ایزد میترا/مهر و نسبتش با زرتشتی‌گری دورۀ ساسانی: نگاهی به چند مُهر با نقش این ایزد

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران.

2 استاد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

نقش، جایگاه و خویشکاری ایزد میترا / مِهر در زرتشتی‌گری یا دین زرتشتی رسمی دورۀ ساسانی و نیز ارتباط آن با میتراییسم رومی همواره در پردۀ ابهام و محل گفتگوها و بحث‌های فراوان بوده است. این ایزد یکی از مهم‌ترین و محبوب‌ترین ایزدان دورۀ ساسانی بوده است، اما با این‌وجود آثار مادی چندانی که با این ایزد مربوط باشند در دست نیست. در کاوش‌های آق‌تپه واقع‌در جنوب ترکمنستان مجموعه‌ای از گِل‌مُهرهای ساسانی به‌دست آمده که کاوشگر نقش یکی از آن‌ها را به میترا خدای ایرانی منتسب کرده است. این گِل‌مُهر از آنجایی‌که طبق کتیبه‌اش از آن یک مغ بوده از اهمیت مضاعفی برخوردار است؛ زیرا ارتباط مستقیم با مذهب زرتشتی پیدا می‌کند. نقش این مُهر، که چندان واضح نیست، احتمالاً شخصی را سوار بر ارابه‌ای نشان می‌دهد که دو اسب آن را می‌کشند. نقش ارابه و اسب‌ها به‌همراه کلاه اشعه‌دار مهم‌ترین دلایل انتساب، این نقش به میترا است، اما ملاحظاتی وجود دارد که بایستی موردتوجه قرار گیرند خاصه که نقش یاد شده وضوح چندانی ندارد. در این پژوهش به ایزد میترا از زاویه‌ای دیگر نگریسته شده و ضمن پرداختن به اثرمُهر یادشده، دیگر مواد فرهنگی اعم‌از شواهد معماری و شواهد تصویری که به‌گونه‌ای این ایزد منتسب شده‌اند، مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و تحلیل گردیده است. در پژوهش پیشِ‌رو اطلاعات به شیوۀ کتابخانه‌ای و مراجعه به متون دست اول گردآوری شده و روش پژوهش توصیفی-تحلیلی از نوع «تحلیل محتوا» است. شایان ذکر است که در این تحلیل‌ها از رویکرد آیکونوگرافی و آیکونولوژی بهره گرفته شده است. این جستار نشان‌داده است: الف) نقش روی اثرمُهر موردنظر متعلق به ایزد میترا است و نظر کاوشگر تأیید می‌شود، ب) پرستش ایزد میترا در دورۀ ساسانی بخشی از زرتشتی‌گری بوده و به‌صورت یک دین یا فرقۀ جداگانه به‌شمار نمی‌رفته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

The Deity of Mithra/Mehr and Its Relationship with Sasanian Zoroastrianism: A Look at Some Seals with the Image of Mithrah/Mehr

نویسندگان [English]

  • Meysam Shahsavari 1
  • Seyed Mehdi Mousavi Koohpar 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanity, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
2 Professor Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Humanity, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The role and position of the deity of Mithra/Mehr in Zoroastrianism or the official Zoroastrian religion of the Sassanian era, as well as its relationship with Roman Mithraism, has always been ambiguous and the subject for a great deal of debate and discussion. This deity (Izad) was one of the most important and popular deities (Izadān) of the Sassanian era, but despite this, there are not many material works related to this deity. In the excavations of Ak-Depe in the south of Turkmenistan, a collection of Sassanian bullae was found which the excavator assigned one of them to the deity of Mithra. According to the inscription of this bulla, it belongs to a Magi, so it becomes more important because of its direct connection with the Zoroastrian. The motif of this bullae, which is not very clear, probably shows a person riding in a chariot carried by two horses. In this article, the deity Mithra has been considered from a different view and while discussing the above-mentioned bullae, other cultural materials such as architectural evidence and pictorial evidence attributed to this deity have been analyzed. This research has used the iconography approach. This essay has shown that: a) the imprinted picture belongs to the deity of Mithra; b) the worship of Mithra was part of the Zoroastrian religion in the Sassanian period and was not considered as a separate religion or sect. And c) There can be no further connection between Roman Mithraism and the worship of Mehr or Mithra in Iran, except for general similarities.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Mithra
  • Zoroastrianism
  • Sassanian seals
  • Mithraism
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