بازسازی نسبی فعالیت‌های تولیدی و صنعتی در اقتصاد شاهی تخت‌جمشید؛ با نگاهی به‌شواهد باستان‌شناختی و مدارک نوشتاری

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دکتری باستان‌شناسی، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دنشگاه لرستان، خرم‌آباد، ایران.

چکیده

کشف و انتشار گِل‌نوشته‌های تخت‌جمشید (بارو و خزانه)، پرتو روشنی بر بسیاری از فعالیت‌های جاری در «سازمان اقتصادِ شاهی تخت‌جمشید» افکند؛ فعالیت‌هایی که در برخی مواقع به‌وسیلۀ شواهد متقن باستان‌شناختی حمایت و تقویت می‌شوند. از مهم‌ترین این فعالیت‌ها می‌توان به وجود حرفه‌ها و صنایع مختلف تولیدی و صنعتی در این سازمان اقتصادی عظیم اشاره کرد. مدیریت اقتصادی تخت‌جمشید برای سازمان‌دهی و رونق این بخش، صنعتگران متخصص و ماهری را از سراسر سرزمین‌های تحت قلمرو شاهنشاهی هخامنشی به خدمت گرفته بود، که براساس نیاز به نیروی کار از مکانی به مکان دیگر منتقل می‌شدند. نوع حرفه و محل خدمت هرکدام از گروه‌های کاری (صنعتگران) در بسیاری از مواقع به‌طور دقیق در گِل‌نوشته‌ها ثبت و ضبط شده است. رد و نشان این صنعتگران و کارگران را می‌شود ازطریق بقایای باستان‌شناختی برجای مانده از آن‌ها مانند «ابزارهای مورداستفاده»، «نشانه‌ها» و «اشیاء و آثار» پیگیری کرد؛ حال پرسش اصلی که در اینجا مطرح می‌شود، این است که بخش تولیدی و صنعتیِ «اقتصاد شاهی تخت‌جمشید» دربرگیرندۀ کدام صنایع و پیشه‌ها بوده است؟ این پژوهش با رویکرد تاریخی و بهره‌گیری از تفاسیر و اطلاعات گِل‌نوشته‌های منتشر شده از بایگانی تخت‌جمشید و شواهد باستان‌شناختی، سعی در روشن‌کردن نسبی شاخه‌های مختلف فعالیت‌های تولیدی و صنعتیِ اقتصاد شاهی تخت‌جمشید دارد. نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که در تخت‌جمشید و سایر مراکز وابسته به آن، طیف گسترده‌ای از پیشه‌ها مانند: فلزگری، معدن‌کاری، شراب‌سازی، آبجو‌سازی، بافندگی، دباغی، ساخت اشیاء و ظروف سنگی، آجرکاری، سفالگری، درودگری و ... جریان داشته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Title: Relative Reconstruction of Production and Industrial Activities in the Persepolis Royal Economy; Looking at Archaeological and Written Evidence

نویسنده [English]

  • Farahad Miri
Ph.D. in Archaeology, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of literature and Humanities, Lorestan University, Khorram-Abad, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Abstract
The Discovery and Publication of Persepolis Tablets (Fortifications and Treasuries) shed light on many current activities in the “Persepolis Royal Economic Organization”; Activities that are sometimes supported and reinforced by sound archaeological evidence. One of the most important of these activities is the existence of various professions and industries of production and industry in this huge economic organization. The economic management of Persepolis had recruited skilled craftsmen from all over the Achaemenid Empire to organize and prosper this sector, who moved from place to place based on the need for lab our. The type of profession and place of work of each of the working groups (craftsmen) are in many cases accurately recorded in the notes. Traces of these artisans and workers can be traced back to archeological remains left over from them, such as “tools used”, “signs” and “objects and works”. Now the main question that arises here is that the production and industrial sector of the “Persepolis Royal Economy” included which industries and professions? This article, with a historical approach and using the interpretations and information of the published writings from the Persepolis archive and archaeological evidence, tries to shed some light on the various branches of production and industrial activities of the Persepolis Royal Economy. The results show that in Persepolis and other related centers, a wide range of professions such as metalworking, mining, winemaking, brewing, weaving, tanning, making stone objects and utensils, brick working, Pottery, carpentry, etc.
Keywords: Achaemenid Empire, Persepolis Royal Economy, Production and Industrial Activities, Industrial Workshops.
Introduction
Material and text are two important sources for the relative reconstruction of a chain of productive and industrial activities in the “Persepolis Royal Economy”. Although these components are somewhat complementary, in comparison, more contribution should be made to the written material. In the meantime, the discovery and study of Persepolis Tablets (fortifications and treasuries), a relatively large amount of information about various aspects of activities carried out in the Persepolis economic organization and other related centers at its disposal Researchers. The numerous terms used in these documents to refer to the specialties of artisans and manufacturers provide a good basis for further discussion of various professions. In fact, the information that first-hand written documents— especially the Persepolis administrative archives—make available to researchers is sometimes so transparent and accurate that their study of certain subjects, such as the subject of the present study, It is inevitable. If some professions (weaving, leather/hide industries, wine and beer, etc.) from which material remains have not been found can only be reconstructed with the information contained in this category of documents. Based on these documents, skilled and specialized craftsmen traveled from different imperial lands to the heart of the empire, and in different sectors of the Persepolis Royal economy (mining and exploitation of stone mines, metalworking, tanning, oil extraction, wine/beer industry, brickmaker, dyeing, etc.) were working. Of course, due to the lack of evidence (both in written sources and archaeological evidence), not all professions and industries can be fully and accurately discussed. For example, Fortification Tablets refer to the “sesame oiling” industry, but the details are not very clear. Also, our knowledge of some activities (such as glassmaking, carpet weaving) is very limited. Therefore, in the present study, an attempt is made to study and analyze the production and industrial activities of the Persepolis royal economy as much as the written sources and archaeological remains allow. The importance of studying various professions and industries in the Persepolis economy, the lack and dispersion of information in this field and the need to update previous studies based on newer evidence is the necessity of leading research. The main question is what production and industrial activities were carried out in Persepolis? In Persepolis Economic Organization, a large number of workshops in various fields, including: extraction and exploitation of stone mines, manufacture and production of stone vessels, metalworking, pottery, brickwork, weaving, leather and hide production, Wine, beer, etc. have been available.
Identified Traces 
Archaeological evidence indicates the extensive exploitation of stone quarries in the Kur Basin during the Achaemenid period. Persepolis Tablets indicate the employment of specialized miners and stonemasons from various imperial lands (Caria, Lycia, Babylona, Egypt) to do so. Metalworking and the production of glazed and simple bricks are also among the current important industries in Persepolis. The metalworkers are divided into different groups such as goldsmith, blacksmith, silversmith, Coopersmith, etc. In addition to construction projects, metalworkers have produced various goods needed by different sections of society. A number of Persepolis Fortification Tablets speak of the delivery of the leather/hide of animals such as cows, sheep, camels, and donkeys along with materials such as flour, sesame oil, and bread to the treasury. This implicitly indicates that the treasury was in the process of processing and producing leather. Manufactured products include stationery materials and possibly clothing, bags, shoes, etc. Written sources inform us of the existence of thousands of sheep and goats in the Persepolis area. Undoubtedly, the wool of these sheep has been used to produce various goods (clothes). In fact, wool can be considered as one of the important industries in the Persepolis Royal Economic Organization. The term “Pasap” in the Tablets refers to the establishment of weaving workshops under the supervision of female workers. Various fabrics and garments can be considered as one of their possible activities. In the written sources we also come across specialties such as woodcarving, carpentry, woodworking and carpentry, all of which are related to wood. The construction projects under construction in Persepolis and the need to decorate and paint parts of them, made the continuous presence of painters in the region an undeniable necessity. Painters were generally responsible for decorating parts of buildings, statues, glazed bricks, textiles, and so on. According to Persepolis Tablets, we see the prosperity and expansion of professions such as baker, miller/flour maker, winemaker and brewer.
Conclusion 
One of the most important pillars of Persepolis Economic Organization is the existence of various professions and industries of production and industry. Written sources and archaeological evidence provide evidence in this area that can be used to partially reconstruct the various dimensions of activities. Fortification and Treasury Tablets (along with other written sources) refer to craftsmen and workers who, under the supervision of Persepolis economic managers, were engaged in the manufacture and production of goods, objects and supplies needed by different classes of society. They also provided the supplies and tools needed for large construction projects. In addition to Persepolis, these craftsmen and workers were active in other areas under the control of its administrative-economic organization. In various surviving texts of the Achaemenid period (especially the Persepolis administrative archives), terms and expressions have been used that can be used as a basis for the direct and indirect existence of professions such as Carpenter, woodcarver, maker wood sculpture, stonemason, miner,  maker stone sculpture, painter, Coopersmith, blacksmith, Maker of iron doors, Doormaker, goldsmith, silversmith, winemaker, brewer, baker, flour maker, milling, oilman (from sesame), weaver, brickmaker and tanner. For some of these occupations, there is solid archaeological evidence, and we know of some based solely on written sources.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Achaemenid Empire
  • Persepolis Royal Economy
  • Production and Industrial Activities
  • Industrial Workshops

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