بازنگری مطالعات اواخرهزارۀ پنجم پیش ازمیلاد درغرب ایران، تغییر تا تداوم فرهنگی؟

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسنده

دکتری باستان‌شناسی، پژوهشگر بنیاد ایران‌شناسی شعبۀ کردستان، سنندج، ایران

چکیده

در مراحل آغازین دورۀ مس‌وسنگ جدید در بخش‌هایی از غرب ایران در اواخر هزارۀ پنجم پیش‌ازمیلاد، نظریاتی ارائه شده که براساس آن محوطه‌های استقراری زیادی از غرب ایران با شروع این دوره خالی از سکنه شده و شاهد تغییر سیستم زندگی از کشاورزی به کوچ‌نشینی و تهی شدن دشت‌ها و دره‌های این مناطق و پناه بردن ساکنین به ارتفاعات هستیم؛ اما بازنگری مطالعات صورت‌گرفته نشان می‌دهد که چنین نظریه‌ایی نمی‌تواند درست باشد. بررسی و مطالعات اخیر محوطه‌های دورۀ مس‌وسنگ جدید برخی مناطق غرب ایران نشان می‌دهد که نه‌تنها با شروع این دوره شاهد کاسته شدن جمعیت نیستیم، بلکه بلعکس مرحلۀ جدیدی از شکوفایی فرهنگی و افزایش جمعیت رخ می‌دهد. علاوه‌بر نظریات ارائه شده، سایر مقولات باستان‌شناسی این دوره نظیر مباحث مربوط به چگونگی الگوی استقرار محوطه‌ها، گاهنگاری، نوع شواهد سفالین و... بر پایه شواهد قدیمی بوده و با شواهد امروزی همخوان نیستند و نیاز به بازنگری دارند؛ در نتیجه، مقالۀ حاضر سعی دارد که با برشمردن ویژگی‌های یکی از مهم‌ترین فرهنگ‌های سفالی این دوره به‌نام «فرهنگ گودین VII» نظریات ارائه شده را به چالش بکشد. بررسی و مطالعۀ محوطه‌های این دوره نشان می‌دهد که با شروع دورۀ مس‌وسنگ جدید فرهنگ‌ها نه‌تنها دچار زوال نمی‌شوند، بلکه بلعکس شاهد شروع نوعی پیچیدگی و توسعه در جوامع هستیم. علاوه‌بر این برخلاف برخی مباحث گذشته درمورد این سنت فرهنگی، دامنۀ پراکنش این فرهنگ مختص به بخش‌های شرق زاگرس‌مرکزی نیست و بخش‌های وسیع‌تری از مناطق غرب ایران نظیر منطقۀ کردستان در شمال زاگرس‌مرکزی نیز در این قلمرو قرار دارند. لازم به ذکر است که دورۀ مدنظر در این نوشتار، هم‌زمان است با دورۀ مهم سپیده‌دَم شهرنشینی در بین‌النهرین و از این منظر نیاز به بررسی و مطالعات بیشتری در آینده احساس می‌گردد.     

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Western Iran at the End of Fifth Millennium B.C., Change or Continuity? An Appraisal

نویسنده [English]

  • Sirvan Mohammadi Ghasrian
PhD in Archaeology, Researcher of Iranology Foundation, Kurdistan Branch, Sanandaj, Iran.
چکیده [English]

The early phase of late chalcolithic period is corresponding with principal cultural changes in vast regions of west of Iran. After long time of using painted potteries, at least at the end of fifth and early fourth millennium BC overlapping with Godin VII (VII/VI3) in west of Iran, the painted ceramics style went out entirely and replaced by plain/coarse chaff tempered pottery style. The replacement of plain ceramic instead of painted one in west of Iran, is considered with great cultural changes in west Iran which an event has occurred in the Zagros region to be seen by a severe decline in the number of residential areas and functioned to bring a shift by which the sedentary societies were changed to the more mobile pastoralists using open-air or cave areas instead of large occupational sites. but noted that mentioned hypothesis regarding the archaeological studies of early phase of late chalcolithic period in west of Iran was based on early studies occurred at 1964-1975 in east of central Zagros Highlands at west of Iran. noted during recent decades the situation was changed and more investigations conducted mainly based on scientific approaches by using radiocarbon dating which resulted in challenging early mentioned hypothesis about this period. Most of thesis regarding the chronology, settlement pattern, distribution, socio-economic complexity and cultural interaction of Godin VII studies at the end of fifth and early fourth millennium BC was failed. The present paper is trying to evaluate this period based on review of archaeological studies carried out about Godin VII period during recent decades. Our studies in this article showing that Godin VII period at the end of fifth and early fourth millennium BC was one of the main period at the prehistory of west Iran that has a key role of socio-economic complexity that need more attentions.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • West of Iran
  • Chalcolithic Period
  • Godin VII
  • Chaff tempered Potteries
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