بررسی تأثیر رویدادهای اقلیمی بر معیشت جوامع میان‌سنگی و نوسنگی پیرامون دریای کاسپی

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانش‌آموختۀ کارشناسی‌ارشد، گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

2 دانشیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

3 دانشجوی دکترای باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران

چکیده

تغییرات اقلیمی در پلیستوسن پایانی و هولوسن آغازین که تأثیر زیادی در پیش‌رَوی و پس‌رَوی آب دریای کاسپی داشت، هم‌زمان با استقرارهای میان‌سنگی و نوسنگی در سواحل دریا رخ‌داده‌اند. نوسانات مکرر سطح آب دریای کاسپی به‌طور مستقیم و غیرمستقیم سکونتگاه‌های اولیۀ جوامع پیش‌ازتاریخ پیرامون دریای کاسپی را تحت‌تأثیر قرار داده است. پیش‌رَوی‌های خوالنین (18000-12000 سال قبل) و نئوکاسپی (10600-8400 سال قبل) سبب شد که در کنار دیگر منابع، گونه‌های آبزی و دریایی سهم به‌سزایی در معیشت این جوامع ایفا کنند. پس‌رَوی‌های منگیشلک (12000-10500 سال قبل) و 8.4k سبب فاصلۀ زیاد بین محوطه‌های استقراری شناسایی‌شده و کرانه‌های دریا و درپی آن، کاهش استفاده از منابع دریایی در معیشت ساکنین شد؛ اما در مقابل، موجب شکل‌گیری زیست‌بوم‌های غنی برای جانوران و گیاهان جدید هم‌چون غزال، بز و گوسفند شد. در سواحل جنوب‌شرقی دریای کاسپی، آغاز استقرارهای میان‌سنگی تقریباً هم‌زمان با پیش‌رَوی خوالنین و نزدیکی سواحل به محوطه‌های استقراری بوده است و این استقرارها تا دوره‌های بعد به‌طور پیوسته ادامه داشته است. در شرق دریای کاسپی، استقرارها پس از پایان پیش‌رَوی خوالنین و در طی پس‌رَوی منگیشلک آغاز شد. در طی این دوره دریا هم‌چنان در نزدیکی محوطه‌های استقراری بوده است؛ درحالی‌که در غرب در میانۀ خوالنین، جوامع در دورۀ پارینه‌سنگی جدید قرار داشتند و در شمال تا حدود 10000 سال پیش، هیچ استقراری وجود نداشته است. این درحالی است که تقریباً اغلب مناطق غرب آسیا در پایان پلیستوسن و گذار به دورۀ هولوسن، به‌سوی اهلی‌سازی و تولید غذا از گونه‌های اهلی پیش‌رفته‌اند؛ غنای نواحی پیرامون دریای کاسپی و دور بودن از مرکز اصلی اهلی‌سازی، یعنی هلال حاصلخیزی موجب‌شده تا نوسنگی و ظهور گونه‌های اهلی‌شده بسیار دیرتر صورت گیرد. تنوع زیاد منابع تا اندازه‌ای پاسخ‌گوی نیازهای معیشتی جوامع آن بوده و اولین گونه‌های اهلی، آن‌هم تنها در غرب و شمال از دورۀ مس‌و‌‌سنگ پدیدار شدند.   

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Impact of Climatic Events on the Subsistence of Mesolithic and Neolithic Communities Around the Caspian Sea

نویسندگان [English]

  • Shakiba Rostamian Omran 1
  • Rahmat Abbasnejad Seresti 2
  • Seyyed Kamal Asadi Ojaei 3
1 Master of Prehistoric Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
2 Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
3 PhD Student, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran.
چکیده [English]

Climatic changes in the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, which had a great impact on the transgression and regression of the Caspian Sea levels, were simultaneous with Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements around the sea. The frequent changes in the Caspian Sea level have directly and indirectly affected the early settlements of prehistoric societies around the Caspian Sea. The impact of these changes and the reaction of humans is the main subject of this research. Despite the importance of this issue, it has not been studied well related to Caspian Sea research, and it is necessary to explain a model for the response of these communities to climate change. In this paper, with an analytical approach, the subsistence of the communities around the Caspian Sea during the transgressions and regressions of the sea level has been discussed. The Khvalynian (18,000-12,000 BP) and Neo-Caspian (10,600-8,400 BP) transgressions caused marine species to play a significant role in the sustenance of these communities, among other resources. The Mangyshlak (12000-10500 BP) and 8.4k (8400 BP) regressions caused a large distance between the identified sites and the sea shores, and as a result, the use of marine resources in the residents’ sustenance decreased; but on the other hand, it caused the formation of rich ecosystems for new animals and plants such as gazelles, goats, and sheep. On the southeastern shores of the Caspian Sea, the beginning of Mesolithic settlements was almost simultaneous with the Khvalynian transgression and the proximity of the coasts to the sites, and these settlements continued until later periods. In the eastern Caspian Sea, settlements appear after the end of the Khvalynian transgression and during the Mangyshlak regression. During this period, the sea was still close to the settlements. While in the west, in the middle of the Khvalynian transgression, settlements were in the Upper Paleolithic, and in the north, there was no settlement until about 10,000 BP. While almost most of the communities in West Asia, at the end of the Pleistocene and Early Holocene, began the domestication and food production; the richness of the regions around the Caspian Sea could easily provide the sustenance needs of its communities and the first domestic species appeared only in the west and north at the Eneolithic period.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Climatic Events
  • Sustenance
  • Mesolithic and Neolithic
  • The Caspian Sea Shores
  • Pleistocene and Holocene
  • Transgression and Regression
  • Domestication and Food Production

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پژوهش های باستان شناسی ایران
دوره 13، شماره 37
شهریور 1402
صفحه 7-33

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