Thames & Hudson.
- Rubinson, K. S., (2004). ‘‘Dinkha Tepe, Iran, and So-Called Urmia Ware”. Ancient Near Eastern Studies, in: A View:/From The Highlands Archaeological Studies Judies in  Honour of Charles Burney Edited,by, Antonio Sagona. 
- Schmidt, E., (1972). Atlas of animal bones: for prehistorians, archaeologists and quaternary geologists. Elsevier publishing company.
- Sharifi, M., (2020). “Excavations at Barveh Tepe: New Insights into the Early Bronze Age in Northwest Iran”. Ancient near eastern studies journal,  79 (2): 287-303. doi.org/10.1086/710363.
- Sharifi, M., (2021). “Cultural Interactions of Little Zab River Basin in Chalcolithic / Bronze age Northwest of Iran”. Journal of archaeological studies,13: 93-116. doi; 10.22059/jarcs.2020.305384.142892.
- Sharifi, M., (2022a). “The Late Chalcolithic settlement of Gird-i Ashoan in the Zab basin, northwest Iran”. Ancient near eastern studies (ANES), 59: 53-79. doi: 10.2143/ANES.59.0.0000000.
- Sharifi, M., (2022b). “Girdi Ashoan in Late Chalcolithic period, Based on the Second Excavation in Northwest of Iran”. Journal of Archaeological Studies, 2 (14: 29) :109-132. doi: 10.22059/jarcs.2022.340765.143102.
- Stevens, L. R.; Ito, E.; Schwalb, A.; Wright, H. E., (2006). ‘‘Timing of Atmospheric Precipitation in the Zagros Mountains Inferred from a Multi Proxy Record from Lake Mirabad”. Quaternary Research, 66: 494–500. doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2006.06.008.
- Tengberg, M.; Vahdati, A. K. & Anri, F., (2010). “Archaeological-botanical-researches of Damghani hill”. Bastan Shenasio Tarikh, 1: 10-16 (in Persian).
- Uerpmann, H.-P., (1979). ‘‘Probleme der Neolithisierung des Mittelmeerraums”. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients.’ Reihe B, Nr 28. Wiesbaden.
- Wilson, D. E. & Reeder, D. M., (1993). Mammal species of the world. Second edition, A taxonomic and geographic reference. Smithsonian Institution.
- Uerpmann, H. P., (1987). The ancient distribution of ungulate mammals in the middle east. fauna and archaeological sites in Southwest Asia and Northeast Africa. Wiesbaden: Ludwig Reichert Verlag.
- Uerpmann, M. & Uerpmann, H. P., (1994). ‘‘Animal bone finds from Excavation 520 at Qala’at al Bahrain”. [in:] F. Hojlund and H. H. Andersen (eds.), Qala’at al Bahrain, Vol. I, Aarhus University Press: 227-237.
- Voigt, M., (1983). Hajji Firuz tepe. vol. 1 university of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. 
- Zeist, V. W. & Wright, H. E., (1963). “Preliminary pollen studies at Lake Zeribar”, Science, 140: 65-67. 
پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 13، شماره 37
شهریور 1402
صفحه 101-125

فایل ها

هم رسانی

ارجاع به این مقاله

آمار