جهت‌گیری ساختمان؛ تکنیک سازگاری اقلیمی در معماری بومی مناطق سردسیر ایران (مطالعۀ موردی: خانه‌های بومی شهر همدان)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشیار گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران

2 کارشناسی‌ارشد گروه معماری، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه بوعلی‌سینا، همدان، ایران

چکیده

در سال‌های اخیر اهمیت صرفه‌جویی در انرژی به‌دلیل کمبود منابع انرژی و مشکلات زیست‌محیطی ناشی از استفاده از انرژی‌های تجدیدناپذیر افزایش یافته است. مصرف انرژی در بخش مسکن بسیار بالا است و انتظار می‌رود با افزایش جمعیت جهان افزایش یابد. ایجاد آسایش در ساختمان‌ها در برابر مشکلات اقلیمی به مصرف بالای انرژی نیاز دارد. مطالعۀ راه‌حل‌های به‌کار رفته در مسکن بومی، برای مقابله با مشکلات اقلیمی و ایجاد آسایش برای ساکنین مناسب است و ساختمان‌های سازگار با اقلیم می‌توانند مصرف انرژی را کاهش دهند. معماری بومی منعکس‌کنندۀ هماهنگی بین معماری و اقلیم است و با تکنیک‌های خورشیدی غیرفعال، آسایش ساکنین را فراهم کرده است. این پژوهش به مطالعۀ چند خانۀ بومی همدان با آب‌وهوای سرد کوهستانی در غرب ایران می‌پردازد تا عوامل مؤثر در کاهش مصرف انرژی را در آن‌ها شناسایی کند. مطالعه با هدف یافتن مهم‌ترین عامل در شکل‌گیری خانه‌های بومی هم‌ساز با اقلیم در همدان انجام شده است. این مطالعه در ابتدا با بررسی مطالعات پیشین، عوامل مؤثر اقلیمی در خانه‌های بومی را استخراج نموده و سپس با بررسی خانه‌های بومی شهر همدان و شبیه‌سازی برخی عوامل، به تحلیل آن عوامل مختلف پرداخته است. در مطالعات پیشین جهت‌گیری عامل مهمی ذکر شده بود که در این مطالعه با شبیه‌سازی خانه‌های بومی به‌صورت کمّی بررسی شد. شبیه‌سازی خانه‌ها با نرم‌افزار Design Builder و برروی دو عامل جهت‌گیری و میزان سطح بازشوها صورت گرفت. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که با وجود این‌که عوامل مختلفی در کاهش مصرف انرژی در معماری بومی مؤثرند، اما مهم‌ترین آن‌ها جهت‌گیری مناسب این خانه‌ها نسبت به خورشید است. جهت‌گیری به‌خصوص برروی میزان سطوح بازشوها در یک جبهه مؤثر بوده و در مصرف انرژی برای گرم کردن اثر می‌گذارد. نتایج تحقیق نشان می‌دهد سایر عوامل حفاظت در برابر اقلیم سرد، وابسته به جهت‌گیری خانه‌ها نسبت به خورشید بوده و براساس آن شکل می‌گیرند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Building Orientation; Climatic Adaptation Technique in The Vernacular Architecture of Cold Regions of Iran (Case Study: Vernacular Houses in Hamadan)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Saeid Alitajer 1
  • Safora Shahabi 2
1 Associate professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
2 Ms in Architecture, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Art and Architecture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran.
چکیده [English]

In recent years, the importance of energy conservation has increased due to the lack of energy resources and environmental problems caused by the use of non-renewable energy. Energy efficiency in the housing sector is very high and consumption is expected to increase as the world’s population grows. Creating comfort in buildings against climate problems is allocated to high energy consumption. It is appropriate to study the solutions employed in vernacular housing to deal with climatic problems and provide comfort for residents. Buildings consistent with the climate can reduce energy consumption. The vernacular architecture reflects the harmony between architecture and climate and has been providing comfort for the residents with passive solar techniques. This article addresses several vernacular houses in Hamadan with a cold mountain climate in the west of Iran in order to identify effective factors in reducing energy consumption. This study is aimed to find the most important factor in the formation of climate-adaptive vernacular houses in Hamadan. In this article, effective climatic factors are initially extracted for vernacular houses through previous studies and a variety of factors are then analyzed by an investigation into vernacular houses in Hamadan and simulation of some factors. The orientation was noticed as an important factor in previous studies, which is quantitatively investigated in this article by simulating vernacular houses. The houses are simulated by Design Builder software based on two factors: orientation and the window-to-wall ratio. It is concluded that although various factors contribute to the reduction of energy consumption in vernacular architecture, the most important factor is the orientation of houses toward the sun. The orientation particularly affects the area of openings on a facade and the energy consumption for heating. The results show that other protective factors against cold climate depend on the orientation of houses towards the sun and are formed based on it.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Vernacular Architecture
  • Hamadan Vernacular Houses
  • Climatic Architecture
  • Climatic Passive Techniques
  • Orientation
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