نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دکتری باستان شناسی، گروه باستان شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران
2 استاد گروه باستان شناسی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
3 دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم‌اجتماعی، دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، اردبیل، ایران.
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Abstract
Yelsuie Castle is one of the most important and largest castles of the Islamic era in the city of Garmi, Ardabil, in the geographical area of northwestern Iran, whose large volume of cultural data, such as pottery, has increased the importance of the site. This historical castle was studied by archeological methods in 2018. In addition to studies and surveys conducted in this area, many Cerabic finds, including healthy vessels and various broken pieces were identified. One of the important points in relation to the Ceramic of Yelsuie Castle is the existence of pottery species from the perspective of Fermi and its designs, which have not been studied to date and can be useful in the study of Ceramic of the Islamic era in the geographical area of northwestern Iran. This research is a descriptive-analytical method based on library studies and field excavations, introducing, typology and analysis of Ceramic patterns in the Yelsuie area. Also, the origin of the production of these works in the region, identifying areas in interaction and cultural relations with Yelsuie Castle and determining its time period based on chronology and comparisons; They are one of the most important goals and questions raised in this research. Studies show that the Ceramic of this area is divided into four groups in a general category: plain and painted unglazed pottery and plain and painted glazed pottery and includes a variety of molded, carved, sealing, Added role, composition, monochrome glaze, painting on glaze, painting under glaze, aghkand, zarinufam, skrafiato. These works belong to the first Islamic centuries as well as the Middle Ages, especially the Seljuk period, and the type of designs and techniques used in these Ceramic show the regional and supra-regional connections of Yalsooi Castle with other areas such as Azerbaijan, Zanjan, Kashan, Rey, Neishabour and Hamedan.
Keywords: Ceramic, Typology, First and Middle Islamic Centuries, Yelsuie Castle, Germi Ardabil.
Introduction
Yal Suie Castle is one of the important sites of the Islamic period in Germi city, which based on the results of archaeological excavations in this ancient site, including balls, tripods and stamps, it can be considered one of the most important centers for making various ceramics and indicator of the Islamic periods in the northwestern part of Iran. The presence of the castle with two large defensive walls on the height of Yalsuie and its surroundings, as well as the location of a large town on the slopes of the castle and near the Samburchai River, shows the strategic importance and centrality of this area during the Islamic Middle Ages. The formal diversity of the ceramic finds of Yalsuie Castle and their engravings can express reliable and valuable information about the centrality of ceramics in the region and cultural exchanges with other regions. Therefore, the lack of any comprehensive studies and complete knowledge of ceramics of Yalsuie Castle and the cultural relationship of this site with other areas, emphasizes the importance and necessity of this research. The existence of various species of ceramics of Yalsuie that have not been studied to date can be important in the study of ceramics of the Islamic period in the geographical area of northwestern Iran. In this regard, the present article, while examining the ceramics of Yalsouis Castle in Garmi and their typology, examines the relative chronology of this group of works and identifies and studies the cultural connections of Yalsuie with other areas by comparing them with other sites of the Islamic periods.
Research Questions: What are the common techniques and types of ceramics of Yalsuie Castle? To which period do the Yallsuie ceramics findings belong? Based on the comparison of ceramics, with which areas have this site interacted and had cultural relations?
Research Method: The research method in this article is based on a descriptive-analytical approach and based on the results of excavations and field studies conducted in the site. For complete citation and detailed study of the ceramics finds of Yalsuie Castle, library resources have been used as well as adaptation to similar works in other museums.
Yal Suie Castle in Germi
The ancient site of Yalsui Castle is located in the Ingut section of Garmi city (Map 1), in the geographical coordinates of 39 degrees and 00 minutes and 33 seconds and 5 tenths of a second latitude and 47 degrees and 45 minutes and 6 seconds of longitude (Figure 1). This ancient site consists of a small castle on top of a high natural hill and a residential area in its southwestern part.
Classification of Ceramics of Yalsuie Castle
While exploring different parts of Yalsuie Castle, different pieces of ceramics were identified. the study of these findings in terms of form, technique, patterns and dough, can illuminate the most important periods of settlement in this ancient site. On the other hand, it should be said that most of the structures and cultural features of the site, as well as the regional and trans-regional cultural exchanges of Yalsuie Castle with other sites and other areas depend on the study and focus on its ceramic findings. In general, ceramics of Yalsuie Castle was divided into two main groups: unglazed ceramics and glazed ceramics, each of which also includes different types and distinctive techniques. According to the table and diagram of ceramics samples, the highest frequency of ceramics species in Yalsuie Castle includes simple samples without glaze, engraved without glaze, simple glazed and glazed ceramics. Unglazed ceramics in Yalsuie Castle, according to comparisons, mostly belongs to the Seljuk period and the 5th to 7th centuries AH. In terms of the type of dough, unglazed ceramics all have clay dough in the color range of yellow to red, and glazed samples of this site, in addition to clay dough, sometimes have ferrite or pseudo-porcelain dough.
Conclusion
According to studies, most of the ceramics in the Yalsuie area belongs to the Islamic era, especially in the middle Ages, which includes two main groups of unglazed ceramics and glazed ceramics. In the meantime, the presence of a collection of ceramics such as Aqkand, Esgrafiato, Qalamshaki, Zarrinfam, Minaei, Glazed and other groups, which is over 18 species, shows the importance of this castle and the skill and expertise of its potters, as well as the presence of extensive cultural relations with other areas. According to the presence of ceramics belonging to older periods in Yalsuie Castle, it should be said that this area belongs to prehistory, historical periods and the first Islamic centuries after several periods of settlement; Finally, by reconstruction in the Middle Islamic period, especially in the Seljuk period and the 5th-7th centuries AH, it reaches its peak of prosperity. During the Seljuk period, Yalsuie Castle produced and prepared unglazed and glazed ceramics. The presence of balls and tripods in this site along with stamps and dripped glazed ceramics in such a way that the glaze on their body has become tears and has been dripped; Also, the discovery of a building called the “clay processing plant” on the context of the Samburchai River are all findings and evidence related to local products in Yalsuie. The results show that the inhabitants of Yalsuie castle in the Middle Ages of Islam were associated with neighboring areas of Zanjan, Azarbaijan, Hamedan and Kurdistan and with remote areas of Rey, Kashan, Gorgan, Neishabour, Persian Gulf, Jiroft and Kerman.
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
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