بررسی مجموعۀ آسبادهای رندۀ سیستان (بقایای معماری بزرگ‌ترین تأسیسات بادی تولید آرد شرق ایران در قرون میانۀ اسلامی)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه زابل، زابل، ایران

2 ستاد گروه باستان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ هنر و معماری، دانشگاه مازندران، بابلسر، ایران.

چکیده

بشر در طول زندگی خود همواره در تعامل با محیط بوده و رشد و گسترش تمدن بشری در بستر محیط طبیعی و توانایی بهره‌برداری با آن به‌وقوع پیوسته است. در این‌میان تکنولوژی استفاده از پدیده‌های طبیعی در مناطق مختلف، ازجمله مظاهر هم‌سویی انسان با محیط پیرامونی است. یکی از این تکنولوژی‌ها، ساخت و بهره‌برداری از آسباد است که تا به امروز قدیمی‌ترین نمونۀ آن مربوط به تمدن ایرانی می‌شود. سیستان را محل ابداع آسباد می‌دانند و امروزه بقایای زیادی از آسبادهای تاریخی در آن وجود دارد؛ هرچند شناخته‌شده‌ترین آسبادهای سیستان مربوط به مجموعۀ صفوی حوضدار است، اما در منطقۀ رنده واقع شمال‌شرقی سیستان مجموعه‌ای دیگر از آسباد‌ها وجود دارد که برخی از آن‌ها در جایگاه منحصربه‌فردترین این نوع سازه‌های کشور قرار دارد. با وجود اهمیت این منطقه، تاکنون تحقیقی جامع درمورد آن، به‌ویژه درمورد قدمت، ساختارهای معماری و مقایسۀ سبک‌شناسی آن صورت نگرفته است؛ از این‌رو در این پژوهش نگارندگان با تکیه‌بر مطالعات میدانی و بررسی، اقدام به برداشت پلان، مطالعۀ معماری و گردآوری اطلاعات موردنیاز نموده و ازسوی دیگر با مطالعات تطبیقی، در جهت نیل به هدف اصلی پژوهش، یعنی درنهایت با تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات اولیه، به مطالعۀ جامع ساختار معماری آسبادها و آثار دیگر مجموعه رنده می‌پردازد. براساس این پژوهش برای اولین‌بار پلان این سازۀ منحصربه‌فرد با بررسی دقیق شواهد معماری، ترسیم و بازخوانی شد. نتایج حاکی از آن است که قدمت آسباد‌ها و مجموعه‌ محوطه‌های منطقۀ رنده، بیشتر از آسبادهای منطقۀ حوضدار بوده و مربوط به قرون 6 تا 9ه‍.ق. می‌گردد. این مجموعه دربردارندۀ بیشترین تعداد آسباد مربوط به قرون میانۀ اسلامی است که براساس همین می‌توان آن را بزرگ‌ترین مجموعۀ تولید آرد منطقه معرفی نمود. در این‌میان، آسباد معروف به «سه‌پره» بزرگ‌ترین آسباد شناخته‌شده شرق ایران است که در دوره‌های بعد، نوع و سبک معماری آن با حذف حیاط جانبی و اتاق انبارهای پیرامون آن، در آسبادهای صفوی منطقۀ حوضدار، تداوم یافته است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Study of Rendeh Asbad Complex, Sistan (Architectural Remains of the Largest Flour-Production Facilities of the Eastern Iran in the Mid-Islamic Centuries)

نویسندگان [English]

  • Javad Alaei Moghadam 1
  • Seyed Rasoul Mousavi Haji 2
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Zabol, Iran
2 Professor, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده [English]

During his lifetime, the Human has always been in a constant interaction with the environment, and the growth and development of human civilization have taken place in the context of the natural environment. Meanwhile, a manifestation of humans’s alignment with their surrounding environment is the technology of using natural phenomena in different regions. One of these technologies is the construction and operation of Persian windmills (Asbads), the earliest example of which has found to belong to the Iranian civilization to this day. Sistan is thought to be the place where Asbads were invented for the first time, and today numerous remains of historical Asbads are found in this region. Although the best-known windmills of Sistan are those of Hozdar complex, there are other Asbads in Rendeh region of Sistan, some of which can be regarded as the most representative examples of Iranian windmills. Unfortunately, despite the significance of this issue, no comprehensive research has been conducted on these windmills so far and questions regarding their age, architectural structure and typology as well as the position of the region during its lifetime have remained unanswered. The authors of the present paper have, therefore, made a comprehensive identification of this complex relying on field studies and archaeological surveys; and subsequently, using a descriptive-analytical method, they have extensively studied the architectural structure of windmills and other monuments of Rendeh complex. The results suggest that the Asbads and the sites of Rendeh complex are older than other windmills of Hozdar, dating back to the 6th-9th centuries AH. This collection includes the greatest number of windmills belonging to the mid-Islamic centuries, thus making this the largest flour production complex of Sistan. Among them, a windmill known as “Se Pareh” is the biggest known Asbad in eastern Iran, the architectural type and style of which have continued in the Safavid windmills of Hozdar during the subsequent periods by removing the side courtyard and its surrounding storage rooms. It was also found that this windmill is the oldest example of twin-windmills in Iran.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Asbad
  • Architectural Survey
  • Mid-Islamic Centuries
  • Rendeh
  • Sistan
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